Editor's recommendation
Compared with other Qing Dynasty historical materials, the important value of this book is:
First, the Manchu Review is one of the most important documents of the Military Aircraft Service that remains today. In addition to various special archives, there are three most important types of archives formed by the Military Aircraft Office, namely, the monthly folding package (including the monthly folding file), the reconsideration file, and the upper edict file (including the letter file a). They are accompanied by the Military Aircraft Department, from the beginning of the Yongzheng Dynasty to the end of the Qing Dynasty, systematically recording the history of the military aircraft department for one hundred and eighty years of governance, and are the main line documents reflecting the functions of the military aircraft department. In addition, the reconsideration of the discussion began in the Yongzheng Dynasty, of which the Hanwen reconsideration began in the eleventh year of Yongzheng, while the Manchu reconsideration began in December of the eighth year of Yongzheng, two years before the Han reconsideration. In the Manchu reconsideration of the Yongzheng Dynasty, the military affairs books were far more than the ordinary books, and the military affairs books began to be recorded since December of the eighth year of Yongzheng, so the publication of this book can further reveal the functions and roles of the Military Aircraft Department in the Yongzheng Period, so as to have a deeper understanding of the process of the production and development of the Military Aircraft Department.
Second, the Yongzheng Dynasty Manchu Reconsideration is a supplement to the archival historical materials that have been published during the same period. For example, the Yongzheng Dynasty Manchu Wenhui re-archives mainly recorded military affairs in the northwest, and the areas involved were mostly the northwest frontier and the three eastern provinces, which were generally not contained in the Han archives. For another example, the publication of the Yongzheng Dynasty Manchu Reconsideration File can make up for the lack of The Yongzheng Dynasty Manchu Zhu Criticism and make the incident more complete.
In addition, the inclusion of events in the "Qing Shi Lu" is generally a summary and recorded, summarized in one or two sentences, and the original commission of the event is discarded and not recorded. In addition, when deliberating on the final opinion, it is necessary to clarify the reasons for the decision made, which are far more than the contents of the "Record", so that we can more clearly understand the various subjective and objective reasons for the decision-making level of the Central Committee of the Qing Dynasty to make decisions on each issue, and make our investigation of history closer to the truth.
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preface
The Military Aircraft Department was the central body that assisted the emperor in his administration in the middle and late Qing Dynasty, and played an important role in Chinese history. In the course of exercising its functions, the Military Aircraft Department has formed and preserved a large number of archives, and the reconsideration file is one of them, which is a book compiled by the Military Aircraft Department of the Military Aircraft Department to collect the documents and pieces of the Military Aircraft Minister's compliance with the instructions, check the music, and the recitals and pieces of the request for the purpose of the matter. The Military Aircraft Department was the decision-making organ of the Central Committee of the Qing Dynasty, and "all the documents and decrees and the handling of each piece are related to the confidentiality.", and the reconsideration file is also the folded pieces of the minister of the military aircraft who obey the instructions according to the year, month, and day, and the record is recorded for future reference, which systematically records the historical facts of the handling of government affairs after the establishment of the Military Aircraft Department of the Qing Dynasty, which can be used as a chronicle historical material for decision-making, so the value of its historical materials is self-evident.
The discussion and reconsideration of the military aircraft department in the First Historical Archive of China is divided into two types of chinese and Manchu in terms of text, and the content does not overlap. The Manchu Restoration Archives contain archives of the Eight Dynasties of Yongzheng, Qianlong, Jiaqing, Daoguang, Xianfeng, Tongzhi, Guangxu, and Xuantong. The Manchu Department of the First Historical Archive of China selected the Manchu Reconsideration File of the Yongzheng Dynasty, organized manpower to translate it into Chinese, and photocopied the original Manchu file and published it together, forming the "Translation and Compilation of the Manchu Reconsideration File of the Yongzheng Dynasty of the Military Aircraft Department" (hereinafter referred to as the "Translation and Compilation").
The Translation and Compilation collects a total of 17 volumes of the Yongzheng Dynasty's large-scale commentaries on the Military Aircraft Department in the First Historical Archive of China, 1678 pieces (including 5 annexes), and about 1.07 million words of Chinese translation. This publication is in thirteen volumes. The Military Aircraft Department was set up in the Northwest of the Qing Yongzheng Period due to the use of troops, so the Military Aircraft Department of the Yongzheng Dynasty was divided into two kinds of books: "military affairs" and "ordinary". There are 14 volumes of military affairs and 3 volumes of ordinary books. According to its classification, the book is divided into two parts, "military affairs" and "ordinary", so as to truly show its original appearance.
What is the value or characteristics of the Translation and Compilation compared with other Qing Dynasty historical materials?
First, the Manchu Review is one of the most important documents of the Military Aircraft Service that remains today.
The central and local organs of the Qing Dynasty, in order to facilitate the examination and storage of documents and the compilation and revision of history, all implemented the system of copying documents, most of which were bound into books according to the year and month after the collection and storage, or one volume every three or four months, or one volume in half a year, and occasionally one volume for several years. In addition to the archives that have been copied into a book, the Military Aircraft Department will also copy the recital folds to form a record and a fold fold for storage, because it is a bundle every day, and every half month is a pack, also known as a monthly folding package. The main functions of the Military Aircraft Service are to handle the recitation, the recitation of the decree and the acceptance of the decree. Therefore, in addition to various special archives, there are three most important types of archives formed by the Military Aircraft Office, namely, the monthly folding package (including the monthly folding file), the reconsideration file, and the upper edict file (including the letter file A). They are accompanied by the Military Aircraft Department, from the beginning of the Yongzheng Dynasty to the end of the Qing Dynasty, systematically recording the history of the military aircraft department for one hundred and eighty years of governance, and are the main line documents reflecting the functions of the military aircraft department.
During the Qing Yongzheng period, the emperor had supreme power, and all administrative affairs were subject to the emperor's rulings. However, one person's energy is limited, the world is the greatest, the affairs are most complicated, and it is not the emperor who can manage it alone. Yes, all major military and state affairs were also submitted to the Council of Ministers of Military Aircraft, and suggestions or plans were put forward, and finally decided by the emperor. Although the Minister of Warcraft did not have the power to adjudicate, he was also involved in the decision-making of important matters of the military state. According to the reports of various localities, the minister of military aircraft agreed on the solution of all matters in accordance with the instructions, and put forward final opinions on the handling of various matters reported by the subordinates, which truly reflected the collective views and resolutions of the decision-making level of the current dynasty on various major events. Therefore, the folds that are reproduced after the meeting of military ministers are folds with the nature of central decision-making, and the reconsideration of such folds is undoubtedly an important first-hand historical material for the study of Qing Yongzheng and the political history of China after that.
There are also Chinese reconsideration and Manchu reconsideration. The Han wen discussion and the Manchu reconsideration file do not coincide in content, and the Han Wen reconsideration mainly records matters related to the provinces directly under the Qing Dynasty and the Green Camp; the Manchu reconsideration mainly records matters related to military affairs, the Eight Banners, the northeast, and the frontier areas, which are the important affairs of the military aircraft of the dynasty. Quantitatively, the Archives of the First Historical Archive of China contain archives of the Seven Dynasties of Yongzheng, Qianlong, Daoguang, Xianfeng, Tongzhi, Guangxu, and Xuantong, totaling 129 volumes; while the Manchu Archives contain archives of the Eight Dynasties of Yongzheng, Qianlong, Jiaqing, Daoguang, Xianfeng, Tongzhi, Guangxu, and Xuantong, totaling 737 volumes, and the Manchu archives are four or five times more than the Archives of the Han Dynasty. Due to the use of the Qing Dynasty's "Chinese" Manchu script, the Manchu reconsideration file must record many little-known historical facts at the decision-making level of the dynasty, and it is a historical resource that needs to be excavated urgently.
The reconsideration began in the Yongzheng Dynasty. The Han wen discussion re-filing began in the eleventh year of Yongzheng, while the Manchu wenhui re-archiving began in December of the eighth year of Yongzheng, two years before the Hanwen reconsideration. The Military Aircraft Department was established in the Qing Yongzheng period, which is related to the use of troops in the northwest, and in the Manchu discussion of the Yongzheng Dynasty, the military affairs booklet is far more than the ordinary booklet, and the military affairs book has been recorded since December of the eighth year of Yongzheng, so the publication of this book can further reveal the functions and roles of the Military Aircraft Department in the Yongzheng period, so as to have a deeper understanding of the process of the production and development of the Military Aircraft Department.
Second, the Yongzheng Dynasty Manchu Reconsideration is a supplement to the archival historical materials that have been published during the same period.
The Yongzheng Dynasty Manchu Review was divided into two kinds of books: "military affairs" and "ordinary". The military affairs book mainly reflects the deployment of troops in the northwestern second road of Dzungar during the Yongzheng period, the dispatch of troops, the handling of military supplies, the installation of post stations, the addition of Karen, the construction of city walls, and the reclamation of garrisons; there are documents on the rebellion of Qinghai Norbu and the resettlement of people from Dzungar and Khalkha and Kazakhs; there are documents on the dalai lama's relocation to Taining and from Taining to Tibet, Tibet's Poluo Nai to prepare troops for defense against Dzungar and mediate in brookpa civil unrest, Turgut's going to Tibet to boil tea; there are documents on trade with Russia. The documents of the Russian repatriation of the fugitives include the demarcation of the land demarcation of the Yushu Nak book in Qinghai, the document on the inner relocation and demarcation of the Khalkha, and the document on the relocation of the Chilzis to Heilongjiang, and so on. Among them, there are many documents involving Inner Mongolia and Khalkha Mongolia in terms of dispatching troops and dispatching generals, handling military supplies, horses and camels, and setting up stations in Kalun, which are rare before the Han archives. In the ordinary booklet, there are documents for the transfer and training of officials in the northeast and garrisoned Manchuria, documents for the dispatch and training of soldiers, documents for the management of herding factories and mausoleums such as Guanwaitai Station and Daligangai, documents for the examination and handling of Manchurian clan offices and officials, relief for poor Mongolia, northeast into the mountains, Qiqihar repairing the city, allocating sailors to ship Ding cultivated land, sending personnel to recruit people from Sakhalin Island, building warehouses to store grain, Zasak Mongol princes and princes, issuing documents to Manchurian soldiers red and white silver, and tribute mink skins, and adding officials to naturalization city and other places to handle Mongolian affairs. Documents of the Khalkhataiji succession, etc. Most of the documents deal with Manchuria and Mongolia. From the above content, it can be seen that the Yongzheng Dynasty Manchu Reconsideration Records are mainly northwest military affairs, and the areas involved are mostly the northwest frontier and the three eastern provinces, which are generally not contained in the Chinese archives.
The First Historical Archive of China once published a book entitled "The Complete Translation of the Yongzheng Dynasty Manchu Zhu Piquan Folding", which contained the folds of ministers and officials who invited An, Xie En, and the various events of the gong, some of which directly obtained the emperor's Zhu Approval Decree, and the officials followed the Zhu Approval, and the Military Aircraft Department recorded the Zhu Batch Folding for deputy deposit; those who did not serve Zhu Approval were copied for future reference. And there is another fold with Zhu Approval: submitted to the Minister of Military Aircraft for discussion. In this case, where the Minister of Military Aircraft deliberates on the performance, the decision on the handling of the performance can be found in the deliberations and re-files. For example, in the 4020th piece of the Yongzheng Dynasty Manchu Zhu Batch Folding Translation, "The Deputy Capital of the Minister of Scattered Ranks, The Deputy Capital of the Imperial Household, the Tunken Fold in the Erjin Area", contains Zhu's approval: Handling the Quartermaster Minister's Discussion. In the Yongzheng Dynasty Manchu Discussion Review Military Affairs Book of the Yongzheng Dynasty, "The University Scholar Ortai et al. Played in the Ulan-Brak Garrison and Other Matters" of the Yongzheng Dynasty's Manchu Reconsideration Military Affairs Book, this matter was discussed and opinions were given. Another example is the 4649th piece of the "Yongzheng Dynasty Manchu Zhu Pingzhuo Folding Complete Translation", "The Yellow Mongol Banner Deputy Governor Zamu Su Song Please Teach The Armoured Soldiers and Other Skills folded in the Banner Jia Jia La Jian Xue Room", and the final resolution was made in the Yongzheng Dynasty Manchu Review Ordinary Book of the Yongzheng Dynasty's Manchu Review of the Yongzheng Dynasty on the ninth day of October of the 13th year of the Yongzheng Dynasty. This shows the relationship between the Yongzheng Dynasty Manchu Zhu Ping fold and the Yongzheng Dynasty Manchu Review: they generally do not overlap, but complement each other. The former describes the origin of the event more sufficiently, and the latter is the final result of the event. The publication of the Yongzheng Dynasty Manchu Discussion Can Make Up for the Lack of The Yongzheng Dynasty Manchu Zhu Criticism and Make the Incident Reflected More Completely.
In addition, the inclusion of events in the "Qing Shi Lu" is generally a summary and recorded, summarized in one or two sentences, and the original commission of the event is discarded and not recorded. When deliberating on the final opinion, it is necessary to clarify the reasons for the decision made, which are far more than the contents of the "Record", so that we can more clearly understand the various subjective and objective reasons for the decision-making level of the Central Committee of the Qing Dynasty to make decisions on each issue, and make our investigation of history closer to the truth.
Historical research is based on historical facts. The archives of the central organs of the Qing Dynasty are indispensable and important materials for the study of Qing history. As a Manchu archive written in the "Chinese" of the Qing Dynasty, due to the reasons for writing, it has long become a blank in the historical materials and is difficult for most researchers to use. In particular, as a reconsideration file of the Military Aircraft Department at the decision-making level, it has never been launched as a main archive in the past, which is undoubtedly a deficiency for studying the history of the Qing Dynasty's governance. The current translation of the Yongzheng Dynasty Manchu discussion file into Chinese for publication will play a role in filling in the gaps and detailing the existing documents and historical materials, and at the same time provide many fresh historical materials for the study of the politics, military, economy, nationalities, and diplomacy of the Qing Dynasty, especially the history of the northeast and northwest frontier regions.
The Yongzheng Dynasty was an important period in the Qing Dynasty. In the prosperous era of Kang Yongqian, he carried forward the reforms from the top to the bottom, and implemented many reforms, which had a profound impact on China's later history. Manchu is the "Chinese" of the Qing Dynasty, and the Qing Dynasty documents written in Manchu script played an important role in the political life of the middle and pre-Qing dynasties. China's First Historical Archives contains more than 10 million Qing Dynasty archives, and about 2 million Manchu archives, accounting for one-fifth of the total. Among them, the Manchu archives in the middle of the Qing Dynasty occupied a very important position in terms of value and quantity. Therefore, the purpose of the translation work of the Manchu Department of the First Historical Archive of China is to try its best to translate the early and middle Manchu archives into Chinese for the use of historians, scholars and society. After publishing the "Manchu Old Archives," the "Translation and Compilation of the Manchu Archives of the Inner State History Academy in the Early Qing Dynasty," the "Complete Translation of the Manchu Zhu PiQuan Folding of the Kangxi Dynasty," the "Complete Translation of the Manchu Zhu Batch Of Folding of the Yongzheng Dynasty," and the "Translation and Compilation of the Manchu Letter Files of the Qianlong Dynasty," the Manchu Literature Department once again organized manpower to carry out The Yongzheng Dynasty Manchu Literature Review Archives of the Military Machine Department for Chinese translation and publication, and was included in the "Archives Series of the State Qing History Compilation Committee." This project is the second Qing history project undertaken by the Manchu Department after the "Qianlong Dynasty Manchu Letter Transmission File Translation and Compilation". The participants in the project were: Li Zhenfu, Zhao Yumei, Guan Jingming, Wang Xiaohong, Zhang Li, Li Gang, Li Yang, and Comrade Han Caiduo also temporarily participated in the translation of some documents. Among them, Mr. Li Zhenfu graduated from the Manchu class opened by the Central Institute for Nationalities in 1961, Zhao Yumei, Guan Jingming, Wang Xiaohong, and Zhang Li graduated from the Manchu cadre training class of the Palace Museum opened in 1975, and Li Gang, Li Yang, and Han Caiduo graduated from the Manchu class opened by the History Department of the Central University for Nationalities in 2000. These three Manchu classes are the three most important Manchu classes opened after the founding of New China, and the students of these three classes have made great contributions to the inheritance of the Manchu language in China, the large-scale collation of manchu archives hidden in the former Forbidden City, and the publication of a large number of Chinese translations.
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Wang Xiaohong, project team of "Yongzheng Dynasty Manchu Literature Review Translation and Compilation of the Military Aircraft Department"
First draft in July 2015 trained in October 2021
