Chinese medicine is a treasure of Chinese culture, it is also known overseas as "Chinese medicine", "Han Fang", famous for herbal medicine, acupuncture, from the Spring and Autumn Warring States period, Chinese medicine is the most important medical technology in East Asia.
In the history of traditional Chinese medicine, there are countless famous doctors, Zhang Zhongjing, Huang Pumi, Sun Simiao, Li Shizhen, Ge Hong and other famous doctors hang the pot to save the world, and write books to benefit future generations. However, in the legend, there are several "divine doctors" in ancient China, and their existence is also true and illusory. For example, "Qi Bo" in the Yellow Emperor period, "Chang Sang Jun" and "Bian Que" in the Spring and Autumn Warring States period, and "Hua Tuo" in the Three Kingdoms period.
Among them, the divine doctor Hua Tuo was in the chaotic world of the Three Kingdoms, and intersected with such celebrities as Sun Bofu, Guan Yunchang, and Cao Mengde, so his story was the most widely circulated. In the "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", the divine doctor Hua Tuo is famous for "scraping bones to cure poison" for Guan Erye, leaving a good story for thousands of years, but in the end, because he wanted to "open the skull" for Cao Cao, he was executed by the narrow-minded Cao Cao.
Cao Cao's killing of Hua Tuo is a true story that happened in the history of the Three Kingdoms, but the Romance of the Three Kingdoms and the Romance of the Three Kingdoms record this story completely differently. Hua Tuo was a world-famous divine doctor, and Cao Cao had always been known as a love talent, so why would he bother to kill Hua Tuo? What kind of person is the real Hua Tuo, and can he really open his skull? Did Cao Cao and Hua Tuo have a grudge?
I. "Romance of the Three Kingdoms": "The Night Fork of the Present World" Cao Ah Qi
Hua Tuo (华佗), a native of Peiguo County at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty. He was highly skilled, especially good at treating trauma and performing surgery.
In the novel "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", Hua Tuo appeared very early, and appeared in the 15th "Tai Shi Ci Fighting Little Bully Sun Bofu Vs Yan Baihu".
At that time, Zhou Tai was seriously injured and dying in order to cover sun quan, and Dong Xun, under Sun Ce's account, said that he had been injured by pirates, but fortunately he was saved by Hua Tuo.
Therefore, Sun Ce sent someone to ask Hua Tuo to treat Zhou Tai, who was seriously injured, and gave him a heavy amount of money, and Hua Tuo cured the fierce general Zhou Tai with a few pills, and thus Hua Tuo's name as a divine doctor spread throughout the world.
Later, in the 75th "Guan Yunchang Scraping Bone To Cure Poison, Lü Zi Understands The River Crossing the River", Guan Yu led his soldiers to fight Fancheng with Cao Ren, during which he was shot in the arm, the poison went deep into the skin, and the right arm was swollen. At the moment of helplessness, Hua Tuo actually came from Jiangdong in a small boat to treat Guan Yu's injuries.
Hua Tuo claimed that because he admired Guan Yu's "heroic spirit", he came to treat the disease, and when he was cured, he left, and he did not even ask for remuneration.
Hua Tuo does not have much ink in the Three Kingdoms novel, but judging from the description of his two shots, Hua Tuo is not only superb in medical skills, but also has a clear love and hatred, emphasizing righteousness and light profit, and has a chivalrous style. According to Luo Guanzhong's brushwork, Hua Tuo's "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" should be classified into the camp of Emperor Liu and Guan Yunchang, who is the "decent" representative in the book, and the "adulterous horn" represented by Cao Cao, Dong Zhuo, and Lü Bu.
In the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, the intersection of Cao and Hua writes: Cao Cao even had strange dreams after drawing his sword and cutting down a large pear tree, and was so frightened that he could not sleep at night, and his headache was unbearable, and he had to invite Hua Tuo to see him. After Hua Tuo came, he directly wanted to "open his skull", and also explained that he would use a sharp axe to scare Cao Cao's guts alive, thinking that Hua Tuo was going to murder himself.
Luo Guanzhong's Cao Cao is a fierce character with a small belly and chicken intestines, he is suspicious and murderous, killing the entire family of his righteous brother Lü Bohao at the beginning, and later killing the grain transport official Wang Gao at Guandu, killing Liu Fu at Chibi Hengqi, and killing Yang Xiu after fighting against Ma Chao.
Cao Cao did not need a legitimate reason to kill people, they all killed people with resentment, they killed people with anger, and they had no psychological burden to get rid of a night fork in this world.
When Hua Tuo met Cao Cao, as soon as he met, he would "sharply axe his skull", even if this divine doctor really did not want to harm him, Cao Cao's person would also be jealous of Hua Tuo's motives for opening his skull. In addition, Hua Tuo mentioned "scraping bones to cure poison", stimulating Cao Cao with Guan Yu's heroism, Cao Cao summed it up, and came up with Hua Tuo's motives for avenging Guan Yu and directly sent him to prison.
After all, "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" is a novel, and the supporting roles serve the protagonist, which is actually beyond reproach. However, in the Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms, the story of Cao Cao's killing of Hua Tuo is much more complicated.
Second, the real Cao Cao and Hua Tuo, an ancient dog blood "medical quarrel"
In the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Hua Tuo has his own separate "biography", roughly describing his origin, life, and medical skills. Hua Tuo of the Romance of the Three Kingdoms is also good at acupuncture and surgery, and the stories of practicing medicine recorded are also mysterious and mysterious. In the second half of the biography, Chen Shou wrote the story of Hua Tuo and Cao Cao, detailing the cause of Hua Tuo's death.
It turned out that Cao Cao suffered from a headache and sought treatment from Hua Tuo, who thought it was a chronic disease after seeing the disease, and could only be treated for a long time to prolong his life, and he needed a needle every time. However, during Hua Tuo's illness, he excused his wife to be ill and went home to take care of him, but he never returned, and Cao Cao sent people to send letters to summon him many times.
"Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Biography of Hua Tuo": Tuo Jiuyuan's family thinks about his return, because he knows: "When you get the family letter, you want to return your ear for the time being." "When I got home, I resigned from my wife's illness, and I didn't respond to the begging period. Taizu tired of writing, still not on the Tao. Taizu was furious and made people check.
At first, Cao Cao sent someone to check whether Hua Tuo's wife was really sick, and instructed Hua Tuo's wife not to urge him if she was really sick, and rewarded Hua Tuo with 40 beans.
However, the people who went to investigate found that Hua Tuo was actually deceiving people, his wife was not sick at all, and Hua Tuo just did not want to come to see the doctor, which completely angered Cao Cao.
Cao Cao then sent him to prison, hua tuo confessed his guilt, and died under torture.
Cao Cao finally said, "Tuo can cure this." The little man raises my sickness and wants to respect himself, but if I do not kill this son, I will not cut off this root ear for me in the end. ”
He believes that Hua Tuo can indeed cure his headache, but Hua Tuo is not honest, wants to "recuperate from his illness", delays his headache, and allows himself to condescend to him in exchange for more benefits, which angers Cao Cao.
Judging from the records of the "Biography of Hua Tuo", Hua Tuo's death is very pure, that is, he died by himself, which has nothing to do with Guan Yunchang and "craniotomy". From Cao Cao's point of view, his reason for killing Hua Tuo, recuperating from illness and self-respect, is indeed well-founded.
For Cao Cao's illness, the original text in the "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" is: "Taizu is bitter and windy, every hair, dizzy, Tuo needle mane, casual and poor." "Without medication or surgery, Hua Tuo can solve Cao Cao's illness with a single needle, which is really easy."
With Cao Cao's position, he must have eaten and drunk well and raised Hua Tuo, but he used the excuse to escape. As a doctor, it is your duty to treat the sick and save people. Cao Cao and Hua Tuo did not have a vendetta, so why did Hua Tuo operate with Cao? What was his motivation for delaying Cao Cao's illness?
Hua Tuo: A proud literati and an ambitious divine doctor
The reason why Hua Tuo and Cao are right is actually hidden in the first half of the "Biography of Hua Tuo".
"(Hua Tuo) traveled to Xu Tu and also learned the Classics of Mathematics. Pei Xiang Chen Jue held up filial piety, tai wei Huang Pu, both of them are not..."
"(Hua Tuo) ran as a scholar, saw his profession with medicine, and often repented of himself."
Hua Tuo was not a medical practitioner, he also traveled to Xuzhou, was familiar with the classics, and when he was young, he was proud and arrogant, and those who were "filial piety and honesty" did not go to their posts. In the second half of his life, Hua Tuo very much regretted that he had engaged in the profession of doctor, "meaning to often regret himself."
After all, during the Two Han Dynasties and Three Kingdoms period, practicing medicine was considered a "lowly practice", and in front of the high-ranking officials and nobles, he was almost a subordinate, and he came and went when he was called, and he could not get a few dollars.
Hua Tuo's "remorse", placed in the feudal history of 2000 years, is the traditional frustrated literati, who at most write poetry and complain. But Hua Tuo is different, he has superb medical skills, famous, this is his life-changing capital.
When Hua Tuo, who traveled abroad as a young man, was well versed in the classics, and consciously cherished his talents, met a generation of tyrants Cao Cao, who can guarantee that his ambition to display his talents has not been revived?
When he went to Xudu to treat Cao Chengxiang, Hua Tuo was likely to be full of joy, expecting that he would be able to mix with an official and a half-post, complete his ideal of becoming an official, and successfully "change the class".
As long as we follow the "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" a little bit of reasoning, we may be able to restore hua Tuo's whole process from seeing Cao Cao to the outbreak of the contradiction between the two.
First of all, when Hua Tuo met Cao Cao, he was very confident. After all, Cao Cao had already unified the north, backed by emperor Xian of Han, which was considered to be the orthodoxy of the imperial court, and the power was in his hands, and it was effortless to appoint and dismiss officials. Hua Tuo was a wise man, he must have shown his talent during the treatment, and also revealed his ambition to show his fists and feet in the official arena, but somehow, Cao Cao just did not accept the move.
There was a lot of speculation that Cao Cao would not accept the offer, first of all, Hua Tuo was too old at that time. Hua Tuo was 63 years old at the time, and when he was recruited as "Filial Piety", he was awarded "Huang Juan", and "Chen Jue" was already buried. During the Three Kingdoms period, more than 60 years old was already a high lifespan, and it was obviously unrealistic to let such an elderly and inexperienced person become an official.
Hua Tuo saw Cao Cao, even if he really had the talent to learn, in the face of Hua Tuo, who was older than himself, it was difficult for Cao Cao to really appoint him to be an official.
When treating Cao Cao, whether Hua Tuo made some excessive demands, such as asking for an official and a half-job, or begging for land, is not recorded in the history books.
But later Cao Cao angrily called him the "Rat Generation" and judged that Hua Tuo was "recuperating from illness and self-respect", and we can guess that Cao Cao knew hua Tuo's ambitions and was so angry.
Hua Tuo went home because his wife was ill, and Cao Cao did not come several times, probably to put pressure on Cao Cao and force Cao Cheng to bow to him. Unexpectedly, Cao Cao ate soft and did not eat hard, and Hua Tuo did not gain benefits, but instead provoked himself to kill himself.
Hua Tuo, a fleeting meteor
Cao Cao killed Hua Tuo, and there was no cure for his illness, but he still lived well for more than ten years before he died. It was only in the year of killing Hua Tuo that Cao Cao's younger son Cao Chong fell ill and died, and Cao Cao regretted saying, "I regret killing Hua Tuo, so that this child will die." ”
Hua Tuo was tortured to death in prison, and before he died, he entrusted his book "The Book of Qingsac" to the jailer, but the jailer was afraid of being blamed and did not dare to accept it, Hua Tuo burned the medical book with a torch in anger, hua Tuo's medical skills have since disappeared, and even his most famous "Ma Boiling Scatter" has been lost.
The story of Hua Tuo has been circulating for thousands of years, and in modern times, the famous scholar Mr. Chen Yinke suddenly threw out the theory that Hua Tuo was a fictional character. Chen Yinke believes that Hua Tuo is the embodiment of India's "medicine Arhat", because the later spread of He Ma Boiling Scatter is boiled with Indian "mandala flowers", and the whole story of Hua Tuo is very similar to Indian Buddhist mythology.
In the canonical history, Hua Tuo's date of birth and life footprints are indeed very controversial, and its legendary degree is comparable to that of another major celebrity in the Three Kingdoms, "Zuo Ci", whose story is mysterious and mysterious, close to half a person and half immortal.
Hua Tuo's healing process is also very similar to witchcraft, taking silver needles, chess pieces, and even yellow finches from the human body, and these stories are probably taken from folklore. According to historical records, Hua Tuo would perform surgery and wash his stomach and intestines, and the authenticity of this legend is also questionable under the medical level and sanitary conditions of the Eastern Han Dynasty.
The only thing Hua Tuo left behind was called the "Five Birds Play", which was a kind of gymnastic that imitated animal behavior, which appeared during the Southern and Northern Dynasties, and most of the other prescriptions were fake by Togu and could be ignored.
Text/Shogakuno
Resources:
1. "Cao Cao suffered from head disease and the reasons for Hua Tuo's killing", Pan Weibin; Wang Zhongjie
2. "Hua Tuo is Indian or Iranian", Huang Jiangbei