In 1932, the Eyu-Anhui Red Army failed to break the fourth "encirclement and suppression" of the Kuomintang army, and in October, the Central Bureau of the Communist Party of China held an emergency meeting in Huang chaiba to discuss how to solve the crisis facing the base area. Zhang Guotao believed that the main force of the Red Army should drive to the west of Pinghan Road and join the Red Army. Shen Zemin, secretary of the Eyuwan Provincial CPC Committee, proposed that guerrilla warfare should be dispersed and the enemy should be broken at the opportunity. Xu Xiangqian believed that it was difficult for the large troops to disperse guerrillas, and proposed that the main Red Army should be pulled to the outer line, looking for a powerful opportunity, and then killing the "hui horse gun." In the end, the meeting decided to leave the Seventy-fifth Division of the Red Twenty-fifth Army, the Red Twenty-seventh Division, and the independent divisions and regiments of various counties, with Shen Zemin in charge and insisting on guerrilla warfare on the inner line, while the main force jumped to the outer line and sought an opportunity to return to the base area. The main force of the Red Fourth Front was forced to carry out a strategic shift, and finally entered northern Sichuan to create a revolutionary base area in Sichuan and Shaanxi. The Part of the Red Army remaining in the Soviet zone, as well as the broad masses, continued their arduous guerrilla struggle.
Commanded in distress:
Formation and reconstruction of the Red Twenty-Eighth Army
On November 12, 1932, the first enlarged meeting of the Eyu-Anhui Provincial Committee of the Communist Party of China was held, and Shen Zemin, Xu Baoshan, Cheng Fangwu, Wu Huanxian, Wang Pingzhang, Zheng Weisan, Dai Jiying, and Gao Jingting attended the meeting. The resolution on military struggle at the meeting pointed out: "Continue to expand the Red Army, expand guerrilla warfare, and train new main forces of the Red Army from guerrilla warfare," "expand and organize armed organizations such as guerrillas, Red Guards, and Young Pioneers," and "arm all workers and peasants, and at the same time rapidly form independent divisions in various guerrilla areas." However, due to the failure of the remaining Red Army to eliminate the effective forces of the Kuomintang army, coupled with the knowledge that the main force of the Red Army could not return to the base area, some comrades in the Soviet area were confused and uneasy. Under such circumstances, on November 29, the Eyu-Anhui Provincial Party Committee held a meeting of the highest military cadres to unify the main regiments of the Red Army in the base areas and rebuild the Red Twenty-fifth Army. The next day, the new Red Twenty-fifth Army was established, with Wu Huan as the commander and Wang Pingzhang as the political commissar, and the whole army had two divisions, five regiments, and two special service battalions. At the same time, independent regiments of local guerrilla divisions were established, and there were more than 10,000 local armed forces. The Eyu-Anhui Soviet District was not only not crushed by the "Qing Suppression", but was partially restored.
The Eyu-Anhui Provincial CPC Committee soon learned that the Kuomintang troops were preparing to carry out "garrison suppression" at the same time as "clearing and suppressing." In response to this policy of the Kuomintang army, the Eyu-Anhui Provincial Party Committee held an extraordinary emergency meeting in December to further clarify the idea of independently adhering to the struggle in the Eyu-Anhui base area, and prepared to expand the scope of the guerrilla movement to the white areas. Since the Eyu-Anhui base area was divided into two isolated areas at that time, Northeast Hubei and Northwest Anhui, the Eyu-Anhui Provincial Party Committee decided to establish the Northeast Hubei Provincial Committee and the Northwest Anhui Provincial Committee, with Xu Baoshan and Guo Shushen serving as the secretaries of the Provincial Committee respectively. In order to carry out guerrilla struggle in northwestern Anhui, the Eyu-Anhui Provincial Party Committee decided to form the Red Twenty-Eighth Army, with Chinan as its base, to develop guerrilla warfare in northwestern Anhui, consolidate the Soviet area, expand the scope of guerrilla warfare, and go deep into the White Area to expand the guerrilla zone. At the beginning of 1933, the Red Twenty-eighth Army was established in Dafa, with liao rongkun, military commander, political commissar Wang Pingzhang, and director of the political department Cheng Qibo, under the jurisdiction of two regiments and a special agent battalion, about 3,000 people.
After the defeat in the Battle of Qiliping, in October 1933, the Eyu-Anhui Provincial Party Committee led the Red Twenty-fifth Army from western Anhui to northeastern Hubei, and when passing through the Huangma Highway, the team was divided by the Kuomintang army, and about 1,000 follow-up troops of the Red Twenty-fifth Army were blocked by the enemy, led by deputy commander Xu Haidong, they were transferred back to western Anhui, and merged with the Red Eighty-second Division in northwest Anhui to rebuild the Red Twenty-eighth Army, With Xu Haidong as the commander and Guo Shushen as the political commissar, with eighty-two and eighty-four divisions under its jurisdiction, and the whole army of more than 2,300 people. After the reconstruction, the Red Twenty-eighth Army fought fiercely with the Kuomintang army, eliminating more than 3,000 enemy troops, growing to more than 3,200 on its own, and partially restoring the revolutionary base area in northwest Anhui. In April 1934, the Red Twenty-fifth Army and the Red Twenty-eighth Army met near Tangjiahui in Chinan County and merged into the new Red Twenty-fifth Army, leaving more than 1,000 people to form the new Red Eighty-second Division, and persisted in guerrilla struggle in northwest Anhui.
In November 1934, the 14th Standing Committee of the Communist Party of China's Eyu-Anhui Provincial Committee held in Huashan Village, Guangshan County, and the meeting decided to implement a strategic shift of the Red Twenty-fifth Army. Under the leadership of the Provincial Party Committee of Eyuwan, the Red Twenty-fifth Army, in the name of the Second Advance Detachment of the Red Army to the North to Resist Japan, set out from He Jiachong, Luoshan County, and began the Long March. At the same time, the meeting decided that Gao Jingting, secretary of the Northwest Anhui Provincial CPC Committee, would stay in the Eyu-Anhui base area to persist in the struggle, and on the basis of the Red Eighty-second Division that remained in the local area, it would be combined with the local armed forces to prepare to form the Red Twenty-eighth Army again. After the Long March of the Red Twenty-fifth Army, the armed forces left in the base area were frantically attacked by the Kuomintang army, and the losses were relatively large. In December, Gao Jingting sorted out the main force of the Red Army that broke out, with only more than 700 people, and established the Red 218 Regiment. After a series of battles, in February 1935, Gao Jingting led the Red 218th Regiment to Taihu County. He presided over a meeting of cadres and decided to form the Red Twenty-Eighth Army for the third time on the basis of the Red 218Th Regiment and the Northeast Hubei Independent Regiment, with Gao Jingting as the political commissar and unified leadership of the party, government, and army work in the Eyu-Anhui Border Region. At this time, the Red Twenty-eighth Army was under the jurisdiction of the Eighty-second Division and the Pistol Regiment, and the whole army was more than a thousand people. This small number of armed forces became the main force of the CCP's insistence on guerrilla warfare in the Eyu-Anhui region.
Red flag waving in Dabie Mountain:
Guerrilla warfare of the Red Twenty-Eighth Army
(1) The grim situation
After the third formation of the Red Twenty-Eighth Army, it immediately began a brutal struggle against the Kuomintang army, and the revolutionary situation in the Eyu-Anhui region was very grim. The Kuomintang, sensing that the Red Army in the Dabie Mountains was gradually expanding, mobilized the Thirty-second Division, the Sixty-fourth Division, and the Sixty-fifth Division, which were encircled from the direction of Huoshan, Lihuang, and Taihu Lake. The Red Twenty-Eighth Army decided not to tangle with the Kuomintang army and seek an opportunity to get rid of the enemy. In Huoshan territory, the Red Twenty-eighth Army encountered the Ninety-fourth Brigade of the Thirty-second Division of the Kuomintang Army, and in the fierce battle, Luo Chengyun, commander of the Eighty-second Division of the Red Twenty-eighth Army, was killed. In March, the rear organs and hospitals of the Northwest Anhui Provincial Committee of the Communist Party of China were surrounded by the Independent Fifth Brigade of the Kuomintang Army in Gushan Mountain, and suffered serious losses. In April, the Red Twenty-eighth Army prepared to open up new base areas in Huangmei, Susong and other places, but was blocked by the 96th Brigade of the Kuomintang Army, losing nearly 100 people, and failed to achieve the goal, so it could only turn back to Shucheng and Huoshanyuan base areas. Successive setbacks did not dampen the morale of the officers and men of the Red Twenty-Eighth Army, who continued to struggle tenaciously and stabilized the situation.
(2) The main force of the Red Army shows its might
After being initially frustrated, the Red Twenty-Eighth Army realized that guerrilla warfare could not exist and develop for a long time without a base area. Gao Jingting decided to set up a special committee for western Anhui and establish guerrilla base areas in Shucheng, Huoshan, Taihu, and other areas where the Kuomintang's control was weak. At the same time, the main Red Army played the role of the main backbone, and successively won victories in the ambush battle of Zishuping, the battle of Jiguanshi, the battle of Jieling, and the ambush of Taoling. In the Battle of Zishuping, the Red Twenty-eighth Army destroyed more than two companies of the Kuomintang army in only two and a half hours, capturing 6 light and heavy machine guns and 120 rifles. At the Battle of Taoling, Gao Jingting led the main force of the Red Twenty-eighth Army to annihilate the main force of a regiment of the Ninety-fifth Brigade of the Thirty-second Division of the Kuomintang Army, and thwarted the Attempt of the Kuomintang Army to complete the task of "clearing and suppressing" within three months. In the Battle of Wangyuan in Guangshan County, the Red Twenty-eighth Army moved covertly, encircled a regiment of the Kuomintang army in a roundabout way, eliminated two battalions, captured more than 500 rifles, 18 machine guns, and two mortars, and fought an extremely successful movement battle. By June 1935, the Anhui West Special Committee and the Northwest Anhui Special Committee had established a relationship, forming a situation in which the Shuhuo Qiantai Guerrilla Zone and the Northwest Anhui Guerrilla Zone were one and the same. Due to the heroic battle of the main force of the Red Twenty-eighth Army, the Red Army in the Eyu-Anhui area repeatedly repelled the "qing suppression" of the Kuomintang army and preserved the red flame.
(3) Guerrillas and plainclothes units
After the main forces of the Red Fourth Front and the Red Twenty-fifth Army were transferred, the Eyu-Anhui base area was greatly damaged. In this particular historical situation, a special form of revolutionary organization was born, the armed plainclothes task force.
During the Republic of China period, due to the western embargo on China, heavy weapons could not be imported, so a considerable number of warlords had a special armed pistol regiment, equipped the troops with Mauser pistols, and used submachine pistols that could be fired consecutively to make up for the lack of firepower caused by the lack of heavy weapons. However, the pistol regiments in the Red Twenty-fifth Army and the Red Twenty-eighth Army undertook completely different tasks. The Pistol Regiment of the Red Twenty-eighth Army was formed by the combination of a detachment of the Pistol Regiment of the Red Twenty-fifth Army, the Pistol Team of the Northwest Anhui Provincial Committee and the Pistol Team of the Northeast Hubei Independent Regiment, with 3 detachments under its jurisdiction, and the regimental commander was Yu Xiong. The pistol regiments of the Red Twenty-Eighth Army can both assume combat tasks by disguised as enemy troops and carry out activities as plainclothes units. In February 1935, Yu Xiong disguised himself as the commander of the Kuomintang army, led 4 soldiers to infiltrate the home of Yu Yimi, then a member of the Anhui Provincial Government and director of the Department of Finance, and two detachments of the pistol regiment cooperated in receiving and cooperating, capturing Yu Yimi in one fell swoop, capturing more than 200 rifles and two machine guns. In June, Gao Jingting led two detachments of the pistol regiment, killed the leader of the militia regiment, Yi Benying, and captured more than 100 rifle pistols. In July, Yu Xiong led the pistol regiment disguised as the 96th Brigade of the Kuomintang Army, eliminated more than 130 people of the 25th Route Army Einsatzgruppen of the Kuomintang Army, captured more than 80 rifles and pistols, and two light machine guns. In April 1936, the pistol regiment disguised itself into the Northeast Army, eliminated a battalion of the Kuomintang army, and captured a light machine gun and nearly 200 rifles.
In the northeastern Hubei region, there were not many main forces of the Red Army left behind, and it was necessary to rely on guerrilla warfare to maintain the development of the base areas. Huang Jinsi and Chen Guoshun of the pistol team of the former Northeast Hubei Independent Regiment were ordered by Chen Shouxin, the political commissar of the regiment, to lead 10 soldiers to form a plainclothes team and operate in the Lingshan area near Pinghan Road. The Lingshan area, between Liulin Railway Station and Jigongshan, was the main road between the Soviet Union and the Kuomintang rule. The tasks of this plainclothes detachment were: to secretly mobilize the masses on the east and west sides of the Pinghan Railway in the Lingshan area, to provide enemy information for the main forces, to cover the wounded and sick, and to contact the Red Army on the westward expedition to the north; to expand the red army's military resources, provide materials and equipment, and create conditions for the formal establishment of soviets in the area in the future; and the most important task was to actively mobilize the masses and avoid a frontal struggle with the Kuomintang army. After receiving the task, Huang Jinsi and Chen Guoshun relied on the masses to launch a struggle against the landlords, established small civilian clothing teams (mass organizations, production during the day, and activities at night), and set up more than 500 peasant groups, more than 50 women's groups, and more than 20 children's regiments, arming the masses on the one hand and expanding the Red Army on the other. After more than two years of struggle, the plainclothes brigade expanded the main Red Army with about 400 fighters and established more than a dozen guerrilla groups to combat local militia groups and Kuomintang army secret service forces.
Xia Yun and 7 other soldiers of the Red Twenty-Eighth Army organized plainclothes teams to go deep into the area around Harrier Landing. The tasks given to them by Gao Jingting were: relying on peasants and kiln workers, making friends with mountain watchers, contacting the masses, secretly carrying out activities, sowing red seeds, and opening up red base areas. After gaining the trust of the masses, they disguised themselves as ordinary people, burned kilns and farmed with the masses during the day, and inspired the masses' enthusiasm for struggle at night. In the end, in the area of 200 miles centered on Harrier Luoping, more than 60 party members were recruited, four party branches of Qilichong, Daguling, Badaohe and Daoshiping were established, and militia teams were set up, sowing red seeds. It not only cracked down on local reactionary forces in neighboring areas, but also expanded the base areas to the kuomintang-ruled areas. They took in the wounded of the Red Twenty-Eighth Army, set up a rear hospital, and waged a hard struggle against the Kuomintang army.
Zheng Weisan, former secretary of the Northeast Hubei Provincial Party Committee, ordered He Yaobang and Hu Jinxian to set up a plainclothes team of 5 people on the Black Dog Zhai Mountain Ridge on the border between Luoshan County and Jingfu County. Relying on mobilizing the masses, winning over local armor chiefs, and taking advantage of the contradictions between the Kuomintang military and civilian regiments, this small plainclothes brigade turned enemies into friends, developed the militia groups into the periphery of the guerrillas, and finally preserved and expanded the revolutionary flames and joined the Red Twenty-Eighth Army. Subsequently, He Yaobang's troops resisted the Kuomintang army's "liquidation and suppression", and finally foiled the Kuomintang army's plot to eliminate them. After the outbreak of the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, negotiations were held with the Kuomintang and became part of the New Fourth Army.
Mobilizing the masses, relying on the masses, and thinking about what the masses think are important factors for the survival and development of the guerrillas and plainclothes units of the Red Twenty-Eighth Army under siege by the Kuomintang army.
Difficulties in going to the country together:
Negotiations between the Red Twenty-Eighth Army and the Kuomintang
In December 1936, with the peaceful settlement of the Xi'an Incident, the domestic situation underwent a major change. However, in the eight southern provinces, Chiang Kai-shek continued to mobilize troops and carried out secret "liquidation and suppression" of the Red Army in an attempt to eliminate the Red Army forces remaining in the south.
In early 1937, Chiang Kai-shek appointed Wei Lihuang as the commander-in-chief of the "Qing Suppression" and attacked the base areas in northeastern Hubei and western Anhui. The Nationalist army sent the Thirty-third Division to carry out a key offensive in northeast Hubei. At this time, the main force of the Red Twenty-eighth Army, except for the third detachment of the pistol regiment in western Anhui, the rest of the troops were operating in the northeast Hubei region under the leadership of Gao Jingting. In February, Zhan Huayu, the commander of the pistol regiment, destroyed a battalion of the 198th Regiment and a detachment of the Security Regiment of the Kuomintang Army at Pecking Lishan near Macheng, killing and wounding more than 200 enemy prisoners, capturing more than 200 rifles and 3 machine guns. In March, the main force of the Red Twenty-eighth Army eliminated two battalions of the 193rd Regiment of the Kuomintang Army, killed its regimental commander Qin Danyun, and surrendered more than 400 guns and a radio station. In May, two battalions of the 244th Regiment of the 82nd Division of the Red 28th Army completely annihilated the 1st Battalion of the 1st Regiment of the Kuomintang Hubei Security Regiment; a few days later, a battalion of the 7th Regiment of the Hubei Security Regiment was completely annihilated. However, in June, the special service battalion of the Red 28th Army and the third detachment of the pistol regiment were surrounded by heavy troops of the Kuomintang army, and the losses were relatively large. Gao Jingting decided to continue the battle on the outer front of the main Red Army, and as a result, the new second battalion of the 244th Regiment of the 82nd Division was surrounded by the Kuomintang army and almost completely destroyed. Although the situation was grim, the Red Twenty-Eighth Army contained about 300,000 Kuomintang troops and got rid of the encirclement and "liquidation" of the Kuomintang army.
The leaders of the Red Twenty-Eighth Army, which was surrounded by the Kuomintang army, learned through the Kuomintang newspapers about the development trend of the situation and certain views of the CPC Central Committee on the current situation. Subsequently, the Red Twenty-eighth Army learned about the relevant policies of the UNITED Front of the CPC from the documents transmitted by the Office of the CPC Central Committee in Xi'an, and studied the documents on cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communists and the cessation of the civil war. Therefore, the Red Twenty-eighth Army changed its tactics at the right time and carried out propaganda to the Kuomintang army that "attacked and suppressed" the "stop the civil war and resist Japan in unison." In July 1937, Gao Jingting sent He Yaobang, secretary of the Anhui Special Committee, as a representative to conduct the first contact negotiations with representatives of the "Eyu-Anhui Suppression Office" in Nantian Village, Yuexi County. However, the Kuomintang side reneged on its promise, and while negotiating, it also deployed troops to surround the Red Twenty-eighth Army and the pistol regiment. On the one hand, the Red Army actively responded to the battle, and on the other hand, it solemnly warned the Kuomintang army. In the end, Gao Jingting, in the name of the director of the Political Department of the Twenty-eighth Red Army, assumed the pseudonym Li Shouyi and signed an agreement with Liu Gangfu, a representative of the Kuomintang. The agreement stipulates: The Red Twenty-Eighth Army will be reorganized in Xuanhuadian; three offices will be set up in the three provinces of Eyu and Anhui; political prisoners and prisoners of war will be released; freedom of speech, association, publication, and assembly will be allowed; the Red Army's supply of weapons and ammunition will be the same as that of the Kuomintang; the Kuomintang will be responsible for the Red Army's transportation to the front line and will cooperate; the Red Army shall have the right to suppress bandits stationed in the garrison; the Kuomintang army shall not attack the red army assembled; the Red Twenty-eighth Army shall be assembled before the Spring Festival; the Kuomintang army will guarantee the safety of the Red Army's return to visit its relatives; and the red army's family members will be appeased according to the treatment of the kuomintang army's family members National issues shall be decided by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. After the agreement was reached, the Red Twenty-eighth Army marched into the area of Qiliping and Xuanhuadian to rest, elevated the plainclothes team to the main force, and established a new barracks. In January 1938, the Red Twenty-eighth Army was ordered to be reorganized into the fourth detachment of the New Fourth Army, with Gao Jingting as commander, Lin Weixian as chief of staff, and Xiao Wangdong as director of the Political Department. The fourth detachment was under the jurisdiction of the Seventh, Eighth and Ninth Regiments and pistol regiments, with a total strength of more than 3,100 people. In February, the fourth detachment of the New Fourth Army marched eastward into Shucheng, Lujiang, and Wuwei and embarked on the anti-Japanese battlefield.
epilogue
The Red Twenty-Eighth Army, with the main Red Army leaving the base area, persisted in guerrilla warfare behind enemy lines for more than three years and preserved its strength. The Fourth Detachment of the New Fourth Army, which was reorganized from the Red Twenty-Eighth Army, was the largest and better equipped unit at the beginning of the establishment of the New Fourth Army. In the past three years, the Red Twenty-Eighth Army has been transferred to 45 counties in 3 provinces, organizing local armed forces and plainclothes teams, insisting on the spot, containing the Kuomintang army, so that the red flag will always fly in the Dabie Mountains. Although the mistake of "Left" leaning was made and several "purge campaigns" were carried out in the Red Army, the guerrilla warfare of the Red Twenty-Eighth Army effectively supported the strategic shift of the main force of the Red Army and was a powerful part of the struggle of the Red Army guerrillas in the southern provinces. In the course of the struggle, the Red Twenty-Eighth Army has produced many heroic figures and produced a large number of heroic stories that can be sung and wept; it has created a group of backbone party, government, and army cadres who are loyal to the party and the people, and are a revolutionary armed force that cannot be defeated.
(Author Affilications:School of History, Nanjing University)
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