Myocardial infarction, known as acute myocardial infarction.
Among the many cardiovascular diseases, acute myocardial infarction is the most unexpected and lethal. Most patients experience severe and persistent retrosternal or precordial pain when the disease becomes onset.
About 700,000 cases of myocardial infarction occur in the mainland every year, and in the past, most of them were middle-aged and elderly people over the age of 60, and in recent years, more and more young people have appeared in the "candidate list" of myocardial infarction.
On April 25, a 21-year-old college student in Xi'an, due to study pressure, led to mental tension and anxiety insomnia, induced acute myocardial infarction after smoking and drinking for many consecutive days; on March 20, Bai Xiaohui, a clinical medical laboratory expert, died of sudden cardiac death at the age of 42 during the rescue of Weihai...
"Life Times" (search for "LT0385" in WeChat to follow) interviewed experts to give young people a set of "4321" tips to prevent myocardial infarction.
Experts interviewed
Dong Peng, director and chief physician of the Second Ward of the Department of Cardiology, Aviation General Hospital of China Medical University
Li Jian, chief physician of the Department of Cardiology, Huashan Hospital affiliated to Fudan University
Liu Jian, chief physician of the Department of Cardiology, Peking University People's Hospital
Heart attacks in young people can be more dangerous than older people
Myocardial infarction is showing a trend of rejuvenation. According to the National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, there are up to 550,000 sudden cardiac deaths in mainland China every year, of which 43% are under the age of 40.
In fact, heart attacks in young people can be more dangerous than in older people.
Vascular plaques in young people are more unstable
Blood vessel plaques in young people are more unstable and easily fall off.
Plaque suddenly ruptures under the action of some precipitating factors, forming a blood clot, which will cause complete occlusion of blood vessels, the area of myocardial infarction is particularly large, and it is prone to fatal arrhythmias, cardiogenic shock and other critical conditions.
From left to right, they are: normal arteries, lipid/fibrous plaques, atherosclerotic plaques, ruptured plaques, and thrombosis
Lack of "myocardial ischemia preadaptive"
Elderly people often have multiple branches of multiple vascular lesions, just like old water pipes rusty, long-term myocardial ischemia is prone to recurrent angina, as a warning.
In young people, the basal lesions of the coronary arteries before the onset of the disease are mild, single and single, mostly unstable soft plaques, and there is no obvious narrowing, so the heart has not been able to establish self-protection mechanisms such as collateral circulation between blood vessels.
Which young people are most likely to be attacked by a heart attack?
Recently, the Journal of the American Heart Association published a study that found that the incidence of heart attack in young and middle-aged people aged 18 to 44 gradually increased, of which more than 90% were men, and less than 10% of women.
Young people who meet these characteristics are even more vulnerable:
01
Stay up late often
A team of the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University analyzed 4575 patients and found that the risk of heart infarction after 24:01 increased by 62.8% compared with those who slept from 22:01 to 23:00 on weekdays.
Li Jian said: "Many young people have postponed their sleep time again and again due to overtime work and too little leisure time during the day. If you don't sleep enough, your body won't recover effectively, and you'll be extremely tired the next day. Repeating it every day forms a vicious circle that can easily induce sudden death. ”
02
Dyslipidemia
Dyslipidemia is the leading cause of acute coronary syndrome in young men, often manifested by elevated "bad" cholesterol and triglycerides.
Elevated "bad" cholesterol plays a key role in the progression of atherosclerosis, and these bad molecules enter the subenthelial and form the main component of atherosclerosis.
Once the coronary artery stenosis rate reaches more than 50%, coronary heart disease will be induced.
03
High-fat diet
The biggest feature of this type of food is that it is high in fat and lacks fruits and vegetables and coarse grains.
Studies have found that after eating an oily meal, during the two or three hours after the meal, the level of triglycerides in the blood will increase by 2 to 3 times, and it will take about 8 hours to return to normal levels.
In addition, a high-fat diet can also induce an inflammatory response to blood vessels, increase platelet aggregation, and have many adverse effects on the cardiovascular system.
04
smoking
Toxins such as nicotine in tobacco can induce coronary spasm, myocardial ischemia, damage to the endothelium of blood vessels, harden the arteries, promote plaque formation, and once the plaque falls off, it will cause acute myocardial infarction.
05
corpulent
Obese people often have problems such as dyslipidemia, hypertension, insulin resistance, etc., which are important factors that further promote the development of coronary heart disease, and once they encounter an emergency, the heart is likely to be overwhelmed.
Some people have a heart attack without pain and are very hidden
Compared with the bridge section in the film and television drama where the heart attack patient covers his chest and falls to the ground, the situation of the real central infarction is more hidden and dangerous.
Studies have found that 42.4% to 45% of patients with myocardial infarction lack typical chest pain symptoms, or even no chest tightness, resulting in delay in treatment in this part of the population.
The risk of sudden death from painless myocardial infarction is 2.65 times higher than that of the general population, and the risk of sudden death is relatively higher in white, male, and younger patients with painless myocardial infarction.
It is recommended to seek medical attention as soon as the following manifestations occur:
1. There is no obvious trigger for sudden nausea, vomiting, pallor, sweating, and cold limbs;
2. Hypotension and shock as the main manifestations, and no other causes;
3. Paroxysmal dyspnea, inability to lie flat, accompanied by cough, sputum production, and even thin white or pink foamy sputum;
4. Take consciousness disorders as the main manifestations, such as sudden consciousness disorders, syncope, hemiplegia and other cerebral circulation disorders;
5. Without obvious causes, there is pain in other parts of the chest, such as toothache, maxillary pain, shoulder and back pain, accompanied by palpitation, shortness of breath, sweating;
6. Sudden unexplained syncope;
7. Recently, there has been a decrease in blood pressure for unknown reasons, and it continues to fail to rise.
A set of "4321" tips to prevent heart attack
For the treatment of patients with myocardial infarction, early unblocking of blood vessels is the key to reducing mortality. The ideal time from the onset of illness is within 120 minutes.
Although myocardial infarction is acute and severe, it can be prevented. Li Jian, chief physician of the Department of Cardiology of Huashan Hospital affiliated to Fudan University, summed up the "4321" tips for young people to prevent myocardial infarction:
Do a good job of the "4" aspect
1. Quit smoking; 2. Reasonable diet, mainly cereals and potatoes, appropriate meat, 1 kg of green leafy vegetables, and sufficient egg milk; 3. Guarantee 150 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise per week; 4. Control the body mass index below 25.
Do a good job of "3" monitoring
Regularly monitor blood pressure, blood lipids, and blood sugar.
Avoid "2" behaviors
1. Don't put yourself in depression, anxiety, etc.; 2. Avoid type A behavior patterns (strong sense of competition, hostility to others, easy to be nervous and impulsive).
Adhere to the "1" level of prevention
If the physical examination finds abnormal physical indicators, or the body is unwell in life, it is necessary to seek medical treatment as soon as possible and intervene in treatment so as not to delay the condition.
In addition, Liu Jian, chief physician of the Department of Cardiology of Peking University People's Hospital, suggested that everyone:
Early "insulation" from tobacco and cessation before age 40 reduces the risk of smoking-related death by 90%.
Blood pressure is controlled at 120/80 mmHg and when blood pressure cannot be controlled by lifestyle adjustments alone, medical therapy can be initiated as directed.
People with a family history of hypercholesterolemia should be evaluated and treated early. Finally, statins may be considered in young patients with diabetes. ▲
Editor of this issue: Liu Yunxuan This reporter: Tian Yuting, reporter of Life Times