When I was a child, I was afraid to read the report card, and when I grew up, I was afraid of reading the physical examination report, how many people opened the physical examination report and were directly dumbfounded: How did the body unconsciously emerge so many "abnormal items"?
In the recently released "Beijing 2020 Annual Physical Examination Statistical Report", dyslipidemia is the highest abnormal indicator of detection rate.
"Life Times" (search for "LT0385" in WeChat can pay attention) invites authoritative experts to teach you to understand the blood lipid report, and lists a "taboo list" according to different types of dyslipidemia.
Experts interviewed
Professor Wang Zengwu of Fuwai Hospital of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences
Liu Jian, chief physician of the Department of Cardiology, Peking University People's Hospital
Xia Pengbin, a nutritionist in the Department of Clinical Nutrition, Zhongda Hospital Affiliated to Southeast University
Sheng Li, chief physician of the Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University
3.53 million people were examined, and blood lipid abnormalities were the most
The "Beijing 2020 Annual Physical Examination Statistical Report" covers the data of 620,000 special physical examinations and 3.53 million health examinations in the city in 2020.
Statistical analysis showed that the top detection rates were risk factors associated with chronic noncommunicable diseases such as dyslipidemia (37.85% of men and 27.91% of women), overweight (31.80% of men and 19.03% of women) and fatty liver (29.84% of men and 14.81% of women).
The 4 indicators of dyslipidemia are critical
Whether there is dyslipidemia or not depends on four indicators: total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and triglycerides.
The normal reference range of different hospitals is slightly different, most of which are in accordance with the "Chinese Adult Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Dyslipidemia" of the abnormal blood lipids reference standard, which can be measured accordingly.
◎Most risk factor: LDL cholesterol
Of the four indicators, LDL cholesterol is the most important risk factor for arteriosclerosis. In people with no other risk factors, it is best to control it at 0 to 3.4 mmol/L.
◎Inversely correlated with cardiovascular disease risk: HDL cholesterol
HDL cholesterol is 0.96 to 1.15 mmol/L for men and 0.90 to 1.55 mmol/L for women.
The ratio of HDL cholesterol to LDL cholesterol is also an important factor in assessing the size of the risk, and the greater the difference between the two, the greater the risk.
◎The most susceptible to dietary influence indicators: triglycerides
The triglycerides in normal people are 0.56 to 1.7 mmol/L.
As long as the diet consumes more fat, the triglyceride level will increase; conversely, if the intake of high-fat foods is reduced, the value will decrease on a vegetarian diet.
There is a warning value for lipid index
Too much "bad cholesterol" (LDL cholesterol) in the blood will accumulate at the site of vascular endothelial injury, and over time, yellow millet atherosclerotic deposits are formed under the endometrium of blood vessels, which is atherosclerotic plaque and the pathological basis of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Therefore, regular examination of blood lipids and management of risk factors are key steps in effective prevention of the disease.
Recently, the "Scientific Statement on Blood Lipid Testing" issued by the National Lipid Association of the United States defined the warning value of blood lipid testing, which can be compared with the blood lipid test results and warning values to roughly assess their own risks.
Frequency of lipid testing
If there are no abnormalities in blood lipids, people aged 20 to 40 years are recommended to test lipids at least once every 5 years; men over 40 years old and women after menopause are tested once a year; acute myocardial infarction, recent weight fluctuations, diarrhea or poor blood glucose control are recommended to be tested within 12 hours after the onset of acute disease or 4 to 8 weeks after the onset of the disease; if screening finds abnormal lipid test results, it should be rechecked again on an empty stomach every other day.
Dyslipidemia, according to the indicators to avoid the mouth
After seeing dyslipidemia, do not rush to adjust the lipids immediately, but determine which one exceeds the standard, because different indicators are abnormal, and the adjustment method has different emphases.
Regardless of the type of dyslipidemia, dietary control is recommended first, and if it does not work after a period of dietary adjustment, it is necessary to intervene with the help of drugs:
!
Total cholesterol and "bad" cholesterol are on the high side
Limit the amount of cholesterol in food, preferably below 300 mg per day.
It is not recommended to eat animal offal, brain, egg yolk, caviar, shrimp paste, as well as crabs, squid and other scaleless fish; appropriate to eat more foods containing plant sterols, soybeans and their products are the best, followed by green beans. Plant sterols can inhibit the absorption of cholesterol, thereby lowering total cholesterol levels.
Simply "good" cholesterol is low
Appropriate supplementation of foods rich in omega-3s, such as deep-sea fish, etc.; increase foods rich in water-soluble fiber, mainly fruits and vegetables.
Avoid eating trans fats every day and consume less saturated fats, such as animal fats, palm oil, etc. In addition, quit smoking and increase aerobic exercise.
Simple triglycerides are high
The total intake of fat should be strictly controlled, including cooking oil, preferably no more than 50 grams per day. Vegetable oil is preferably olive oil, rapeseed oil, and the appropriate use of coconut oil can help reduce blood lipids.
Do not eat fat meat or animal fats and creams that are visible to the naked eye; try not to eat or eat less sweets and all sugary drinks, etc., too much sugar intake will be converted into triglycerides in the body.
Eat fruit in moderation, no more than 200 grams per day, and too much fructose will also be converted into triglycerides. Eat nuts in moderation, no more than 25 grams per day; protein foods are mainly soy products, peeled poultry, fish, lean meat, eggs, and can be supplemented with omega-3-rich foods in an appropriate amount; dairy products are best selected for low-fat or skimmed dairy products.
Increasing dietary fiber intake, for example, eating more whole grains, whole grains, and vegetables can help reduce fat absorption. In terms of cooking methods, steaming, stewing, boiling, boiling, and brine should be the mainstay, and less fried and fried foods should be eaten; and tobacco and alcohol should be abstained.
It is important to note that hypoproteinemia caused by strict vegetarianism should be prevented, as protein deficiency can affect the normal transport of fat and may also cause hyperlipidemia.
Dyslipidemia can be traced
Many patients find that their blood lipid levels are abnormal after the appearance of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. However, dyslipidemia is not completely untraceable, and some less obvious physical changes may already be a reminder of lipids.
Dizziness, insomnia, memory loss
This is one of the common early symptoms of hyperlipidemia, especially in the middle-aged and elderly, often feel dizzy after waking up in the morning, which can be improved after breakfast, and it is very easy to fall asleep in the afternoon.
Yellow or brownish-red nodules and plaques appear on the body
In particular, the formation of blepharosal warts (pale yellowish soft flat wart-like bulges on the skin of the eyelids) is a signal of increased blood lipids in middle-aged and elderly people. Yellow warts on the eyelids themselves are not obviously harmful to health, but when they appear, they can indicate that the patient's blood lipid levels are already high.
Decreased or blindness
Increased triglycerides in the blood, slowed flow rates, and leakage of lipoproteins from capillaries and invasion of the macula can affect vision. Hyperlipidemia is the most common cause of retinal thrombosis.
anorexia
The formation of fatty liver disease or problems with liver function, resulting in loss of appetite, may also be a sign of hyperlipidemia.
Recurrent episodes of short-lived abdominal pain after a full meal
May be seen in mesenteric arteriosclerotic gastrointestinal ischemia due to hyperlipidemia.
Frequent tinnitus and re-hearing
Because high blood lipids can narrow the blood vessels in the narrower inner ear, blood supply disorders are prone to occur.
The legs often cramp or the calves become cold and numb
This can be a manifestation of cholesterol accumulation in the leg muscles. If the sensation is significantly worse, a lipid test should be done promptly. This needs to be distinguished in particular from symptoms of calcium deficiency.
It is recommended to go to the hospital for biochemical examination as soon as possible after the above symptoms are found, and pay close attention to blood lipid levels. Lipid regulation emphasizes comprehensive dietary treatment and lifestyle improvement, and if it is still uncontrollable, it is necessary to apply lipid-regulating drugs under the guidance of a doctor. ▲
Editor of this issue: Deng Yu This article is written by Cui Yuyan, special correspondent of Life Times
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