In the early morning of January 14, 1912, two people wearing felt hats sneaked to the corridor on the second floor of Shanghai Guangci Hospital and followed the door to Ward 205. Tao Chengzhang was sleeping soundly in the ward, and the two of them pulled open the door and rushed towards Tao Chengzhang. Hearing the gunshots, the whole hospital was in an uproar, and when the nurses hurried up, the murderer had long disappeared without a trace, and Tao Chengzhang in the pool of blood had already died in Huangquan.
These two are Chiang Kai-shek and Wang Zhuqing.
What's going on? A revolutionary young general of the League assassinated the big man of the Restoration Society! At this time, the Xinhai Revolution had just achieved initial victory, but the two major revolutionary groups, the Alliance And the Guangfu Association, had already rattled their swords, and even fought hard to do things that loved their relatives and enemies.
In fact, the contradiction between the two major revolutionary groups of the League and the Restoration Society has a long history, but it is not easy to disclose it when the revolution has not yet succeeded. Once the revolution is victorious, the former historical contradictions and the recent entanglement of interests suddenly surface. With the dispute between the governors of Shanghai, the dispute over the fixed capital, and the dispute over funds, the contradiction between the League and the Guangfuhui further deteriorated, and finally intensified to the point where the Alliance and the Guangfuhui raised their swords against each other. The Alliance created a series of bloody cases against the Guangfuhui, such as the shooting of Tao Junbao, the assassination of Tao Chengzhang, the siege of Xu Xueqiu, and eventually led to the collapse of the Guangfuhui.
Chen Qimei shot Tao Junbao on charges
The first person to be publicly shot and killed by Chen Qimei, the head of the central part of the League, was Tao Junbao, a member of the Guangfu Society. Tao Junbao served as the general staff officer of the Zhenjiang Governor's Office and the chief of staff of the Jiangsu-Zhejiang Combined Forces Headquarters, and after the restoration of Nanjing, he became the deputy chief of staff of the Jiangsu Governor's Office. Tao Junbao and ZhenJun participated in the battle of Jiangsu and Zhejiang combined forces to conquer Nanjing, and their merits were outstanding. When the town army arrived at The Yaohua Gate in Nanjing, the officers and men of the town army were exhausted from continuous bitter fighting and scattered to sleep in various places. Tao Junbao held a meeting to encourage the soldiers: "I am the founder of the Ninth Town, and all the officials and commanders should know each other. I am running this town soldier for the purpose of storing the revolution in the future, and today I have a rare opportunity to see the light of day again for the Han Chinese. The kings should do this and strive to kill the enemy. After Tao Junbao's frontal mobilization, the morale of the town army was greatly boosted. In the early morning of December 1, the Zhen Army, together with the Zhejiang Army Death Squad and the Shanghai Army Vanguard, captured Tianbao City, the last important stronghold of Nanjing.
Chen Qimei's shooting of Tao Junbao was triggered by contradictions within the coalition forces. After Zhenjiang was restored, Cheng Dequan, then the governor of Jiangsu, immediately sent a letter to the Zhenjiang Military and Political Branch, proposing to be "restrained" by Cheng. Lin Shuqing, a member of the Zhenjiang Guangfu Association, was furious: "Dequan is decayed and incompetent, because people do things." Who is the rest of the people? It is contempt for Yuya! Lin Shuqing tore Cheng Dequan's text to pieces, proclaimed himself the Governor of Zhenjiang, and appointed Tao Junbao as the general staff officer of the Zhenjiang Governor's Office.
Therefore, Chen Qimei and Cheng Dequan discussed and prepared to kill Tao Junbao. Chen Qimei used the issue of entering Beijing as an excuse to invite Tao Junbao to Shanghai for an interview.
Chen Qimei and Tao Junbao met at the Shanghai Military Governor's Mansion for consultation. On the afternoon of December 13, Tao Junbao did not know what the plan was, and came to visit Chen Qimei in a carriage. After receiving him in the lobby of the Governor's Mansion, Chen Qimei announced Tao Junbao's "guilty count," accusing Tao Junbao of "intercepting the weapons and ammunition transported from Shanghai to Yuhuatai during the attack on Yuhuatai in Jiuzhen, so that Jiuzhen suffered great sacrifices and should be punished by death." Chen Qimei ordered the gates of the Governor's Mansion to be closed and Tao Junbao to be tied up. Tao Junbao shouted "wronged", but Chen Qimei ignored it. At 5 p.m., without a military judicial review, Tao Junbao was executed by firing squad in the lobby of the Governor's Mansion and died on the spot.
On December 15, Chen Qimei, in the name of the Shanghai Military Governor's Office, issued the "Notice of Shooting Tao Junbao", informing Tao Junbao of his "crimes", but Chen Qimei did not publish Tao Junbao's specific crime materials, in fact, he could not produce any decent evidence.
The dispute between the governors of Zhejiang
Regarding Chen Qimei's shooting and killing of Tao Junbao, the members of the Guangfu Association expressed strong dissatisfaction. However, Tao Junbao's bones were not cold, and because of the question of the succession of the governor of Zhejiang, Chen Qimei created a shocking and bloody assassination of Tao Chengzhang, the founder of the Guangfuhui.
After the formation of the Nanjing Provisional Government, Sun Yat-sen proposed that Tang Shouqian, the governor of Zhejiang, be appointed as the chief of transportation. Before Tang Shouqian left office, he recommended Zhang Taiyan, Tao Chengzhang, and Chen Qimei to succeed him as the governor of Zhejiang. Zhang Taiyan politely refused, and also used Chen Qimeizhi's northern expedition as an excuse to resign on Behalf of Chen Qimei and strongly recommended Tao Chengzhang to succeed him.
Tao Chengzhang has long been engaged in the anti-Qing revolution and is the de facto commander-in-chief of the Guangfuhui, especially in the Zhejiang Hui party, which has a very high prestige, and the succession to the governor of Zhejiang can be described as the desired leader of the people. Shen Rongqing, the leader of the Longhua Association, and others issued a telegram of support, saying: "Manager Zhejiang Affairs, who is not Mr. Tao?" Tao Chengzhang's appointment as the governor of Zhejiang made Chen Qimei, who had already coveted the post of governor of Zhejiang, jealous. Chen Qimei once sent Chiang Kai-shek to Zhejiang for activities, but was unexpectedly treated coldly by the Zhejiang people, but Tao Chengzhang sent a representative to be welcomed by the Zhejiang people. Tao Chengzhang's succession as governor of Zhejiang is a foregone conclusion.
After the restoration of the southeast, the Guangfuhui in Jiangsu, Zhejiang, and Shanghai were very powerful, and the brothers of the Guangfuhui were only obeyed by Tao Chengzhang's orders. At this time, the Guangfuhui had already controlled Wusong, and Zhejiang was the base camp of the Guangfuhui, and if Tao Chengzhang became the governor of Zhejiang, the guangfuhui's power was like a tiger. This situation aroused Chen's jealousy even more, so he took Tao as his main opponent and wanted to put him to death.
Chiang Kai-shek: The murderer of Tao Chengzhang
Rumors that Chen Qimei wanted to assassinate Tao Chengzhang had long spread throughout the Jiangsu, Zhejiang, and Shanghai regions. Under the persuasion of the Guangfu huihui, Tao Chengzhang initially avoided going to the Keli Hotel, but because of too much socializing, he moved to the National Federation, and because the people were too complicated, he moved to the Guangfu Association Office on Jiangxi Road, and later moved to the Huizhong Hotel. Tao Chengzhang became ill from overwork and was transferred to Guangci Hospital in the French Concession for recuperation. However, open guns are easy to hide, and dark arrows are difficult to defend.
On January 12, 1912, Chiang Kai-shek, a member of the League, claimed to have a confidential document of the Northern Expedition and met with Tao Chengzhang at the Guangfuhui organ for discussions. Chiang Kai-shek asked Tao Chengzhang's address, but Tao Chengzhang did not care, and wrote the ward number of Guangci Hospital on a note and handed it to Chiang Kai-shek. Fearing that the address was untrue, Chiang Kai-shek sent someone to Guangci Hospital in the name of having an express mail from the "Zhejiang Provisional Association" at night to deliver it to Tao Chengzhang. On the afternoon of January 13, Zhang Weiwen, a member of the Guangfu Association, visited Tao Chengzhang at Guangci Hospital and expressed doubts about the express mail sent by Chiang Kai-shek, because Zhejiang only had a "provisional parliament" and no "temporary association", and the letter was purely forged. Tao Chengzhang also felt a little abnormal, but did not investigate deeply.
At 2:00 a.m. on January 14, Chiang Kai-shek and Wang Zhuqing infiltrated Guangci Hospital, rushed into Tao Chengzhang's hospital room, and shot at Tao Chengzhang, who was sleeping. Tao Chengzhang was stabbed to death. The reason why Chiang Kai-shek assassinated Tao Chengzhang was that Mao Sicheng, Chiang Kai-shek's royal biographer, confessed: Because Tao Chengzhang wanted to "sabotage" the League, "support" Zhang Taiyan, "deny" the status of Huang Xing and Sun Yat-sen, "assassinate" Chen Qimei, and replace the orthodox status of the League with the GuangfuHui, Chiang Kai-shek wanted to assassinate Tao Chengzhang.
Chiang Kai-shek himself claimed in the fragment of the "Self-Narration of the Chiang Kai-shek" that because Tao Chengzhang had serious differences of opinion with Sun Yat-sen in Nanyang due to financial problems, and because after the success of the revolution, he wanted to "replace" the orthodox status of the League with the GuangfuHui, So Chiang Kai-shek took the risk and assassinated Tao Chengzhang in order to maintain the orthodox status of the League. Despite the protection of Chen Qimei, the governor of the Shanghai Army, and the acquiescence of Jin Rong in the French Concession, Chiang Kai-shek was afraid of being hunted down and killed by the Guangfuhui, and had to abscond to Japan in a hurry after another murderer who assassinated Tao Chengzhang, Wang Zhuqing, was killed by the Guangfuhui.
Zhang Taiyan condemned the Alliance's "rat-and-dog theft" behavior
The assassination of Tao Chengzhang, the outstanding leader of the Guangfuhui, made the Guangfuhui sad and indignant. After hearing the news, Zhang Taiyan, president of the Guangfu Association, was distraught and immediately issued a statement to a reporter from the Shenzhou Daily, recounting Tao Chengzhang's life and accusing Huang Xing and Sun Yat-sen of being behind the "Tao case."
Zhang Taiyan believes that Tao Chengzhang's assassination is related to the release of Sun Wen's Incriminating Charges. In the winter of 1908, Tao went to Singapore to meet Sun Wen, and the two sides did not speculate, and Tao Chengzhang was dissatisfied with Sun Wenduo. Soon, Tao Chengzhang left Sun Wen to go to Burma, Java and other places to publicize the revolution, so Sun Wen had a lot of opinions about Tao Chengzhang, and even had plans to assassinate Tao Chengzhang at that time. Subsequently, after the defeat of the Confederacy Estuary, many of the party members retreated to Singapore and asked Sun Wen for funds, but Sun Wen, unwilling to hand over the funds, actually reported to the British Chinese Civil Affairs Department, resulting in many people being arrested for no reason. Tao Chengzhang was indignant, so he issued a letter the following year announcing sun wen's guilt, exposing Sun Wen's old bottom. Since then, "the momentum of the Sun Party has gradually dissipated."
After the restoration of Nanjing, Sun Wen returned to China and was promoted to provisional president. A few days later, Sun Wen wrote to ask Tao Chengzhang why he wanted to spread the "Sun Wen's Guilt" in Nanyang, and before Tao Chengzhang could reply, he died at the hands of Chiang Kai-shek.
Zhang Taiyan, president of the Guangfu Society, constantly criticized the Alliance, and the Alliance could not bear it any longer, and was also ready to get rid of Zhang Taiyan. After Tao Chengzhang was killed, Huang Xing immediately called Chen Qimei, claiming that the murderer was a "full detective" and ordering Chen Qimei to protect Zhang Taiyan. The Guangfuhui believed that Tao Chengzhang had been assassinated, and the Alliance would deduce that it was the work of the "Full Detective", but did not confess itself. Huang Xing's special mention of protecting Zhang Taiyan is also unbelievable, so why did the "Manchu Detective" only assassinate Zhang Taiyan of the Guangfuhui instead of sun Yat-sen and Huang Xing, the leaders of the League? Zhang Taiyan was furious and denounced huang Xing and the alliance for what he had done, which was an act of "rat stealing and dog stealing".
He wrote to Huang Xing: "If it is a trick, but it can be practiced in the native land of Nanyang, how can it be applied to the Yangtze River Basin?" Assassination Ben is the same as the thief, and if the alliance members have this intention, they will never leave the domain of rats and dogs. Ke Qiang used this to frighten people, but instead made his party fall into the name of indecency and despicability. Zhang Taiyan published the letter in the Great Republic Daily, made it public, and set up a photo so that Huang Xinghe and the allies would not dare to poison Zhang Taiyan again.
Xu Xueqiu: The old man of the Alliance Association and the newcomer of the Guangfu Society
Xu Xueqiu held a meeting as early as 1904 at the altar of hong'an's former residence in Chao'an, Guangdong, vowing to overthrow the Manchu Qing government. In 1905, he prepared to launch an armed uprising in Chao'an, but died due to careless employment and the leakage of secrets. In 1906, Xu Xueqiu admired Sun Yat-sen and was appointed by Sun Yat-sen as the "Governor of the Eastern Army of the Republic of China", becoming the first Governor appointed by Sun Yat-sen according to the "Revolutionary Strategy".
In early 1907, Xu Xueqiu, with the support of Sun Yat-sen, prepared to raise an affair in Chao'an again, but due to the leak of the wind, the uprising died prematurely. Sun Yat-sen instructed Xu Xueqiu to preserve his strength and "do not cause meng lang to cause trouble and cause injury to yuan qi." In August, Xu Xueqiu sent more than 1,000 people to Gather in Shanwei and planned to call up 20 large fishing boats to receive ordnance at any time. The Japanese man Xuanye Changzhi called to inform him of the time when the armament carrier arrived in Shanwei, but when Xu Xueqiu went to Shanwei by small steamer, he found that the detective Wu Xiangda, the chief soldier of the Qing army, was also on the ship and had to land on the shore to return. Three hours after the lucky pill carrying the guns arrived in Shanwei, Xu Xueqiu drove a leaf boat to listen to the news. Xuanye Nagato blamed Xu Xueqiu for not making preparations earlier, and urged him to immediately send a large ship to meet him. Xu Xueqiu promised to receive the fishing boat immediately, when the revolutionaries were ready to raise a big deal, and saw captain Ri mooring offshore at the time, and more than 10,000 spectators along the coast. Wu Xiangda, the general of the Qing Dynasty, had already tightened the barrier, and the small soldiers of the Qing army stationed in Jieshi saw the Japanese ship moored on the ocean for half a day, ready to approach the inspection. The Japanese crew was horrified and immediately sailed to Hong Kong. When Xu Xueqiu rented a large boat to go to sea to meet him, he saw that the japanese ship was gone and never returned, and he regretted it.
Sun Yat-sen put all the responsibility for this failure on Xu Xueqiu's head, believing that "the responsibility for the failure of the Eastern Affairs lies entirely with Xu Xueqiu alone", and rebuked Xu Xueqiu for "being in a hurry, not knowing the investigation, not making good preparations, and reporting untruthfully."
The failure of the Battle of Shanwei caused Xu Xueqiu to be seriously injured. Xu Xueqiu returned to Nanyang to plan a comeback, but he was no longer trusted by Sun Yat-sen and was greatly disappointed. After the reorganization of the Guangfuhui, Xu Xueqiu and many members of the Chaozhou and Meizhou Leagues joined the Guangfuhui and were extremely dissatisfied with Sun Yat-sen. Tao Chengzhang and others believe that Xu Xueqiu was one of the targets of Sun Yat-sen's "assassination."
Chen Jiongming connived at his subordinates to shoot Xu Xueqiu
If Chen Qimei's assassination of Tao Chengzhang on Shanghai Beach was still a bit sneaky, Chen Jiongming's massacre of members of the Guangdong Restoration Society in Guangdong was blatant. After the failure of the Huanghuagang Uprising, the Guangfuhui was not discouraged and sent Xu Xueqiu back to Guangdong to launch the Xinhai Revolution. Xu Xueqiu, Chen Hongsheng, and Chen Yongbo returned to Guangdong to organize an army on the South Road, restored Raoping, Chao'an, Huilai, Tai Po and other counties, set up a headquarters in the Shantou Old Provincial Bureau, and established a local self-governing republican government. However, intricate contradictions and power struggles arose between the League and the Restoration Society, between the merchants and revolutionaries with a strong comprador character, and between the locals and the outsiders. After the restoration of the Chaoshan region, the revolutionary army competed with each other, and a total of thirteen commanders rose up, and none of them obeyed each other.
Chen Jiongming sent Chen Hongcao, who had long cooperated with the Constitutionalists, as a pacification envoy to Chaozhou, to go to the Chaoshan region to rectify the people's army, and appointed Sun Danya as the first standard unification, Chen Yongbo as the second standard unification, He Zi because of the third standard unification, and Xu Xueqiu and Chen Yunsheng, although they were meritorious in the revolution, they could not be named.
On March 30, 1912, at the request of Chaozhou merchants and foreign consuls, Chen Jiongming appointed Wu Xiangda, commander of the former Qing Patrol Battalion, as the superintendent of the Chaomei Appeasement Office, and led his troops to Shantou on a British warship. Wu Xiangda took advantage of Xu Xueqiu's lack of preparation and suddenly sent troops to besiege him, and Xu Xueqiu and other members of the GuangfuHui were killed. Afterwards, Wu Xiangda sent a telegram to Chen Jiongming, the governor of the capital, falsely accusing Xu Xueqiu and others of "arsonists who had harmed the people," so they "had no choice but to condemn them."
After the massacre, many revolutionaries complained about Xu Xueqiu and others and demanded that Hu Hanmin and Chen Jiongming punish Wu Xiangda, but Hu Hanmin and Chen Jiongming ignored them and allowed Wu Xiangda to go unpunished. In Guangdong, there is a song and ballad that "the revolution succeeds, the revolutionaries die."
Zhang Taiyan served the soft alliance and the remnants of the Guangfu Society defected to Yuan Shikai
After the success of the revolution, there were continuous bloody cases of members of the Alliance and the killing of members of the Guangfu Society, especially in Guangdong, which openly suppressed the military operations of the Guangfu Society in the name of "appeasement of the localities", which made Zhang Taiyan, president of the Guangfu Society, worry and burn. Zhang Taiyan had to write to Sun Yat-sen, the president of the League, demanding an immediate halt to the growing massacre of the Guangfuhui.
In his letter to Sun Yat-sen, Zhang Taiyan believed that the difference of opinion between the leaders of the Restoration Society and the leaders of the League should not turn into a massacre by the League.
Zhang Taiyan's belief was indeed "soft," and Sun Yat-sen did not want to make things too rigid, so he called Chen Jiongming and the China League Association along the water, fully affirming the great achievements of the GuangfuHui in the Xinhai Revolution, pointing out that it was inevitable that there would be some differences of opinion between the leaders of the League and the leaders of the Guangfuhui, and strictly ordered the killing of members of the Guangfuhui in various places.
Sun Yat-sen said proudly: "Recently, the Alliance Association and the Guangfu Association in Lingdong cannot be reconciled, and there are contradictions between the day and the sun. According to the League, the Two Associations of restoration were also groups of the revolutionary party in the past. The GuangfuHui was originally set up in Shanghai, and there were no more than forty or fifty people. Later, the Alliance was established in Tokyo, and the Restoration Society gradually disintegrated. Now that the Republic of China has been newly established and has not yet been built, it is appropriate to work together to achieve the common goal. For this reason, it is known that it should be explained and mediated by the Governor of Guidu at any time. After that, the Killing of the Restoration Society by the Allied Forces gradually ceased.
In the early years of the Republic of China, in order to compete for who was revolutionary orthodoxy and seize territory, the League would kill many Guangfuhui brothers, and at the same time, Yuan Shikai's power was gradually strengthened. On April 1, 1912, when Sun Yat-sen resigned as provisional president and began to devote himself to reorganizing the League and forming the Kuomintang, preparing to compete with Yuan Shikai politically, the remnants of the GuangfuHui defected to Yuan Shikai because of their hatred of the League.
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