【Text/Science and Engineering Strength Columnist Li Pei】
In 1888, a fantasy novel titled Looking Backward (2000-1887) was published in the United States, and the protagonist, Julian West, was accidentally asleep for a hundred years during a hypnotherapy, and woke up in 2000 to follow Dr. Lee. Leete) roamed the "New America," when the soaring capitalist system had died out in the United States and was replaced by the cosmopolitan social picture envisioned by the author Edward Bellamy: the three differences disappeared, everyone was equal, each doing his best, distributed according to needs.
Bellamy's millennium America, productivity has also been greatly developed, intelligent, electrification has profoundly changed society: "(Everything) has machines to do things, such as making clothes, making meals and laundry, etc. All things are machines, but people must manage their ears." As for the fire in the house, there is no charcoal or coal power, and the electricity is used", "What one person has done today can be offset by what a hundred people did in the past, and more and more people have shared profits in the past, and there are many people who are profitable today." ”
This fantasy novel with strong socialist overtones caused great repercussions in the United States of the Gilded Age, and together with "Uncle Tom's Cabin" and "Ben Hun", it was called the three bestsellers in the United States at the end of the nineteenth century, and became an important catalyst for the progressive movement.
Only three years after the novel came out, the missionary Timothy Richard translated it into China and named it "Looking Back at the Chronicles", which was the first modern Western novel translated into Chinese. The Datong world depicted in it as "everything is handled by the state, not for oneself, all for the people, and everyone in the country is like brothers", which profoundly influenced the thinkers of Oriental society and gave birth to enlightenment classics such as Liang Qichao's "The Future of New China", Kang Youwei's "Datong Shu", and Tan Sitong's "Renxue".
(Bellamy's work was soon published under the title "One Hundred Years of Sleep," and Tan Sitong also praised "thousands of miles, one family," in his masterpiece Renxue.) Look at his home, reverse the brigade, look at his people, and his compatriots also. In the book of Ruoxi, "One Hundred Years of One Awakening" is like the image of the great unity of etiquette. ”）
His Japanese translator, Sakai Toshihiko, has also developed a strong interest in socialism since then, and has successively translated important documents such as the Communist Manifesto, and cultural platforms such as the Cosmic Society (Gothmore Club) founded by Sakai Toshihiko have attracted a large number of students from East Asian countries studying in Japan to participate, becoming the earliest spreader of the flame of Marxism in the Eastern world.
At the Gosmo Club, a Chinese student named Peng Pan found the truth of salvation that he had been struggling to find.
This young man with strategic vision profoundly realized that "the Chinese revolution depends on the peasants", and it was precisely under the active campaign of Peng Pan that in 1924, the Executive Committee of the Kuomintang Central Committee decided to open a peasant movement training center, and Peng Pan personally served as the director of the first peasant movement institute, and in 1927, Peng Pan launched an uprising in Hailufeng's hometown, established China's earliest Soviet local government, and grew into the "king of the peasant movement" in the fiery practice.
In August 1929, Peng Pan bravely took up his righteousness, and his surging life stopped at the age of 33, but the many principles and methods of the peasant movement he created will still play an enduring value in the future great cause of the Chinese revolution.
After Peng Pan's inauguration, the Kuomintang did not stop pursuing and killing his family, and Peng Pan's son Peng Shilu spent his childhood in this gap between life and death, until 1940, when the 15-year-old Peng Shilu was taken to Yan'an, and began a more stable and systematic study and life.
(Peng Shilu, who was arrested and imprisoned at the age of 8, left his first photo in his life))
At this time, Peng Shilu probably would not have thought that he would make outstanding contributions worthy of his father's generation to the long and tortuous cause of China's modernization.
Chinese the journey of extricating himself from the existential crisis of subjugation of the country and the extinction of the species, and building a world of datong step by step, was condensed in the life trajectory of Peng Pan and Peng Shilu, the father and son.
Chinese sword casters
In 1956, China and the Soviet Union signed an agreement to assist in the construction of the atomic energy industry, and the Third Ministry of Machinery Industry, which is in charge of the development of the nuclear industry, was also formally established (renamed the Second Machine Department in 1958), in this fleeting strategic window, in order to speed up the absorption of technology, some students in the Soviet Union were also ordered to change their research directions and enter Soviet universities and colleges to study nuclear technology-related majors.
Peng Shilu is one of them.
That year, Peng Shilu, who had completed his studies at the Moscow Institute of Chemical Machinery and was preparing to return to China, was secretly summoned to the Chinese Embassy in the Soviet Union, and was received by General Chen Geng who was visiting Moscow, and there was such a concise dialogue between the two:
"The Central Committee has decided to select a group of international students to study atomic energy and nuclear power, are you willing to change your career?"
"As long as the motherland needs it, of course I am willing."
The 31-year-old Peng Shilu, in this way, "changed careers" without hesitation, and together with more than 30 Chinese classmates, entered the Moscow Power Institute to study nuclear power, in this age when many modern urban youth have sighed about the "mid-life crisis" and ridiculed the "struggle", Peng Shilu "never went to bed before 12 o'clock at night, and there are too many things to learn."
In April 1958, Peng Shilu returned to China with excellent grades and was assigned to work at the Atomic Energy Research Institute (Institute 401) of the Second Machine Department.
Two months later, the Soviet-aided test heavy water reactor and cyclotron (one reactor after another) were successfully put into trial operation at the 401 Institute, which became a sign of the initial formation of China's nuclear industry scientific research and production system, and the national defense application of nuclear technology was also put on the agenda.
At the enlarged meeting of the Central Military Commission on June 21, the supreme leader made a final statement: "The atomic bomb is such a big thing, without that thing, some people say that you don't count." Well, let's do a little bit. To build a little atomic bomb, hydrogen bomb, and intercontinental missile, I think it is entirely possible to work hard for ten years. ”
On 27 June, Marshal Nie Rongzhen, the actual supervisor of cutting-edge national defense scientific research, submitted to the Central Committee a "Report on the Development of Missile Atomic Submarines," proposing that "in line with the principle of self-reliance, we intend to first design and prototype atomic submarines capable of launching missiles on our own, and after we have gained some initial experience, we will consider atomic aircraft and atomic rockets." The preliminary arrangements are as follows: First, based on the information of xx submarines, first design and trial production of xx tons of atomic submarines, and then design xx tons, the former strives to be launched before October 1, 1961 "...
Why did China's strategic weapons business choose nuclear submarines as its starting point?
To understand this problem, it is necessary to return to the historical scene.
In the fifties of last century, the most mainstream means of strategic weapons delivery, is the submarine and strategic bomber, the feasibility and practicality of intercontinental ballistic missiles have not been verified, and even in the second half of the 50s, with the improvement of the national air defense network of the United States and the Soviet Union, the effectiveness of strategic bombers has also declined greatly, submarines, especially nuclear-powered submarines, have become the most important platform for strategic deterrence in this period, nuclear submarines carrying large cruise missiles, can cross the ocean, covertly enter the coastal waters of enemy countries, and suddenly float. Raids were carried out on targets hundreds of kilometers along the coast.
(During the 1958 Taiwan Strait crisis, U.S. cruisers carrying Tiens Cruise Missiles carried out nuclear blackmail operations off the coast of Fujian, and cruise missile nuclear submarines with more concealed and more survivable tracks were important strategic platforms for nuclear deterrence by major powers in the late 1950s.) Pictured is a model of the American submarine SSGN-587 commissioned in 1960, which also carries the "Tiens Star")
Therefore, in order to change the passive situation of "nuclear deterrence" without the ability to fight back, nuclear submarines have naturally become the first "dog stick" in China's strategic weapons business planning.
In July 1958, the nuclear submarine project code-named 09 was officially launched, and Peng Shilu was among the pioneers of forging swords for the nation.
At the end of 1961, the 09 project originally planned the launch of nuclear submarines, but the project itself was in trouble due to the economic and diplomatic situation, in the case of tight resources, the second machine department had to list the development of nuclear weapons as a "first-line" task to ensure, while other work, including nuclear submarines, was listed as a "second-line" task, the progress was greatly slowed down, and in 1963 it was officially "dismounted".
In the days when the nuclear submarine project was temporarily suspended, the Central Specialized Commission approved the retention of a scientific research team of more than 50 people (715 institutes) to continue to engage in the pre-research of key projects such as nuclear power units and submarines, and Peng Shilu was the technical leader of this team, peng Shilu shouldered the responsibility of the survival of China's nuclear submarine project.
Under the exemplary leadership of Peng Shilu, this group of young people from different industrial sectors with an average age of less than 30 years old sat on the cold bench with the spirit of "round butts and sharp heads", practiced basic skills hard, studied professional knowledge, and truly formed a cohesive and combative team, and also became the "Whampoa Military Academy" for China's nuclear power research in the future.
Huang Shijian, former chief engineer of the China Nuclear Power Research and Design Institute, once recalled the atmosphere of the 715 Institute in that year: "I feel that that time was really very meaningful in my life. We were all young people and in a very good mental state... Peng Shilu's prestige was established at this time, including his determination to later lead us to Sichuan to simulate the construction of the reactor on land. Everybody obeys him! ”
In 1965, with the improvement of the national economy and the breakthrough of the two-bomb project, the strategic weapon platform of nuclear submarines was once again "launched", and the Central Special Commission clarified the two-step project implementation strategy, the first step was to overcome the difficulty of nuclear power and build an attack-type nuclear submarine; the second step was to break through the difficulty of using missiles for submarine underwater launch and create missile nuclear submarines.
Obviously, the research and development of nuclear power led by Peng Shilu is the key to the success or failure of the nuclear submarine project.
At the correct suggestion of Peng Shilu, the Central Special Commission selected Jiajiang County, Sichuan Province, to build a land-based mode reactor (196 reactor) with the same performance as the boat reactor for testing, and 715 people and horses also dragged their families into this desolate ravine and threw themselves into the construction of a fiery base.
On August 30, 1970, under the witness of Peng Shilu and other 909 base researchers, the 196 reactor opening test reached the rated power, and the main steam turbine exceeded the original design index, and China's nuclear power development has since entered a new historical chapter.
As China's first practical nuclear power unit, the smooth progress of the 196 reactor project is also rare in the history of the world's nuclear industry, and Peng Shilu's ability and style for this team, as well as his determination as the chief division on major technical issues such as the first and second circuits of the reactor, are the basis for creating this engineering miracle.
Relying on the performance test and verification data of the power plant provided by the land mode reactor (196 reactor), the nuclear submarine project progressed smoothly, and after only a few years, the attack and missile nuclear submarines were successively delivered to the troops, realizing the established strategic planning of the Central Special Commission, and the Chinese nation has since possessed its own sea-based nuclear counterattack platform.
(Group photo of the "Four Chief Divisions" of a generation of nuclear submarines, the second from the left is Peng Shilu)
In 1979, the National Defense Science and Technology Commission and the Office of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense jointly issued a document clarifying that Peng Shilu was the first chief designer of the first generation of nuclear submarines, and that the "development of a generation of nuclear submarines" was awarded the National Science and Technology Progress Special Prize in 1985.
On the basis of the 196 reactor, the technical achievements exported by the 909 base (nuclear power institute) directly derived from China's first nuclear power plant - Qinshan Phase I 30-kilowatt pressurized water reactor, and Peng Shilu also became the well-deserved founder of China's nuclear power technology.
The Covenant of the Century
Peng Shilu's contribution to China's nuclear power goes far beyond Qinshan Phase I.
In 2002, a TV series "The Covenant of the Century", which showed a panoramic view of the "second entrepreneurship" of Chinese nuclear industry people, was launched.
The drama tells the story of a group of nuclear industry people who have participated in the power engineering of nuclear submarines, walked out of the research base in the lofty mountains, came to the Binnan Special Zone, the forefront of reform and opening up, participated in the construction of a nuclear power plant in cooperation with foreign countries, experienced painful run-in and transformation in the face of the gap, and finally realized the "second entrepreneurship" and recast the story of glory.
The main character in the play, Liang Dong, the chairman of the Nanhai Nuclear Power Plant who was the leader of the Ministry of Nuclear Industry, is based on Peng Shilu.
In 1983, Peng Shilu was ordered to be transferred to the general command of the preparatory group of the Daya Bay Nuclear Power Plant in Guangdong, and under his presidency, the Daya Bay project established the technical route for introducing the French M310 pressurized water reactor, completed the main commercial negotiation work of this Sino-foreign joint venture giant project, refined and summarized the management methodology of the three major controls of nuclear power construction "capital, progress and quality", formed many market economic practices that pioneered history at the beginning of reform and opening up, and also left a group of young leading talents such as Zan Yunlong brought from the 909 base, which was evaluated as " It has been instrumental in the entire GNI project."
In 1986, Peng Shilu was transferred to the Chief Engineer of the Ministry of Nuclear Industry, and once again assumed a heavy responsibility, responsible for the preparation of the second phase of the Qinshan Nuclear Power Plant project, and from 1989 to 1992, he served as the first chairman of the Qinshan Phase II Associated Company, playing a decisive role in the most arduous and critical stage of the Qinshan Phase II project.
The second phase of Qinshan nuclear power has a special significance in the history of the development of China's nuclear industry, which is not only the intersection of the two early veins of China's nuclear power development: Qinshan Phase I and daya Bay project, but also the origin of China's nuclear power technology to achieve leapfrog development.
(On the technical evolution map of China's civil nuclear power plants, Qinshan Phase II occupies the position of backbone and source)
Qinshan Phase II originally planned to continue to introduce foreign second-generation nuclear power plant technology, but due to the subsequent turmoil and Western sanctions, resulting in the complete set of introduction negotiations with Japan, Germany and other sellers can not be carried out, Peng Shilu resolutely seized this opportunity, put forward the construction policy of "taking me as the mainstay, Sino-foreign cooperation", that is, relying on the general nuclear power M310 pressurized water reactor technology that has been introduced as a reference, on the basis of full digestion and absorption, according to the domestic industrial supporting capacity, the formation of an independently designed nuclear power plant program, nuclear island, A small number of devices that cannot be processed in China on conventional islands are cooperated between China and foreign countries, and foreign suppliers are selected to support them.
(Through the implementation of the project construction policy of "taking me as the mainstay and Sino-foreign cooperation", Qinshan Phase II has effectively promoted the leap-forward progress of China's nuclear power research and development and manufacturing capabilities, laying the foundation for independent research and development of third-generation nuclear power))
This policy of building a station established by Peng Shilu can be said to have saved China's nuclear industry at a critical juncture.
In the wave of military-to-civilian conversion in the 1980s, the nuclear industry system was in a long-term dilemma, the military task was obviously shrinking, and it was difficult to find a place for use in the civilian field.
The "card neck" of developed countries has become the east wind of the "second entrepreneurship" of nuclear industry people.
Through the bidding mechanism introduced by Peng Shilu first, he single-handedly brought out his disciple, the China Nuclear Power Research and Design Institute (909 Base), which broke the institutional barriers of division of departments and regions, participated in and successfully won the bid for the design of the Qinshan Phase II reactor system, thus entering the civil nuclear power industry.
Based on the design of the megawatt-class M310 pressurized water reactor, the Nuclear Power Institute has made bold modifications to the reactor core fuel assembly based on the positive research and development experience of military power units from 0 to 1.
For the nuclear reactor such as a variety of devices closely coupled complex devices, the modification of the core assembly, means that almost the entire nuclear island needs to be targeted to redesign and adaptation, it is through the Qinshan Phase II reactor (CNP600) design grinding, nuclear power institutes and other domestic institutes, completed the French second-generation PWR technology thorough digestion and absorption, achieved leapfrog technological progress, and foreign nuclear power industry level has no "generation difference".
"Never introduce a second set"
In the new century, driven by the demand for economic development, the construction of China's nuclear power plants has ushered in a new round of upsurge.
What direction will this unprecedented wave be led?
The nuclear industry system proposes to introduce a new nuclear safety system design based on the megawatt-class second-generation pressurized water reactor technology already mastered in China, and upgrade to the third-generation nuclear power technology in small steps.
The infrastructure planning department proposed to introduce the AP1000 program of Westinghouse in the United States in one step, and crossed over to the third generation of nuclear power technology in one step.
The "introducers," who have a greater say in policy, eventually won the heated debate.
(The great climax of China's nuclear power plant construction since the new century)
In December 2006, China and the United States signed the Memorandum of Understanding on Cooperation in the Construction of Advanced Pressurized Water Reactor Nuclear Power Projects and Related Technology Transfer in China, stipulating that after obtaining AP1000 related technology, china can improve and develop higher power reactor types that can be exported as intellectual property rights of China.
The glorious image of "American high technology" is a hidden boost for AP1000 to stand out from the competition, but the hard power of The Us manufacturing industry can no longer match its strong soft power that penetrates deep into the minds of the global public.
Ap1000 scheme of the world's first landing project - China Sanmen Nuclear Power Plant, was originally scheduled to be officially completed and put into operation in 2013, but the core component provided by the Us manufacturer - the reactor main pump had obvious quality problems, resulting in the final grid-connected power generation delayed for five years, the project budget was also due to serious overruns due to delays, Westinghouse Electric during this period, also experienced the resale of dog skin stoves and bankruptcy liquidation.
This state of increasing "habituation" of the US domestic equipment research and development project has greatly shocked the Chinese, and the "great unification" status of the AP1000's relaxed technical route has also been significantly shaken.
The third-generation nuclear power program of independent innovation has ushered in a turnaround.
At this time, the traditional two males of the nuclear industry system: CNNC and CGNPC respectively proposed the three-generation nuclear power program of ACP1000 and ACPR1000+, tracing back to the source, which was born from the CNP600 program completed by the Nuclear Power Institute in Qinshan Phase II, and under the coordination of the relevant state departments, the two sets of programs were finally integrated into the third generation of nuclear power China's star - Hualong No. 1.
The Hualong No. 1 program soon showed its superiority over AP1000 in terms of technology, cost and efficiency, and not only made continuous breakthroughs in the international market, but even projects originally scheduled to use AP1000 units such as Zhangzhou Nuclear Power in Fujian Province also converted the plan and rebuilt Hualong No. 1 units.
In this industrial struggle around the third generation of nuclear power, Peng Shilu, who has been retired for many years, did not stand idly by, and he once commented meaningfully on the introduction route: "Since the state has decided to spend this money, it must have an effect." It is necessary to rely on oneself, and through a single introduction, the advanced technology is digested and absorbed. Like the second phase of Qinshan, the expansion is our own decision, but we must not introduce the second time in a complete set. ”
(Hualong No. 1 nuclear power plan is based on domestic support, and key core components such as the main pump of the nuclear island can also be supplied by domestic private enterprises such as Anhui Yingliu Group)
Industry communication platforms such as "Into Nuclear Power", of which Peng Shilu served as a consultant, have also long been calling for independent innovation and providing ideas for the independent innovation of the third generation of nuclear power.
Peng Shilu, Li Dingfan, and other leaders of the older generation of nuclear industry also jointly submitted a letter proposing a plan for the return of the nuclear power industry to "great unification, proposing to reunify all domestic nuclear power design, investment, and construction forces, which is conducive to giving play to institutional advantages, concentrating on doing great things, and avoiding vicious competition between different nuclear power groups overseas.
On March 22, 2021, Peng Shilu passed away and completed his 96-year-old life.
He once said of himself: He has only done two things in his life, one is to build nuclear submarines, and the other is to build nuclear power plants.
He not only did these two things, but also played a well-deserved core role in these two extraordinary undertakings, creating solid conditions for the basic security and basic prosperity of the Chinese nation.
The lives of peng pan and peng shilu are like the epitome of the exploration and struggle of Chinese since the 20th century, and one-fifth of the human beings on the earth have opened an earth-shaking wave of industrialization and modernization in this land, and their vision, that is, the highly developed world envisioned by Bellamy, has come closer to reality than ever.
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