The Zhou people were first nomadic in Tai (Shaanxi Wugong), and later moved to the area around Waixian County, Gu Gongzhi's father moved to the Qishan area, King Wen was also Yi Yufeng, King Wu overthrew the Gu Dynasty in the middle of the 11th century BC, and the capital of Hojing (Chang'an) was established as the Zhou Dynasty, known as Western Zhou.
12 kings of the Western Zhou calendar, 275 years (c. 1046 BC – 771 BC). Wu Wangfa (1046 BC – 1043 BC), Cheng Wang Shu (1042 BC – 1021 BC), Kang Wang Zhao (1020 BC – 996 BC), Zhao Wang Feng (995 BC – 977 BC), Mu Wang Man (976 BC – 922 BC), Gong Wang Fanxin (922 BC – 900 BC), Yi Wang Goose (899 BC – 892 BC), King Xiao Offang (891 BC – 886 BC), Yi Wang Xie (885 BC – 878 BC), Li Wang Hu (877 BC – 841 BC) , Republican Administration (841 BC – 828 BC), Yi Wang Jing (827 BC – 782 BC), Youwang Gong ne (781 BC – 771 BC) (1).
From 1983 to 1986, the Fengxi excavation team of the Institute of Archaeology of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences excavated about 390 Western Zhou tombs, including the tomb of the Jingshu family, at the site of Zhangjiapo in Mawang Town, on the west bank of the Fenghe River in Chang'an City, Shaanxi Province, and unearthed a large number of precious burial items. The tombs are divided into five periods: that is, the first period of the wu, cheng, and kang kings, with 32 tombs; the second period of the Zhao and Mu dynasties, there are 54 tombs: the third period of the gong, Yi, and Xiao dynasty, 51 tombs; the fourth period of the Yi, Li, and Republican periods, 50 tombs: the fifth period of the Yi and Youshi periods, 33 tombs (2), and the rest of the burials cannot be staged due to the lack of typical artifacts.
There are 217 tombs with buried jade, stone and material tools, and a total of 1246 pieces (groups) of jade, stone and material tools have been excavated. According to the discussion of Professor Yang Jianfang of the University of Chinese of Hong Kong, this paper takes the period of Wu, Cheng, Kang and Zhao as the early Western Zhou (11th to 10th centuries BC), the time of Mu, Gong, Yi, Xiao and Yi as the middle of the Western Zhou Dynasty (10th to 9th centuries BC), and the life of Li, Republican Administration, Yi and Youwang as the late Western Zhou (9th century BC to 771 BC), and the lower limit of the late period includes the early Spring and Autumn Period. Staging plays a clear role in sorting out and ranking, which is of great help to the establishment of jade lineage and the development of sequences in the Western Zhou Dynasty.
Although the study of the western Zhou jade in stages, the analysis of the ancestral origin and circulation of the vessel shape, and the demonstration of the name and function of the artifact have achieved considerable results, the research work has not been interrupted, and the depth and breadth are constantly expanding.
The study of the characteristics and micro-marks of jade craftsmanship lags nearly 20 years behind the study of the shape and pattern of the utensils. Although experts and scholars have always discussed, analyzed and studied the carving process of jade from the perspective of the shape style and pattern characteristics, there is a lack of microscopic observation and comparison of the excavated jade carving traces, and the results presented by them are ultimately insufficient.
This paper focuses on the interpretation of process characteristics and the exploration of microscopic traces, which can be further advanced in the field of jade carving process technology research, and can also be used to quote the sequence of times of process traces, which plays an auxiliary role in the periodization of jade.
(1) The Western Zhou Calendar Wang Ji Nian is based on the "Report on the Achievements of the Xia-Shang-Zhou Dynasty Project from 1996 to 2000".
(2) Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, ed., Zhangjiapo Western Zhou Cemetery, China Encyclopedia Publishing House, 1999, p. 368.
(3) Yang Jianfang, "A Preliminary Study on the Phases of Western Zhou Jade: A Study of Ancient Chinese Jade Dynasties No. 3", Proceedings on Ancient Chinese Jade Research, Taiwan Zhongzhi Fine Arts Publishing House, 2001, pp. 145-158.
Jade is a collection of minerals, after cutting, timbering, proofing, carving, forming, polishing and other native processes, some utensils are used and modified again, resulting in the coexistence of native and regeneration traces on a thing. After this process phenomenon left over from various dynasties and generations of jade treatment has been micro-amplified, it can be observed that after the jade tool disturbs the mineral aggregate, the mineral crystal forms a variety of accumulation forms. These various accumulation phenomena have their own causes and must be clearly defined and explained so that they can be clearly quoted later without confusion.
After explaining the various phenomena and definitions of microtracks, some jade artifacts excavated from the Tombs of Zhangjiapo and Western Zhou were observed and interpreted according to the early, middle and late Western Zhou periods. Some of the pictures in this article are placed obliquely for the sake of optimal lighting conditions.
First, the definition, interpretation, expression and causes of microtracks
(1) Definition of microtracks (1)
Crystalline bumps Crystal Particles (Fig. 3-1-1): As we all know, "jade" is a collection of minerals. "Minerals" are in turn composed of a variety of crystals. A "crystal" is a polyhedron formed by the regularity of atoms, repeatedly arranged in multiple directions. Its different planes have different physical properties. Generally, most of the crystal points we observe in the microscopy of jade traces are between the powder crystal and the fine crystal; the particle size is about 0.003 to 0.25 mm, and some are larger.
Crystal mass spine (Figure
3-1-2): By a number of more or less crystals (crystals
granular bumps) are tightly packed, as are raised upwards
hill. Possible causes of crystalline ridges are:
1. The combination between the crystal and the crystal is relatively dense,
It is not susceptible to tooling or jade sand processing and is damaged
Stay.
2. Decompose jade sand specifications, dissolve jade sand shape, dissolve jade
Caused by the influence of the way sand rolls.
3. The type of tool and the processing method (2). Fig. 3-1-1 Grain-like bump
4. The interaction of the above multi-factors.
Hollow Hollow (Figure 3-1-3): Opposite to the up and down direction of the crystalline ridge. Sink downwards like valleys. Its success
Because it is the same as the crystalline ridge.
(1) The pictures used in this paragraph are taken from the part of the yin line of the jade horn number M2012:138 excavated from the Yuguo Base in Sanmenxia City, Henan Province, which is magnified by 120 times.
(2) The same tools and processes are applied to different jade materials, and different traces are produced due to the different accumulation strengths between mineral particles.
Long striped ridges Of Crystal stripes pine (Figure 3-1-4): A crystalline ridge arranged in strips with occasional interruptions. It often occurs under the processing conditions of unidirectional processing, the dissolution of jade sand fixed to the tool, or between the yin and yin lines that are closely arranged and interwoven obliquely.
Groove Groove (Fig. 3-1-5): Opposite to the up and down direction of the long striped ridge, the downward depression is like a groove. Often concomitant with long, convex ridges. It has the same origin as a long strip of convex ridges.
(2) Interpretation of microtracks (1)
Any jade tool and jade have a lower knife point that initially contacts and a knife collection point that finally leaves the jade, and the two points have their own different process characteristics.
Lower knife point (Fig. 3-1-6A): The moment the tool comes into contact with the jade, in order to prevent the tool or jade from sliding away, the force is usually slightly larger, so there is a deeper and steeper phenomenon here.
Closing point (Fig. 3-1-6B): When the knife is closed, the line is basically completed, and it is the time to recover the strength, so there is a relatively slow and shallow phenomenon here.
Groove edge (Fig. 3-1-7C): The junction of the catenary and the instrument table.
(1) The picture used in this paragraph is taken from the part where the yin line of the horse's mane on the eight juntu plum blossom curved plates excavated from the Qing Dynasty tomb in Anqing City, Anhui Province is magnified by 60 times.
Groove wall (fig. 3-1-7D): The middle band at the bottom of the table and the catenary line.
Bottom of the ditch (fig. 3-1-7E): The bottom of the yin line.
Cross-section: the shape of the yin line cross-section, such as irregular shape, "V" shape, "U" shape, "mouth" glyph and so on.
Aspect ratio: The ratio of the width of the yin line to the depth (1) used to describe the depth of the yin line. For example, the late Neolithic period is about 2:1, the middle and late Warring States period is about 1:1, and the Ming and Qing dynasties are about 3:2.
(3) Expression of microtracements
Towering: Generally used to describe "crystalline ridges" and "long striped ridges", the height of which is more than 30% of the depth of the pudendal line.
Sharp: Formed by the faster and sharper tool processing. The yin line is intertwined and the yin line is closely arranged in the same direction, as shown in Figure 3-1-8(2).
Full: Specific marks, such as "grainy bumps" or "crystalline ridges", account for more than 50% of the overall surface of the yin line.
Dispersion: Specific traces, such as "grainy bumps", account for less than 30% of the overall surface of the catenary line.
(1) Generally take its approximate value.
(2) This picture is taken from the part of the contour circle pattern within the jade wall excavated from Yang Cemetery in Changfeng County, Anhui Province, no. M8:30.
Collapse: The cause of the occurrence may be related to the texture of the jade, the type of tool or assistive device, and the processing method, as shown in figure 3-1-9 (1) The right side of the yin line "groove edge".
(4) The cause of microtracks
The production of jade requires a variety of working procedures, and the following is a rough definition of the processes, tools, aids and their connotations that may be used.
Cutting: Using flexible hemp rope, cotton rope and other tools, driving the jade sand to indirectly process the jade or using hard wood chips, sandstone chips, flint chips or metal sheets, one-way or reciprocating two-way or multi-angle, directly or driving the jade sand to process the jade indirectly. Cutting is divided into flexible tool cutting, flake tool cutting and thallium cutting.
Scraping (2): Sharp tools such as quartz, agate, obsidian, flint chips or cores. Using the sharp angle or blade of the tool, the jade is contacted in the form of single or multi-point contact, and the jade is processed directly without dissolving the jade sand. There is an angle between the tool and the jade (Fig. 3-1-10).
Filing: Use coarse, medium, fine and other polycrystalline ores (4), such as sandstone, shale and other tools. Shapes may be flaky, striped, columnar, or blocky. In the form of surface contact, without adding jade sand, the jade is directly processed in one direction or with the same year (Fig. 3-1-11).
Grinding: The use of wood, bamboo chips and other soft, or copper, iron and other hard, or sandstone, shale and other polycrystalline tools in the form of surface contact, add jade sand, indirectly to the jade for one-way or homogeneous reprocessing. The tool, the jade sand and the jade are in close contact without clamping the angle (Figure 3-1-11).
Polishing: Use fine crystals, powder crystalline ores or other hard tools to directly smooth and grind the rough surface of the jade, or drive the decomposition of jade sand to indirectly process the rough surface of the jade. Polishing is divided into coarse grinding, medium grinding and fine grinding.
Polishing: Use powder crystal, microcrystalline ore tools, or animal skins, bark, linen, silk and other tools to directly process the jade surface, or drive the polishing powder to indirectly process the jade surface to make it form a gloss.
Thallium: Thallium consists of a central shaft and a disc of varying thickness and thickness, rotating in one direction or back and forth. Thallium flakes drive the jade sand to process the jade indirectly.
Cutout: Also known as skeletonization or drawing. Use a bow-like frame to straighten tools such as flexible hemp rope, cotton rope or wire, belt
(1) This picture is taken from the part of the animal face eyebrow pattern of the animal face of the beast face excavated by Hanmu in Ma'anshan City, Anhui Province, no. 013, which is enlarged by 40 times.
(2) The direction of tool work towards the worker is "scratch^, and vice versa (figure 3-1-10) is "wrong" and "wrong" has the meaning of "push".
(3) "Single point" means that the tool has only a single tip, and "multi-point" refers to the rough and multi-point tip of the tool.
(4) Quoted from Professor Qian Xianhe's article "Jade Culture and Science and Technology of QiJia Culture Jade", originally published in "Cross-Strait Ancient Jade Science Conference Papers (1)".
Coarse grain: 1/2 to 1 mm or 2 mm, like coarse sand grade particles.
Medium crystal: 1/4 mm to 1/2 mm, like medium sand grade particles.
Fine quality: 0.032 mm to 1/4 mm, like fine sand grade particles.
Powder quality: generally between 0.004 mm and 0.032 mm, like silty grade particles,
Micro-quality: Generally composed of grains below 0.004 mm, just like clay-grade particles.
The hydrolyzed jade sand is indirectly reciprocated to saw the jade.
Drilling: can be divided into drilling, drilling, digging. Pipe drilling uses hollow tools such as bamboo pipe (1), ceramic pipe, copper pipe, iron pipe and so on to drive the jade sand to indirectly carry out one-way or reciprocating two-way processing of jade. Cheng Drill uses solid tools such as bamboo, wood, stone, metal and so on to drive the jade sand to indirectly carry out one-way or reciprocating two-way processing of jade. Quartz, flint, obsidian and other stone cores are used to stir up and directly process the jade in one direction or reciprocating and bi-directional (Fig. 3-1-12).
Twisting/grinding: The jade material is fixed to the turntable as shown in Figure 3-1-13(2). Tools such as quartz, agate, obsidian, flint or sandstone are tied and fixed to wooden frames as shown in Fig. 3-1-13. Pressurize the tool downwards, turn the turntable in one direction or reciprocating in both directions, and process the jade directly, or drive the jade sand to process the jade indirectly.
Tools developed after the 1950s such as diamond knives, files, sandpapers, artificial grindstones, steel thallium inlaid with diamond particles, etc.; as well as the use of large steel thallium cutting, cutting jade processes are not mentioned, if the needs of modern jade process research are taken into account, they must be included.
(1) Some scholars have proposed the thesis of using "bone tubes", but after experiments, the ratio of mutual consumption of bone and jade is 100:1. Using the "Bone Tube"
Drilling is less efficient.
(2) This figure is quoted from Shen Jiandong: "A Preliminary Study on the Prehistoric Jade Huang Production Process in the Yangtze River Basin", Forbidden City Cultural Relics Monthly, No. 269, pp. 66-79, Figure 1.