We read all the lead to present a different history.
Generally speaking, in the feudal era of ancient times, the methods of punishment were relatively diverse, and some of them were even improvised by those in power. It was not until the Sui Dynasty that the imperial court promulgated a law dividing punishment into five categories: flogging, rod, disciple, stream, and death. These punishments were largely continued in later dynasties.
Of the five types of punishments, "exile" refers to exile, including "distribution frontier" or "exile outside the plug", which belongs to this kind of punishment. The earliest written record of exile in the mainland was the exile of the Yellow Emperor to work together in the bitter cold land of Youyan.
Why is exile better than death? First, the place where prisoners were exiled by dynasties in the past was not a good place, and it was usually a place of inaccessibility. To isolate a person from the original living environment and throw him to such a place to engage in exploration, it is better to let him rush to the Nine Springs.
The north of our country is cold, while the south is the "land of smoke". Usually, Central Plains prisoners will be brutally tortured in exile due to the incompatibility of water and soil. Especially for the Yuan Dynasty, the territory was extremely vast, and it was directly stipulated that prisoners from the north should be exiled to the south, and prisoners from the south should be placed in the north.
During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the economic center of gravity shifted to the south, which was already very developed and too relaxed for the exiled. Thus, in the Qing Dynasty, the two places where prisoners were exiled were located in places with cold climates and no boats and cars, namely Ninguta and Ulyasutai. Ancient cities were extremely small, such as Liu Zongyuan to Liuzhou in the Tang Dynasty, when the scale was not as large as a town today. Northerners go south to the barbarian land, the standard of living is almost the same, the food, climate, language and transportation are difficult to adapt, and another point, for the cultural people, it is also very painful to find a good friend who is endowed with poetry. In addition to the backwardness and primitiveness of the places of exile, another factor that torments prisoners is distance.
You know, in ancient times, traffic was backward and there were no prison cars to exile prisoners. Walking thousands of miles in chains along the way is itself a form of torture of the prisoner's body. But even so, Qing dynasty servants rushed to escort exiled prisoners. Why?
On the road, the servants ate with the prisoners, lived together, and walked thousands of miles back and forth. With such a hard job, why are the servants fighting for this?
It turns out that in ancient times, servants were not organized into the ranks of officials, and they could only be regarded as officials. For example, the official positions of the Qing Dynasty were divided into nine grades and eighteen grades, and the servants belonged to the category of non-flow, which could be described as extremely small. Although they obeyed the dispatches of the county grandfather, they did not belong to the concubines of the county grandfather, which meant that even if the county grandfather was promoted, they were still in their original position.
Most of the servants in a place are locals. They provide services to the county grandfather, and they also eat the salary of the county grandfather.
For exiled prisoners, on the other hand, they only need to be sent to their destination within the prescribed time limit, and the arrangements along the way are at their own discretion. In addition to the relative freedom of work, there is another, more realistic reason. The salary given by the county grandfather is usually not high, after all, they have to pay for themselves, and if they only rely on this salary, they can barely support their families.
In fact, local servants are sent to the nearest station, and then escorted one station after another.
Suppose that a county A is sentenced to the frontier, it is generally selected to be escorted to the province, and then uniformly escorted to the next province and then joined the road together. After all, the time of judgment is generally autumn, so it is generally possible to converge. As for travel expenses, don't think about it. They also eat their own, and not all of them wear the wooden clips and iron stirrings in the TV series. But with a rope tied together only, wooden clips, iron struts of this prop is to ask for money, send a rogue also send a set of props, this is not a double of the business, so a hemp rope is right.
In the late Qing Dynasty, the income of the servants was not a rate, and the state did not pay much, that is, you did not manage your food or fullness. Therefore, the gray income of the servants can be said to have a long history.
The formalization of the rates of the servants did not begin until the Republic of China, or the concession period.
But because many of the prisoners who were exiled were officials or businessmen. Their families will certainly give the servants some money to prevent the prisoners from being mistreated along the way. It is this additional income that attracts a lot of competition from the servants. Some of the servants earned extra money to escort prisoners, sometimes even exceeding the annual salary given by the county grand master.
Although the profession of servant was also a tool for maintaining feudal rule and local administration, it was also common to use this profession to make a living. These people naturally want to earn money to support their families. With a lot of silver, even if it is very difficult to escort prisoners, then what does it matter?
Of course, if it was a female prisoner, her family would usually invest more silver two to ensure her safety in various aspects.
Of course, in ancient times, the number of female prisoners in exile was very small, but the servants rushed to escort them, and the reason for this was indeed very realistic, because they could get more money from it.
How miserable was exiled and degraded in ancient times?
After investigation, the exile of prisoners to Lingnan was relatively widespread, and the exiled prisoners were mainly concentrated in Guizhou (present-day Guilin), Qinzhou (present-day Qinzhou), Leizhou (present-day Leizhou Peninsula), Gaozhou (present-day Maoming), Yazhou, Qiongzhou, Eaveszhou, Zhenzhou (these four prefectures in present-day Hainan), Aizhou, Jiaozhou, and Fengzhou (the last three prefectures in present-day northern Vietnam), of which the four prefectures of Hainan were the most exiled.
The worst is extreme backwardness. At that time, the barbaric land of Lingnan was inaccessible, covered with smoke and uneven. Coupled with the language barrier, the climate is uncomfortable. It's a bit like now, the feeling of a local tycoon being transported to a poor country to become self-reliant. It's too bitter.
However, in ancient times, Lingnan's lychees were very expensive! Even if Tang Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty was "riding a red dust concubine laughing", yang guifei did not eat fresh lychees.
For example, Su Shi once lamented (or self-deprecating) that "three hundred lychees a day, do not quit being a Lingnanian", he was relegated to Huizhou at least can eat freshly picked Lingnan fruits. As for the standard of living, he is accustomed to the metropolis of Beijing, he came to goose city that has not yet kept up with the pace of the times, and the old age is degraded and beaten by colleagues, and his heart is definitely very uncomfortable, but his life is still OK (often swimming in the West Lake, climbing mountains and wading in the water).
After Su Shi was demoted, there were still some Feng Lu, although there were not many, Su Shi's demoted position was that of the deputy envoy of the Huangzhou Regiment Training, a member of the Inspection School Shangshu Shui Department, who was placed in Honshu, which was a very small and very small official, of course, Su Shi was fished out of the capital crime, and it was good to be alive, this official just gave him a face, and the salary could not support his big family. In addition, the literati are generally rarely willing to cultivate their own land, and they also think that they are superior to the peasants, and even if they cultivate the land, the generally inexperienced literati are not self-sufficient, men cannot cultivate and women cannot weave, and boys always think of drinking and holding parties. A typical example of self-sufficiency is Tao Yuanming, who opened a piece of land under the South Mountain to plant beans, and as a result, the family was surrounded by walls, and they were all starving to death.
Another example of Lin Zexu's depreciation, in fact, seeing the historical manuscript, Daoguang treated Lin Zexu very highly, and the depreciation of Lin Zexu in the Opium War was actually not the schizophrenic attitude in the current official textbooks - just nineteen times to summon the right, and immediately did not recognize people.
Combined with the before and after, Daoguang should have really not expected the British to be so powerful at the beginning, and his own people were such a dish; and Lin Zexu had performed so well in China before, and he said so well at the beginning, why did this matter not end well. Therefore, the disparagement of Lin Zexu is a failure of expectations.
Therefore, Daoguang had just dismissed his official post in twenty-one years and seized his post to the end, and when he encountered the opening of the Yellow River in Kaifeng, he immediately called to control the water; waited until Lin Zexu finished in twenty-two years to go to Xinjiang; after staying in Xinjiang for a while, it was reasonable to guide the construction of the second-class member in front of the hall; and he was called back in twenty-five years. Therefore, this period of "charging the army" is actually to make a show and help the emperor carry the pot; how can the emperor make mistakes? Mistakes are naturally the fault of courtiers.
Of course, you can't immediately reinstate the official, otherwise it is too fake, first give an experience package, and by the way, do some practical things, do a good job, the experience of reinstatement will be brushed enough, and the reason will be there.
In the twenty-sixth year, he was appointed the Governor of Shaanxi, and in the twenty-seventh year, he was appointed the Governor of Yungui. Charging the army? Joke.
Twenty-eight years later, after the suppression of the bandits was completed, he added the prince Taibao and gave Hua Ling.
Twenty-nine years later, he returned home from illness.
The following year, Xianfeng succeeded to the throne, and the "Folding Edict" was proclaimed; when he met the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, he was appointed a minister of Qincha, and he died of illness on the way. The previous crown prince Taibao Jin was given the title of Crown Prince Taifu (太子太傅), Yuwen Zhong (谥文忠).
Therefore, in fact, Lin Zexu's sorrow is the sadness of the Chinese nation; those who have to say that the imperial court is very bad to him in order to render Lin Zexu a hero.
Lin Zexu sent Yili not to fight, he could not move, to put it bluntly, he was to guide the reclamation work to maintain local stability. Along the way, he did not suffer any sins, and he arrived at Ili safely and steadily.
Lin Zexu did not have to rush along the way, and someone was waiting. He was recuperated in Xi'an for three months. After arriving in Ili, he also did a lot of things to benefit the country and the people by organizing canal repairs. But seeking truth from facts, Lin Zexu in Yili is not what everyone thinks of as a shackle in prison. You can play Go for dinner and sightseeing. In addition to not being able to go out of Ili casually, there are basically no restrictions, and even the local officials have to go to Lord Lin to worship the docks, otherwise It is quite frightening for Lord Lin to write a letter to Beijing when he is unhappy. This distribution is relative to his status, the governor of Liangguang banned smoking for the emperor, and as a result, he was dragged down by the pig teammates in the next province, and finally carried the pot for His Majesty the Emperor, which is called charging the army. On the way to Ili, the people were also ordered to go to Henan to supervise the construction of the river embankment. After only two or three years of "charging the army," he immediately re-appointed himself as the governor of Shaanxi and Gansu.