Research on the ancient history of Zhenzhitang, this article is reprinted, the source is unknown, and it is abridged.
The Shang and Dongyi had been on good terms before the Shang King Zhongding's Eastern Expedition. This state of friendship can be traced back to the Xia Dynasty. During the Xia Dynasty, especially at the end of summer, Shang Tang established a wide alliance with the Dongyi tribes in order to destroy the Xia. "Zuo Chuan: The Fourth Year of Zhao Gong" cloud: "Xia Qi has the enjoyment of Juntai, Shang Tang has the life of Jinghao, and Zhou Wu has the oath of Mengjin..."
Some scholars believe that the "Jinghao Meeting" was an alliance activity carried out by Shang Tang to unite the Eastern tribes when the relationship between the Xia Dynasty and the East was broken. The "Jinghao Meeting" formed a Xia Destruction Coalition led by Shang Tang, including the Shang and many Eastern tribes, and the remnants of the "Nanguan Outer Period" are the remnants of the coalition army after it arrived in Zhengzhou.
Archaeological data also show that at the end of summer, the Shang and Yi ethnic groups intersected and lived in the area of Qi County in eastern Henan. In the early Shang period after the establishment of the Shang Dynasty, the relationship between Shang and Yi was harmonious, and the Shang Yi alliance was continued. This understanding is basically in line with the actual situation. First, there is no record of Shang Yi fighting each other in the early Shang period, and second, archaeological data show that Shang Yi got along relatively well. Judging from the archaeological findings, the Yueshi culture of the Shang culture in the east and the Dongyi people in the early Shang period still maintained the distribution trend of the area around Qixian County in eastern Henan Province in the late summer and early Shang period, and continued to expand in the north, west and south.
The Sino-Shang period was a turning point in the relationship between Shang and Yi. "Bamboo Book Chronicle" day: "Zhong Ding ascended the throne and conquered Lanyi". "The Book of the Later Han Dynasty: The Biography of Dongyi" also said: "As for Zhong Ding, Lan Yi is the Kou." It has been more than 300 years." That is to say, from the beginning of the Zhongding of the Chinese Shang Dynasty to the end of the Shang Dynasty for more than 300 years, the Dongyi tribes either obeyed or rebelled against the Shang Dynasty, and the wars between the Shang and Yi were intermittent and never stopped.
Regarding the staging of Shang culture, Mr. Zou Heng established a relatively complete sequence of the development of Shang culture earlier, and gentlemen from the Institute of Archaeology of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences also proposed a complete staging system of Shang culture. This article does not intend to discuss which periodization is more reasonable, but the division of the three stages of the Early Shang, the Middle Shang and the Late Shang is easier to express, so the author follows the results of the periodization of Shang culture in the Chinese Archaeology of Xia and Shang Volumes.
The Shang Dynasty's eastward expedition to Dongyi was a major event in the entire Shang Dynasty, which meant that the basic national policy of the Shang Dynasty had undergone major changes, and had a profound impact on the history of the Shang Dynasty and the relationship between Shang and Yi. This article will discuss the Shang Dynasty's Eastern Expedition to the East and its related background, and the relationship between Shang and Yi after the Shang Dynasty's Eastern Crusade.
1. The Shang Dynasty's Eastern Crusade
(1) Xiaoshuangqiao, the capital and Zhongding's eastward crusade
The site of Xiaoshuangqiao is located in the northwest of Zhengzhou City. After the discovery of the site, Mr. Chen Xu took the lead in discussing the age, nature and historical background of the site. He believes that the ruins of the small double bridge are the ruins of the boiling capital. There are four reasons: first, the site of Xiaoshuangqiao has the connotation and scale of the royal capital; Second, the ruins of the small double bridge are basically the same as the land of the capital; Third, the cultural age of the Xiaoshuangqiao site is similar to that of the capital; Fourth, the cultural connotation of the Xiaoshuangqiao site is simple, which is consistent with the short historical age of the capital. Subsequent excavations confirmed Mr. Chen's judgment, and he further elaborated on the age and nature of the Xiaoshuangqiao site. The area of the Xiaoshuangqiao site is 1.44 million square meters, and there are rammed earth building foundations, sacrificial pits, cast copper remains, bronze ware, jade, primitive porcelain, ivory ware, stone chimes and Zhushu pottery inscriptions, etc., indicating that the Xiaoshuangqiao site fully possesses the conditions and connotations of Duyi.
The age of the business culture of the small Shuangqiao site belongs to the Baijiazhuang period, and the Zhengzhou mall was abandoned in the Baijiazhuang period, the two years are connected before and after, and there is a relationship between the rise and the fall, the Zhengzhou mall is the millidu, and the small Shuangqiao site is undoubtedly the capital. In addition, a large number of Yueshi cultural factors were found at the site of Xiaoshuangqiao, which should be a reflection of the historical event of Zhongding's expedition to Lanyi. These new elaborations make the argument of the Xiaoshuangqiao site more realistic and thorough.
This article agrees with this view. After the early Shang culture, it was the Shang king Zhongding who had a relationship with the Yueshi culture of the Dongfang Yi people. "Bamboo Book Chronicle" day: "Zhong Ding ascended the throne and conquered Lanyi". Zhong Ding ascended the throne, and because of the "Lan Yi Zuokou" ("Later Han Shu Dongyi Liebiography"), the Shang Dynasty changed the policy of friendship between Shang and Yi since the end of the Xia and began to wage war against the Dongfang Yi people. The archaeological and cultural reflection of this war can be seen from the following two aspects: first, there are a large number of Yueshi cultural factors in the Xiaoshuangqiao view, which was the capital of the Shang Dynasty at the time. Second, the first period of the Chinese Shang culture corresponding to the Xiaoshuangqiao and Baijiazhuang periods was generally found in eastern Henan and Shandong, and directly overlapped to break the remains of the Yueshi culture, which is a reflection of the Shang Dynasty's arrival in these areas through wars.
Mr. Ding Shan once researched Lanyi Diwang, that is, the flood of the Spring and Autumn Period, located in Changxi County, Donghai County, Han Dynasty, not far from the southeast of Tengzhou City. Judging from the archaeological discoveries, Tengzhou has the stratigraphic accumulation and tombs of the Shang culture in the first period of the Chinese Shang culture, and the former Zhangda site is the center, and the first period of the Chinese Shang culture is the most densely distributed area of Shang cultural relics. Considering that this area is the hometown of the Xue Kingdom, and that Zhong Yu, who was once the prime minister of Tang Zuo, is living in Xue, then Tengzhou Qianzhangda became a frontier settlement center of Zhongding's Zhenglanyi, and it is understandable that the Qianzhangda ruins have been a regional center of Shang culture like the Daxinzhuang ruins in Jinan.
It is not difficult to outline the possible route of the eastward expansion of Shang culture during the Shang period (Figure 1). The Shang Dynasty sent troops from Xiaoshuangqiao in Zhengzhou, which was the capital at the time, first occupied the Yueshi cultural distribution area of Lutaigang in Qixian County, eastern Henan, and advanced eastward to Xinzunji, Cao County, Shandong, and then went north to the area of Qiuyandui in Heze'an, and then continued eastward to reach the area of Surabaya, and then went south to the area of Tengzhou, Shandong. The Shang Dynasty invaded Jinan at a slightly comparable time to Tengzhou, Shandong, and some scholars believe that it may have been needed to extract salt from Shandong. The discovery of large-scale salt-making village ruins in the late Shang Dynasty in Liwu, Yangxin County, Shandong Province, and more importantly, the helmet-shaped vessel river related to salt production has been found in dozens of Shang and Zhou dynasty sites found on the south bank of Laizhou Bay, which can prove that there is a certain basis for the understanding of salt grabbing.
(2) Huanbei Mall and Heyijia Eastern Expedition
Anyang Huanbei Mall was discovered in 1999. The site is located in the northern suburbs of Anyang City, Henan Province, and its southwest is the Yinxu site, and the two overlap slightly. The ruins of the castle are slightly square. It is 2,200 meters long from north to south and 2,150 meters wide from east to west, with a total area of about 4.7 square kilometers. The palace Zongmiao area is located in the southern section of the north-south central axis of the city site. Its range is not less than 500 meters long from north to south, at least 200 meters wide from east to west, and the total area is more than 100,000 square meters. More than 30 rammed earth foundation sites have been found in the palace area, which are arranged in rows from north to south, and there is no overlapping and breaking the relationship between them, showing a strict and orderly layout. A road about 10 meters wide was also found.
The largest foundation site in Huanbei Mall is the No. 1 foundation site, with a total area of 16,000 square meters, which is the largest single building foundation site of the Shang Dynasty found in mainland China so far. The age of its founding is not very certain, but more evidence points to the second phase of Zhongshang culture, and the age of abandonment is the third period of Zhongshang culture. According to the excavators, the palace temple area of Huanbei Mall was built in the second phase of the Chinese Merchants and continues to be used; Miyagi was built after the late second phase of the Chinese merchants; Guocheng was built in the late third phase of the Chinese business, but for some reason the construction was stopped.
Most of the base sites in Huanbei Mall may be dated to the second phase of China Commerce. The excavators believe that the prosperity period of Huanbei Mall is the second and third phases of Chinese businessmen. Therefore, as for its nature, it is not possible to identify it as the place where "Hegeng lived in the prime minister" or "Pangeng moved to Yin", both of which are possible. "Chronicle" day: "The whole of the river is on the throne, and he moves to the prime minister." Levy Lanyi, and then levy the class". The geographical view of the phase, the literature records that one said that it was in Neihuang, one said that it was in Anyang, and one said that it was in Pei County Xiang County.
Anyang said that it was most popular before the discovery of Xiaotun Yinxu, but after the discovery of Yinxu, the academic community mostly turned to believe in Neihuang. However, the archaeological discoveries that appear with empirical evidence can always influence people's understanding: there is no large-scale Zhongshang cultural site in Neihuang, and on the bank of the Huanhe River in Anyang, there is a Huanbei shopping mall with the connotation of Duyi in the Zhongshang period, which makes the theory of Anyang, the prime minister of Hejiaju, have strong evidence to support it. Mr. Ding Shan's research is that the Xiangben of Donghai County in the Han Dynasty believes that Banfang Lanyi is in Donghai County, in general, not out of the Huaisi River Basin. There is no objection in the academic community to this understanding.
A part of the Yueshi cultural factors was also found in Huanbei Mall. Pottery such as the dome sub-female mouth cover Anyang Garden Village H2:66, H4:48: and Garden Zhuang Dongdi T24:14, H24:44, etc., stone tools such as Huanbei Mall M22 fill out of the square hole three-edged stone shovel. This paper argues that it is recorded that after Zhongding, it was the Hejia who launched another large-scale war against Yi, and his reign was comparable to the second period of the Chinese Shang dynasty. Archaeological discoveries prove that the age and connotation of Huanbei Mall are basically consistent with the geographies and the river armor contained in the literature, and more importantly, some typical utensils of Yueshi culture have been found in Huanbei Mall, especially the discovery of the square-hole three-edged stone shovel as a weapon of Yueshi culture in Huanbei Mall, which has increased the credibility of Huanbei Mall. As some researchers have pointed out, although the Huanbei Mall does not rule out the possibility that Pangeng moved to Yindu, it is more likely that it was the residence of Hejiajia in the early days. Therefore, the author believes that it is not yet possible to confirm whether the Huanbei Mall is the Yin of Pangeng's relocation, but it can basically be confirmed that it is the first place where the river is lived.
In addition, in the Huanbei Mall, it was found that there was a bronze cellar of the third phase of the Chinese merchants (Sanjiazhuang 64G1), and a total of 8 bronzes were produced, including 4 pieces of Ding and 1 piece of Kou, 1 piece of Qiang, 1 Trowel and 1 piece of Ge. Its burial method is slightly the same as that of the Zhengzhou Mall cellar pit, so its nature is similar, and it is more likely that the royal family heavy weapons will be hidden due to the relocation of the capital due to civil strife, which is also consistent with the characteristics of the "Ninth Chaos of the Ninth World" in the Chinese Shang period. According to the excavations of the No. 1 and No. 2 base sites, there are large areas of collapsed accumulation and red clay accumulation, indicating a state of abandonment after the fire. Combined with the discovery of the bronze pit in the cellar, it shows that the Huanbei Mall was abandoned at the time of the third phase of the Chinese merchants. This is also consistent with the documentary record that the Shang Dynasty moved its capital again after Heyijia.
(3) The Eastern Crusades of the Late Shang Period as reflected in the oracle bone inscriptions
During the Late Shang period, the Shang Dynasty continued its policy towards Dongyi since Zhongding, that is, continued the conquest war against Dongyi. The oracle bone inscription has a record of the cutting of eastern soil during the Wuding period. Dongtudang refers to the Dongtufang State of the Shang Dynasty, mainly the Dongyi Ethnic Fang State of the original Yueshi culture in present-day Shandong.
In the late Shang period, the strongest among the Dongyi tribes and the one that could compete with the Shang Dynasty was mainly the Yi Fang, that is, the human side (corpse side). Dong Zuobin and Guo Moruo both believe that the human side is Dongyi. This statement should echo with the documentary records of "Zuo Chuan: The Fourth Year of Zhao Gong", "Shang Xuan is Li Zhi, Dongyi rebels" and "Zuo Chuan: The Eleventh Year of Zhao Gong", "Su Ke Dongyi, and his body". The author believes that the statement that Renfang (corpse Fang) is Yi Fang is desirable, and it is a branch of Dongyi, but it is not the so-called Dongyi, and Dongyi should be the general name of the Yi people who are mainly distributed in Shangdongtu. In addition to the Yi side, there are also Fang Fang (Yi), Yu Fang (Yu Yi), Bai (Yi), Huang (Yi) and so on can be found in oracle bone words. The oracle bone inscription retains a large number of records of the conscription of people (corpses) from the Wuding to the Dixin period. But the large-scale conquest of the human side took place during the Dixin period.
Although there are two understandings of Emperor Yi and Emperor Xin, it is generally believed to be the Emperor Xin period. The oracle bone inscription preserves a large number of divination words of the recruiting party, and there are dozens of them. A number of scholars have used this to verify the itinerary, the daily spectrum, the names of the places involved or the geographical prestige of the country. The recruitment lasted about 10 months and involved nearly 50 important places.
Regarding the reason for the ten-year recruitment of the Emperor Xin, it is believed that the people continued to intrude on the Shang Dynasty.
In addition, according to research, in the fifteenth year of Dixin and the twentieth year of Dixin, the Shang Dynasty carried out large-scale conquests against the people. These two recruitments also lasted for a long time, and also involved many countries.
There are several kinds of people's geographical views, such as the Eastern Theory, the Southern Theory, and the Western Theory, among which the Oriental Theory is divided into the Oriental Theory in the narrow sense and the Oriental Theory in the broad sense. Of the above arguments, the narrow Oriental theory is the most convincing. Ming Yishi believes that the human side is the Yifang of the land; Mr. Li Xueqin also abandoned the "Western theory", and his latest understanding is that the name of the country is "Yifang", not "Renfang", which is distributed in the central and eastern parts of present-day Shandong, and its capital is in the northern Lubei region between Zi and Wei.
Fang Fang (Yi) in the Wuding period was also a strong opponent of the Shang Dynasty in Dongtu, and it was a branch of the so-called Dongyi in the literature - Fang Yi. There are a large number of divination words in the oracle bone inscription against the "Fang".
Regarding Fangfang's geographical outlook, first of all, it is affirmed that it is the eastern earthland state of the Shang Dynasty. Mr. Yang Shuda believes that Fang Fang is the Fang Yi in the literature, and Da Peng is the Fang of divination. Gu Dapeng is in the area of Pengcheng, Xuzhou, Jiangsu. Ding Shan believes that Fang is in Fangyu County, Yang County, Hanshan. Scholars mostly believe in Ding Shanzhi's theory. Fang Yi looked at the area of present-day Yutai County, Shandong.
In addition, there are also conquests of Yufang (Yuyi) and Shufang (Yi).
(4) Archaeological evidence of the eastward expansion of Shang culture
In the eastern part of Henan and the central and western parts of Shandong, which is equivalent to the first period of the Chinese Shang Dynasty, more Shang cultural sites and tombs were discovered, which is the reflection of the archaeological culture of the Shang Dynasty in the east. Among these relics, most of them are pure Shang cultural relics, such as Lutaigang in Qixian County, Luantai in Luyi, Yinjiachengkou in Surabaya, Tianqi Temple in Surabaya, Anqiu Dangdui, Tengzhou Qianzhangda and other sites. In addition, it has also been found that there are bronze tombs of the first phase of the Chinese merchants, and the Chinese merchant culture in the ruins of the Xin Mound Collection in Cao County, Shandong.
There are other sporadic discoveries in Shandong where the remains of the first phase of the Chinese Shang culture were found, such as the bronze tomb of the first phase of the Chinese Shang culture found in Qianping of the Changqing Dynasty. Tengzhou Lulou, Dakangliu and Xuanyuanzhuang have all found bronze artifacts from the first phase of the Chinese merchants, which should be unearthed for tombs.
Not only that, the distribution of Shang cultural relics of the second phase of the Chinese Shang corresponding to the Huanbei Mall in Shandong has expanded, and the accumulations of the second phase of the Chinese Shang have been found in Jining Phoenix Terrace, Panmiaohao and Liaocheng Eping South Chenzhuang ̈. If these discontinuities are taken together, nearly half of the western part of Shandong was included in the territory of the Shang Dynasty.
In the second period of the Chinese Shang Dynasty, the Shang culture also entered the northern Jiangsu region where the original Yueshi culture was distributed, and the Tongshanqiuwan site in Xuzhou found an accumulation equivalent to this period, that is, the so-called lower layer of the Shang Dynasty. The edge of the pottery moustacle in Qiuwan is close to that of the belly bulging in the second or third period of the Zhongshang period; The characteristics of the bean are closer to the characteristics of the straight mouth, round bottom, and bell mouth circle foot of the second phase of the Chinese business, but the lip is folded and hooked down; The shape of the small-mouth jar is slightly the same as that of the first phase of the Chinese business. Therefore, it is preliminarily determined that the era of the accumulation of the lower layer of the Qiuwan Shang Dynasty is the second period of the Chinese Shang Dynasty. In addition, there are the ruins of the Gaohuang Temple in Xuzhou, which is roughly the same as the Qiuwan ruins in the era.
When the Shang culture developed to the first stage of Yinxu or slightly earlier, that is, roughly equivalent to the time before and after the relocation of Pangeng to Yin (about the third period of Chinese Shang culture), the situation of Shang culture's external expansion changed sharply. In the north, Shang culture retreated to the south of the Yongding River; In the West, Shang culture withdrew from the Guanzhong Basin; In the south, there is no trace of Shang culture along the Yangtze River. Only to the east, the eastward expansion momentum that began in the early Shang Dynasty did not stop, but became stronger. A comprehensive investigation shows that although the power of the Shang Dynasty was strong and weak from time to time, and although the capital of the Shang Dynasty moved frequently, its expansion and operation of the East were consistent. Correspondingly, during the third phase of the Chinese Shang Dynasty, the distribution of Shang culture in Shandong continued to expand, not only the distribution of ruins was denser than before, but also the scope continued to expand to the eastern part of Shandong. Interestingly, the expansion of Shang culture has always been divided into two regions, northern and southern Lu, which may be related to the geography of the Taiyi Mountains in central Shandong (Figure 2; Schedule).
In eastern Henan and Shandong, where the Yueshi culture was distributed, from the archaeological site data and tomb data, the Shang culture in the late Shang Dynasty and the pearl gate culture of the Dongyi people were roughly maintained on the line of the Wei River and the Yi River, and the area west of this line was mainly the distribution area of the Shang culture.