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In the last year of the Yuan Dynasty, the world was in chaos, and the phrase "Hu Yu has no fortune for a hundred years" that has been circulated for a long time seems to have finally come true. At that time, a song "Drunken Taiping" Xiao Ling sang the insoluble game:
Great yuan, adulterous dictatorship.
The root cause of the kaihe river change money disaster has caused thousands of red scarves.
The official law is excessive, the criminal law is heavy, and the people are resentful.
People eat people, money buy money, Ho once saw.
Thieves do officials, officials do thieves, and fools are fools.
Woe to you!
The last emperor, Emperor Yuanshun, wanted to make a difference, dredged the Yellow River to cure the flood, and implemented currency reforms (that is, the "law of changing the fixed banknotes" to make up for the emptiness of the national treasury), and as a result, the two major measures became the "root causes" of the collapse of the "Tangtang Yuan".
Issued to Zhengtong Treasure during the Yuan Shun Emperor's reign. Source/Screenshot of the documentary "General History of China"
The "Kaihe" requisitioned more than 100,000 soldiers and civilians, and corrupt officials and cool officials seized the opportunity to compete for coercion and exploitation. "Changing money" has caused hyperinflation, not only soaring prices, people are not happy, but also new banknotes to make up for the fold, invert the old banknotes, the so-called "people eat people, money to buy money, He Zeng saw." The people of the north simply sang folk songs:
"The rain line, the people complained. In the middle of the land, things are bound to change. ”
The folk songs in Jiangsu and Zhejiang are particularly straightforward:
"The Emperor of Heaven is far away, and the people are few and many are fair. Play three times a day, how about not treating it backwards? ”
Yuan Shun Emperor film and television image. Source/Screenshot of the TV series "Zhu Yuanzhang"
When the people say the opposite, they do the opposite. "Stone people have one eye, provoking the Yellow River to rebel", rumors have been passed down through the ages, which is "provoking thousands of red scarves".
The flames of the Red Turban Army uprising spread all over the world, and the Red Turban Army everywhere had its own thoughts. The Yuan Dynasty was unable to suppress the Red Turban Army, so it had to recruit its own troops with local strength to fight against the Red Turban Army. The local powerful faction actually became warlords and no longer listened to the dispatches of the Yuan Dynasty, and the two were also fighting separately and even fighting among themselves in the battle against the Red Turban Army. As for the combination of vertical and horizontal, alliance and betrayal in the chaotic world, all kinds of waves and clouds are complicated and abnormal, and people are dazzled to see it, just as the so-called "thief is an official, an official is a thief, and a fool is a fool." In the end, the Great Yuan Dynasty was far away in the desert north, the Great Ming Dynasty was born in the fire, and a new page in history was turned. Only the Red Turban Army was quietly lost in history, as if no one remembered it again, which was really "sad and pitiful".
The Red Turban Army was born
The Red Turban Army rose up and was closely related to the White Lotus Sect that prevailed in Song Jinyuan. As a secret religious association in ancient folklore, White Lotus Sect has always been a variety of sects and beliefs, and it is generally believed that some of its original teachings originate from the Pure Land Sect of Buddhism. A large number of White Lotus sect members worship Maitreya Buddha and firmly believe in the saying that "Maitreya will be born". Maitreya Buddha is the future Buddha, and after being born, he incarnates all sentient beings in the world. As for the slogan of "the birth of the Ming King", which is also prevalent in the White Lotus Sect, it is still controversial. These White Lotus Sect members gathered at night and scattered, plotting against the Yuan for a long time. At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, the river was changed, the world was close to collapse, and Han Shantong, a native of Luancheng, Hebei Province, who had been secretly preaching in the north, and Liu Futong, a native of Yingzhou, Anhui, decided to seize the opportunity and revolt in one fell swoop. The next thing is well known:
In April of the eleventh year of the Yuan Dynasty (1351), they quietly buried the cyclops at the Huangling Gangzhihe construction site in present-day Lankao, Henan. The stone people unearthed the world and shook, and the rumors spread throughout the north and south of the great river. The world of the Great Yuan Dynasty has become a dry firewood at this time.
Yellow River. Photo / xuzaq7878, source / figure worm creative
At the beginning of May, Han Shantong and Liu Futong gathered 3,000 people in Yingzhou, killed black cattle and white horses, swore an oath to heaven and earth, and prepared for an uprising. Liu Futong declared Han Shantong the eighth grandson of Emperor Huizong of Song and became the lord of China. Liu Futong also claimed to be a descendant of liu Guangshi, a famous general of the Southern Song Dynasty, and assisted him. Han Shantong issued a proclamation with a famous sentence: "Three thousand tigers, straight to the land of Youyan." The dragon flew ninety-five, reopening the great Song Heaven. "The world is uneven in rich and poor, and borrowing troops from Japan in an attempt to restore the country of the Great Song Dynasty is undoubtedly huge." Unfortunately, the secret was leaked beforehand, and the Yuan army immediately came to encircle and suppress it, and Han Shantong was arrested and killed. After Liu Futong broke through, he gathered the rebel army and swept through all parts of Huaibei and Henan, defeating various Yuan armies in a row, and the strength of the army reached more than 100,000 people at one time.
Liu Futong's first righteous victory, the White Lotus Sect in various places rose up to respond, and the name of the "Red Turban Army" also rose from this time. As the name suggests, the rebel army's head is wrapped in a red scarf as a symbol, so it is called the red turban army.
It is also believed that this should be explained from a religious perspective. Just as the White Lotus Congregation placed equal emphasis on "the birth of the Ming King" and "the birth of Maitreya", it is because the White Lotus Sect was also deeply influenced by Manichaeism (i.e., Mingism). Although Manichaeism is still white, when Fang La and others rebelled through the Manichaean uprising at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, they used a red scarf as a symbol. According to this, some people believe that this also shows that Manichaeism in the Northern Song Dynasty had already integrated the belief of "Maitreya's next birth", because the legend of Maitreya Buddha was dressed in red and ochre. In any case, the White Lotus Sect is clearly a mixture of various beliefs.
Mingjiao in film and television dramas. Source/Screenshot of the movie "Dragon Slayer"
Chen Youyi belonged to the Southern Red Turban Army
Immediately after Liu Futong's Northern Red Turban Army, the Southern Red Turban Army rose between Puzhou and Huangzhou in Hubei Province, also known as the Yellow Turban Army. The earliest spiritual leader of the Red Turban Army was Peng Yingyu, a native of Yuanzhou, Jiangxi. Peng Yingyu, also known as Peng Monk, was a monk when he was a child, and entered the White Lotus Sect at a young age, practicing medicine and preaching for many years and plotting against the Yuan. Peng Yingyuguang received believers, and as early as the fourth year of Zhizheng (1338), he promoted his disciple Zhou Ziwang to gather more than 5,000 people in Yuanzhou to revolt. The righteous soldiers each wrote a "Buddha" on the back of their chests to seek the protection of Maitreya Buddha, so Peng Yingyu was always regarded as "Yuan Zhou Demon Monk" by the yuan and ming dynasties. When the uprising failed, Peng Yingyu fled into hiding, continued to preach and receive disciples, and gave his disciples the name of "Pu". Peng Yingyu's proud disciples were Successively Including Guan Putian, Zhao Pusheng ("Double Knife Zhao"), Li Pusheng ("Li Pusheng"), Zou Pusheng, Xiang Puluo, Ou Puxiang, Ding Pulang, and Yang Puxiong. Just a few months after Liu Futong raised his army, Peng Yingyu pushed his disciples Xu Shouhui and Zou Pusheng to respond to the uprising in the Mountains of Dabie, Hubei Province. This Red Turban Army conquered Hubei Pushui, and immediately established a state according to this, with the national name "Heavenly End" and the year name "Zhiping".
Some people say that it is to overwhelm the "big yuan", so "big" is added a horizontal, "yuan" plus treasure cover; others say that it is from the "great Song", so "big" plus a horizontal, "Song" to "wood" plus "yuan". Some people even believe that the national name of Xu Shouhui and others is actually "Great Song", and "Heavenly End" is a tampering with the revision of history after the founding of the Ming Dynasty. But in any case, this imperial court with Xu Shouhui, the cloth merchant of Luotian, as the tianzi, Zou Pusheng as the macheng blacksmith, as the taishi, the fisherman ni Wenjun of Huangzhou as the leading marshal, and Chen Youyu as the marshal of the Qiuyang bureau, was thus created. Imitating the Yuan system, the Marshal's Office, the Privy Council and the six departments of the Central Committee are all available, only Zhongshu Province was renamed "Liantai Province", and the characteristics of the White Lotus Sect and the Red Turban Army were fully displayed.
Chen Youyi film and television image. Source/Screenshot of the TV series "Zhu Yuanzhang"
Guo Zixing's troops were also the Red Turban Army
The Tianquan regime won the hearts of the people with the slogan of "destroying the rich and benefiting the poor", and the size of the Red Turban Army in the south soon expanded to hundreds of thousands, and the troops attacked in several ways. Peng Yingyu was worshipped as a military division, accompanied by the army command counselor, and the Eastern Expedition to the South. The Southern Red Turban Army claimed not to be obscene, not to kill, to disturb nothing, and at the height of its strength, it reached a million people, and it swept across the north and south of the Yangtze River, controlling Hubei, Hunan, Jiangnan, Zhejiang, Fujian and other vast areas. In July of the twelfth year of Zhengzheng (1352), the Red Turban Army conquered the ancient city of Hangzhou, and the momentum of the Tianquan regime reached its peak.
Also in this year, Guo Zi, a local tycoon from Dingyuan who was teaching and gathering people to burn incense, raised troops in Haozhou, Anhui, and the rebel army under his command also belonged to the Red Turban Army system. A twenty-five-year-old young man came to defect, but was suspected of being a meticulous work by the Yuan army and was tied up and detained. Guo Zixing found that this person's appearance was unusual, and after a conversation after loosening the binding, he found that this person was well-informed, so he took the young man under the account and let him start from the tenth husband. This young man was shrewd and capable, and had made many military achievements, and gradually became Guo Zixing's confidant. Guo Zixing then betrothed his adopted daughter Ma Shixu to him, and from then on the Red Turban Army called him "Zhu Gongzi". This young man, who could only be named after his rank and birthday, only now did he have a name that could ascend to the elegance of the hall - Zhu Yuanzhang, the character Guorui.
The Red Turban Army called him "Zhu Gongzi". Source/Screenshot of the TV series "Zhu Yuanzhang"
In addition to the Red Turban Army in the north and south and Guo Zixing's Jianghuai Red Turban Army, there were also many Haojie who rose up at the same time, which together formed a huge Red Turban Army system. For example, the "sesame plum" who started in Xuzhou, whose real name was Li Er, was given the title of a warehouse of sesame seeds to help the victims of the disaster, and the rebel army under him was mainly river workers. The "BuWangsan", whose real name was Wang Quan, started in Henan and successively captured Dengzhou, Nanyang and other places, and their subordinates were called "Northern Red Turban Army". Meng Haima, who started his army in Xiangyang, successively captured Xiangyang, Fangxian and other places, and his troops were called the "Southern Red Turban Army". In this way, from hanshui in the west to Huaishui in the east, there were Red Turban army activities, and the jurisdiction of the central imperial court of the Yuan Dynasty was almost cut off. At this time, everyone in the world sang a folk song: "The tower is black, and the northerner is the main southern guest (also known as 'the tower is white, the northerner is the main south is the guest'). Ta'er Hong, the Zhuyi people as the protagonist. "The so-called Zhuyi people naturally refer to the Red Turban Army, and the world of Mengyuan seems to be about to collapse."
Zhang Shicheng and Fang Guozhen belong to the "local tycoons"
In the land of Jiangnan, which was cut off by the Red Turban Army, there were two more Haojie rising. As early as the eighth year of Zhizheng (1348), Fang Guozhen, a private tyrant in Taizhou, Zhejiang Province, rebelled against the Yuan at sea, repeatedly negotiated with the Yuan army, and repeatedly rebelled. In the spring of the thirteenth year of Zhengzheng (1353), Zhang Shicheng, a salt merchant in Taizhou, Jiangsu Province, led his brothers Zhang Shiyi, Zhang Shide, Zhang Shixin and others to revolt and conquer Taizhou and Gaoyou. Zhang Shicheng proclaimed himself "King of Cheng", with the founding name of "Great Zhou" and the era name of "Heavenly Blessing". Note that Fang Guozhen and Zhang Shicheng do not call for the White Lotus Sect and do not belong to the Red Turban Army system. However, regardless of whether it belonged to the Red Turban Army system or not, the righteous banner was held high almost simultaneously in the east, west, south and north, and the fierceness of the yuan dynasty was unexpected. Emperor Yuanshun angrily rebuked the famous courtiers at the end of the Yuan Dynasty: "Ru tasted that the world was too peaceful and uneventful, and now that the Red Turban Army is in the middle of the universe, how will the Minister treat it?" She was sweating profusely and was speechless for a moment.
On the one hand, he commanded soldiers and horses to encircle and suppress the Red Turban Army, which was repeatedly unfavorable; on the other hand, he mobilized local armed forces such as Chakhan Timur and Li Siqi to recruit local armed forces to attack the Red Turban, but it was effective. In August of the twelfth year of Zhengzheng (1352), he led a large army to Xuzhou. The city of Xuzhou was destroyed, "Sesame Lee" was killed in battle, and the Red Turban Army began to suffer a heavy setback. The Yuan army continued to unite with various local armed forces and suppressed the Red Turban Army in the south, north and west. The Red Turban Army in the south and north was suppressed, and the "Bu Wangsan" and Meng Haima were captured and killed. Peng Yingyu and others, who had lost Hangzhou, once captured Huizhou, but eventually failed under the siege of the Yuan army, and Peng Yingyu and his disciples Guan Putian and Xiang Puluo were killed in battle. The Various Red Turban Armies turned into a low tide for a while, and Yuan Ting seemed to be hopeful.
Emperor Yuanshun enjoined Zhang Shicheng. Source/Screenshot of the documentary "General History of China"
The Red Turban Army system was sluggish, and Zhang Shicheng outside the Red Turban Army system became the biggest threat to the Yuan Dynasty. In June of the fourteenth year of Zhengzheng (1354), Zhang Shicheng attacked Yangzhou, and the north-south canal was blocked again. Detachment led a large army to march south to Gaoyou, and the strength of the army was known as one million. Zhang Shicheng was defeated and held gaoyou city, seeing that the collapse was imminent. Who knew that Emperor Yuan Shun was too suspicious of Detachment, and even issued an edict to cut off the right to detach from the army and move him into exile. Emperor YuanShun was on the verge of yi shuai, and the million yuan army under Gaoyoucheng was in a chaotic mess, and without a fight, a large number of scattered and unintended people defected to Zhang Shicheng nearby. Zhang Shicheng not only did not die, but his strength soared. The Battle of Gaoyou became a turning point in the Peasants' War at the end of the Yuan Dynasty, and the Red Turban Army rose again.
Xiaoming Wang, the name of the country "Great Song"
In February of the fifteenth year of Zhengzheng (1355), Liu Futong and others welcomed back Han Lin'er, the son of Han Shantong, from the Zhonghe River, and established him as the Son of Heaven, known as the "Xiaoming King". Liu Futong built the capital Bozhou, later moved the capital to Bieliang, established the name of the country "Song", and changed the yuan to "Longfeng". This northern Red Turban military regime, later known as the "Han Song Dynasty", stood in the heart of the Central Plains, and was not only the greatest sworn enemy of the Yuan Dynasty, but also severed the yuan court's ties with the southern provinces. From then on, the Yuan court could only exchange the superficial temporary submission of Fang Guozhen, Zhang Shicheng and others by conferring officials and knighthoods, which was no different from the clan. This actually provided enough space for Zhu Yuanzhang to sit in the south.
Han Lin'er, son of Han Shantong. Source/Screenshot of the TV series "Zhu Yuanzhang"
From the sixteenth year of Zhizheng to the eighteenth year of Zhizheng (1356-1358), Liu Futong ordered the Northern Red Turban Army to divide into three routes and send troops to the Northern Expedition. The East Route Army went out of Shandong, the Middle Route Army went out of Shanxi, and the West Route Army went out of Shaanxi and jointly attacked Yuan Dadu. The Eastern Route Army was the most successful, and the former "Sesame Li" general Mao Gui led an army through Shandong, even the important towns in Hebei, all the way to Jixian and Tongzhou, only more than a hundred miles away from the Yuan capital. Emperor Yuanshun was shocked, and there was already a proposal to move the capital to the court. However, the other two roads were not well coordinated, and Mao Gui had to abandon Hebei and return to Shandong. Seeing that the Zhonglu Army led by "Mr. Guan" and "Broken Head Pan" and others could no longer jointly attack Dadu, they simply went north to attack Saiwai, first taking Datong, and then occupying Yuan Shangdu. The Red Turban Army showed no mercy, and burned the Yuan Empire capital of the "Fuqua Sai North" and the Yuan Shangdu, the second political center and second most important than the capital, to the ground.
The magnificent imperial palace collapsed in the fire, and the fate of the Yuan Dynasty is beyond words. Immediately after that, the Zhonglu Army turned eastward, attacked the Yuan Liaoyang Province, forcibly crossed the Yalu River, twice conquered the Yuan Dynasty's "horse country" Goryeo, successively captured Pyongyang and Kaesong, and swept across the northern part of the Korean Peninsula. After all, the Zhonglu Army was fighting alone, and the Zhonglu Army was eventually completely destroyed under the combined attack of the Yuan Army and the Goryeo Army. The Western Route Army led by Li Wu and Cui De fell into a bloody battle with the red turban army's fatal enemies, Tsakhan Timur and Li Siqi, and finally suffered a crushing defeat. The Red Turban Army's Three-Way Northern Expedition can be described as the brilliant peak of the Longfeng regime, although it failed to overthrow the Yuan Dynasty, it contained almost all the strength of the Yuan Dynasty. Guo Zixing died prematurely due to illness, and it was during the Northern Expedition of the Longfeng regime that Zhu Yuanzhang was awarded the title of Pingzhang of Zhongshu Province in Jiangnan and other places, and became the commander of hundreds of thousands of Red Turban Troops in the south.
The Red Turban Army in the north and south was destroyed one after another
Zhu Yuanzhang took the opportunity to capture Yingtian (present-day Nanjing), constantly expanding his power to the surrounding areas, and was even crowned the Duke of Wu of the Longfeng regime in the 21st year of Zhizheng (1361). At this time, the Heavenly Perfection Regime, which was opposed to Long Feng, had already fought among itself to the point of turning the earth upside down. In the seventeenth year of Zhengzheng (1357), Marshal Ni Wenjun sent the general Ming Yuzhen to attack Shudi, and the territory was further expanded. Ni Wenjun had great power and wanted to kill Xu Shouhui to stand on his own, but was killed by Chen Youyi. Chen Youyu immediately took control of the Tianquan regime and toyed Xu Shouhui in the palm of his hand. When Xu Shouhui lost his use value, Chen Youyu arranged for the brave man to smash Xu Shouhui's head with an iron tool. As soon as Xu Shouhui died, Chen Youyu immediately declared himself emperor in the quarry, established the name of the country "Han", and changed the yuan to "Dayi". Chen Youyu now turned his back on the banner of the Red Turban Army, and was in a position to compete with Zhu Yuanzhang, who also came out of the Red Turban Army system.
Zhu Yuanzhang. Source/Screenshot of the TV series "Zhu Yuanzhang"
The Longfeng regime in the north has also reached a moment of nearing its end. The three Northern Expeditions were defeated, the Yuan army returned, and Tsakhan Timur dispatched troops to attack the capital city of Bieliang. The Red Turban Army fell into infighting again, Mao Gui died at the hands of the general Zhao Jun, and the Shandong Red Turban Army continued to kill each other. The army of Tsakhan Timur besieged Bieliang for several months and attacked the city. Liu Futong and Han Lin'er only led hundreds of horses to seize the siege and fled, and the Red Turban Army lost Henan. Chakhan Timur took advantage of the victory to attack Shandong, Kedongchang, Lower Jining, Andu Jinan to the East China Sea, and within a year restored all of Shandong except the isolated city of Yidu. The Million Red Turbans in the North were basically all defeated, and the northern region of China, which stretched from Shaanxi to Shandong, nominally returned to the rule of the Yuan Dynasty. In fact, the Yuan court was no longer able to control the localities, and the north and south of the land had long been a warlord competition. Chakhan Timur, who had suppressed the Red Turban Army in the north, was assassinated by Tian Feng, a general of the Red Turban Army, under the city of Yizhou. It is said that when the news came, Zhu Yuanzhang sighed: "There is no one in the world!" ”
Zhu Yuanzhang suddenly emerged
In this way, the Red Turban military regime in the north and south no longer exists. Liu Futong and Han Lin'er, the last symbols of the Longfeng regime, had been defending Anfeng in present-day Shou County, Anhui for nearly five years, and were raided by Zhang Shicheng, who was nominally loyal to the Yuan Dynasty. Zhu Yuanzhang sent troops to help, and the next matter was disputed. Some people say that Liu Futong and Han Lin'erzhan died during the siege of Anfeng. Some people also say that Liu Futong and Han Lin'er were greeted south by Zhu Yuanzhang, and were drowned at the bottom of the river by a boat while crossing the river. In any case, the two people died and the country was destroyed, and the era of the Red Turban Army came to an end.
Zhu Yuanzhang took Yingtian as his base, with Chen Youyu in the west, Zhang Shicheng in the east, Fang Guozhen in the southeast, Chen Youding in fujian in the south who was loyal to the Yuan Dynasty and raised troops to protect himself, and Ming Yuzhen, who was named "Great Xia" in the west and established himself as emperor. Zhu Yuanzhang understood that Fang Guozhen, Chen Youding, and Ming Yuzhen were determined to protect the territory, and Zhang Shicheng was not afraid of the two ends of the Yuan Dynasty. Only Chen Youyu, who was the strongest, was Zhu Yuanzhang's most dangerous enemy. At this time, Zhu Yuanzhang and Chen Youyu were no longer two different Red Turban armies, and the battle between the two was not a civil war of the Red Turban Army. Two tyrants from the Same Red Turban Army system, to compete for supremacy in Jiangnan, the remnants of the Red Turban Army in the world, watching the duel between these two people, the victor will be supported by the Red Turban Army in the world, and then determined to be the world.
As a result, the 23rd year of Zhizheng (1363), which was relished by posterity, was staged in the Battle of Poyang Lake. On the thirty-sixth day of the bloody battle, Chen Youyu was killed by an arrow, and the whole army was defeated, and Zhu Yuanzhang relieved the greatest threat to the unification of the south. In the second year, Zhu Yuanzhang proclaimed himself king of Wu, and in the third year he turned his troops to Zhang Shicheng to the east. In the twenty-seventh year of Zhengzheng (1367), the city of Suzhou was destroyed, Zhang Shicheng hanged himself and died, and the three Wu were pacified. Fang Guozhen, who had divided eastern Zhejiang, surrendered, and Zhu Yuanzhang attacked Guangdong and Fujian, holding the southeastern half of the wall. At that time, the north was already the endgame of warlords such as Timur, Polo Timur, Li Siqi, and Zhang Liangbi supporting the Yuan Dynasty. They attacked and killed each other endlessly, and the Yuan court and the Shun Emperor were useless. Finally, in the twenty-seventh year of Zhizheng (1367), Zhu Yuanzhang decided to go north on the Northern Expedition, and an article of the "Edict of Zhongyuan Zhongyuan" was circulated through the ages: "Expel Hu Yu, restore China, establish Chen Ji, and relieve the Si people." In the spring of the twenty-eighth year of Zhizheng (1368), Zhu Yuanzhang established the country with the title of "Daming" and changed the yuan to "Hongwu", which was for Ming Taizu. In August, the Ming army entered and occupied Dadu, and Emperor Yuan Shun led the remnants out of Bensai. At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, the history of red scarves and flocks of deer came to an end.
In 1368, the Ming army entered and occupied Dadu. Source/Screenshot of the documentary "General History of China"
The shadow of the Red Turban Army in history
In Zhu Yuanzhang's view, Yuan died from thieves, and he took the world from the crowd. According to Zhu Yuanzhang's will, the early Ming Dynasty revised the "History of yuan", completely taking the Red Turban Army as a demon and suppressing the Red Turban Army as a righteous act. The "History of Yuan" refers to Zhu Yuanzhang's army as the Ming Army, saying that Zhu Yuanzhang's territory was taken from the hands of the Red Turban Demon Kou rather than the Yuan people, and even more hidden from Zhu Yuanzhang's former honor of the Dragon and Phoenix Year and the official title of the Red Turban Army. Only in this way can Zhu Yuanzhang avoid carrying the moral burden of committing the following crimes and rebelling against the king, and highlight his righteousness in receiving the mandate of heaven. Some people believe that Zhu Yuanzhang took this opportunity to further put forward the idea of the Mandate of Heaven that "heaven does not fight with the first chaos" and the historical concept of "heavenly retribution", thus promoting the development of Confucian theory of mandate of heaven. Interestingly, these ideas were later used by the Qing dynasty. Although the Qing court regarded the Ming Dynasty as an enemy country, it pushed the responsibility for the demise of the Ming Dynasty to Liu Kou and appointed himself as a righteous teacher who took revenge for the Ming Dynasty, in order to show that the Qing Dynasty had obtained the righteousness of the Mandate of Heaven. Such a posthumous thing, I don't know if Zhu Yuanzhang thought of it before his body?
After all, the memory cannot be erased in its entirety, even in Zhu Yuanzhang's own memories, the scene of the chaotic world at the end of the Yuan Dynasty is "the people are in chaos, the scarves are all dressed, and the red banner is hidden in the wilderness", "the two mountains are red". Some people have a sharp eye and think that they can be seen in "Water Margin". It is generally believed that the "Water Margin" was written at the end of the Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, and the authors Shi Nai'an and Luo Guanzhong may have had the experience of mixing with the rebels. I don't know whether it was intentional or unintentional, but "Water Margin" has repeatedly described this:
"Only to see that to the west of the forest, Qi Qi was divided into three or five hundred small minions, each one of them was long and strong, all of them were fierce-faced, their heads were wrapped in red scarves, they were wearing robes, swords were hanging from their waists, and they were holding long guns, and they had already surrounded the group."
Qin Ming said angrily, "The red head dares to be so rude!" Don't worry about gongzu, don't get up on the army and horses, don't take this thief, and vow never to see Gongzu again! "That army is all iron armor, crimson turban..."
Whether this is a novel to express the past of the Red Turban Army at the end of the Yuan Dynasty is unknown. However, at the end of the Yuan Dynasty, the million red turbans that "provoked the Yellow River to oppose" and "killed all the square taiping" have long been recorded in the history books.
END
Author | Liu Xiaohu
Edit | Jensia
Proofreading | Ancient Moon
*This article is an exclusive manuscript of "National Humanistic History", and readers are welcome to forward it to the circle of friends.
"Watching" is always 18 years old~ ~ ~