Liu Guanzhang Taoyuan SanjieYi through the "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" rendered, become a model of the friendship of benevolence and righteousness throughout the ages, although it is impossible to be born on the same day of the same month of the same year, but I hope to die on the same day of the same month of the same year, this is the oath of the three people when they are righteous, which makes people's blood boiling, and their hearts and minds are full of anger. And the death of the three brothers in history is indeed closely followed, in chronological order can be described as "feathering, soaring, preparing for death".
The cause of death of Liu Bei and Zhang Fei is inseparable from the revenge for Guan Yu.
This brings us to the Battle of Yiling, one of the three major battles of the Three Kingdoms period.
In order to avenge Guan Yu's killing by the State of Wu, Liu Bei raised a large army and killed the State of Wu for more than seven hundred miles, but in Yiling, he was burned by the State of Wu, and Liu Bei, who had the upper hand in the comparison of military strength, why was he defeated so badly, which stemmed from a series of his wrong decisions.
First, the change of lord of Jingzhou led to the confrontation between Wu and Shu
1 Fight for loyalty
In 219, Sun Quan secretly attacked Jingzhou, occupied the whole of Jingzhou and beheaded Guan Yu and Guan Xing, dealing a huge blow to Liu Bei. Soon after Liu Bei ascended the throne and became emperor, he decided to send an army to attack Wu.
"Zhi Bao Guan Yu's Defeat",
On the one hand, he maintained his name of benevolence and righteousness, and his deep thinking was to "try to capture the land of western Hunan", he thought that the Shu state had more than enough to defeat Wu and not enough to defeat Cao, and the two sides could only attack Wu.
There was a fierce debate within the Shu state over whether to send troops.
Liu Bei and Zhang Fei were the main war faction, Zhuge Liang and Zhao Yun were the main peace faction, the two considered that the Wei state was a greater threat to the Shu state, and did not advocate the complete destruction of the basic national policy of joining Forces with Wu to resist Cao, and when the two factions argued endlessly, Zhang Fei was killed by the generals, and the murderer defected to Sun Quan, and the two enmity were added, and the main war faction had the upper hand, and no one could dissuade Liu Bei, who was full of anger.
2 hand on the hand to sign the advantage is obvious
Liu Bei personally commanded the army to the east, ordered Zhao Yun to lead the troops to garrison Jiangzhou as a backup, and Zhuge Liang stayed behind to guard the premier of Chengdu. The Romance of the Three Kingdoms records that there were 750,000 Shu troops,
This is definitely exaggerated, but the total number of Shu troops is indeed far greater than that of Wu Jun.
The Shu army took the White Emperor City as its base camp, camped along the Three Gorges for 700 miles, and attacked Eastern Wu in a roundabout way, which could not be done with a small number of troops.
Liu Bei came with a furious anger this time, and did his best to raise the strength of the Shu state, and the military superiority was extremely great, which can be said to be holding the upper signature, and the content of this signature was extremely rich:
First of all
The Shu army has the great righteousness of revenge for Guan Yu, is the division of loyalty and revenge, the mourning soldiers will be victorious, and the morale will be available.
secondly
Liu Bei's royal driving was inspiring, and all the soldiers used their lives.
Third,
Shu Han had been operating in Jingzhou for many years, and Guan Yu's name of Renyi was highly recognized by the local people, and many Jingzhou soldiers enthusiastically followed Liu Bei on his expedition.
Fourth, dissatisfied with the high-pressure policy of the State of Wu, the ethnic minorities pro-Shu hated Wu and took the initiative to send troops to echo.
Fifth,
The Shu army had the geographical advantage of the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, and attacked down the river, with a momentum like a rainbow.
Sixth,
The total strength of the Shu army far exceeded that of the Wu army, which was the most fundamental guarantee of victory. Generally speaking, in the case of superior troop strength, as long as there is no excessive mistake, the winning side is very large.
But history shows that Liu Bei fought a losing battle and lost the war because of his series of low-level decisions that can even be called the next choice.
Second, the result was the shocking Battle of Yiling
The Battle of Yiling lasted fifteen months from July 221 to August 222 AD.
The offensive and defensive posture of the two sides is divided into three stages:
In the first six months of the first stage, Shu attacked Wu Shou, and the Shu army won more than ten consecutive victories, and the Wu army avoided its sharp edge and retreated while fighting.
The two sides held each other at Yiling for six months in the middle of the second phase.
Shu Han set up more than forty military camps in the canyon heights, and Sun Wu refused to use his troops as heavy as he was. In the third stage, from June to August of the leap year 222, the Wu army counterattacked, and the Shu army was defeated. During the counter-offensive, Sun Wu sent troops from Yidao, and Lu Xun ordered the soldiers to each hold a spear and burn the company camp with fire, breaking the Shu army's forward.
Then, after annihilating the main force of the Shu army in Zhuoxiang and taking advantage of the victory to pursue and besiege Ma'anshan on all sides, Liu Beicang emperor returned to the White Emperor's City. The two sides negotiated an armistice and returned to the situation in which Shu and Wu united against Wei.
The Battle of Yiling wu sheng shu defeated,
Judging from the comparison of the combat situations between the two sides, first of all, Sun Wu was superior in war strategy, and through strategic retreat, he lengthened the logistics supply line of the Shu army, gradually weakened the morale of the Shu army, and greatly reduced the combat strength of the Shu army.
Second, in the face of the Shu army, which was several times the strength of the shu army, the State of Wu could not avoid the battle when it took the enemy's crowd, and the enemy unswervingly concentrated its superior forces to attack when it was young, and annihilated the enemy each. Third, Lu Xun, the commander of the Wu Army, was good at seizing the opportunity to use fire to break through the enemy, which was another classic case after burning Chibi in the history of the Three Kingdoms. In the end, the Wu army took advantage of the victory to pursue, until it surrounded the White Emperor City on all sides and oppressed shu Han and then moved back to China.
Third, decision-making mistakes are the biggest mistakes
The Battle of Yiling ended with the defeat of Shu and Wu Sheng. Liu Bei lost the war with the signing in his hand, and could only sigh to himself, "My defeat, Tianye." But in fact, the defeat of the Shu army was mainly due to Liu Bei's many decisions as the next choice.
One of the lower elections did not accept the peace, resulting in a reversal of the basic national policy.
In the process of assembling the Shu army, the Eastern Wu dynasty was in chaos, and was very worried that it could not resist, so Sun Quan had to send Zhuge Jin to the Shu state to negotiate peace and negotiate the return to Jingzhou, but was rejected by the indignant Liu Bei. If Liu Bei temporarily suppressed his anger, accepted the other party's return to Jingzhou, negotiated to punish Guan Yu's murderer, and fought for some more benefits, it was possible.
Liu Bei did not choose to negotiate peace, but insisted on revenge.
This completely broke the "Longzhong Pair" formulated "West and Zhurong, Southern Fuyi, Yue, Outer Jie Sun Quan, internal revision of political theory." "Basic national policy.
All along, the weaker Shu Han and the self-reliant Cao Wei of the Dai Han dynasty could not stand on either side, and could only unite with the equally weaker State of Wu to obtain the right to survive, so Liu Bei admired the policy of "uniting with Wu to resist Cao" and put it into practice.
The glorious victory of the Battle of Chibi by Shu and Wu and the establishment of a base area centered on Jingzhou were all the result of the conscientious implementation of this policy, and if it persisted, the Shu Congress would gain the greatest benefits.
Unfortunately, once Guan Yu died, Liu Bei had to be angry and raised troops.
Ignoring the basic line of joining forces with Wu to resist Cao Cao, he fought with Cao Wei and opened the Shu Wu battlefield and fell into a two-front battle.
Liu Bei, who was occupied by the idea of revenge, could no longer calmly analyze the situation at that time, nor could he correctly estimate the strength of the Shu state, and his decision began to reverse the correct political line.
The second option is not to play the advantage of waterway combination.
In this campaign, Liu Bei was worried that wu would set up an ambush on the waterway, and ordered the army to abandon its ships and move, including the water army, to attack by land, abandoning the geographical advantage of the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, and failing to form a land-and-water attack formation that threatened the Wu army, which was a wrong choice made by Liu Bei in his attack tactics.
It can be seen from Lu Xun's war report to Sun Quan that the State of Wu was very afraid of the Combined Attack of the Shu Army on Land and Water, so that the scope of the Wu Army's garrison was bound to expand, and the disadvantage of insufficient mobility and insufficient troop strength would be more obvious.
The third option is to move forward.
Liu Bei's platoon made a serious mistake in deploying troops, stretching for more than forty camps and villages before and after seven hundred miles, forming a long snake array, which looked like it was connected end to end, but the battle line was too long and dispersed, so that the superiority of troops was no longer obvious.
The battalions of the Shu army were built with tree fences, and in the lush mountains and forests, they opened the door to the Wu army's artillery attack. Liu Bei attacked the State of Wu in the early days of winning more than ten consecutive battles, feeling good about himself, not taking Lu Xun and other young generals of the State of Wu into account, and began to attack the enemy lightly, and the result was taken advantage of by the Wu army.
The fourth option is not really considered to leave a way back.
Liu Beibing was well fed, did not expect the possibility of a major defeat, believed that the one-word long snake array was enough to ensure that it could be attacked and defended, and ignored the specific arrangements for retreat and support. Seized by the Wu army, a unit was sent directly into the rear road of the Shu army, and the front fire attacked together, the Shu army was in chaos, the company was lost, and the Wu army attacked the Shu army back and forth. Once the Shu army was defeated, it was unstoppable, and without the support of the rear, Liu Bei eventually defeated the White Emperor City, which was an obvious tactical choice error.
This series of next choices made Liu Bei, who held the upper signature, finally drink and hate Yiling and defeat the White Emperor City.
For a veteran who has been in the battlefield for a long time, there is a deep reason why he can make such a series of unbelievable low-level decisions.
The command ability, ideological character and psychological emotions of the commanders of the war affected the exertion of subjective initiative to a considerable extent, and in the Battle of Yiling, Liu Bei's psychological emotions throughout the campaign were all concentrated on the word "revenge", and this psychological emotion contributed to the reversal of his inherent character.
The first is the rejection of public opinion.
Liu Bei changed the normal state of accepting the advice of the people and uniting with the generals in the past, and insisted on fighting an unnecessary war, which led to a devastating tragedy.
The second is impatience.
Because the idea of revenge dominated everything, Liu Bei's personality was very impatient, anxious to send troops, anxious to deploy the front, anxious to fight a decisive battle, too late to judge the time and size up the situation, and did not carefully study the comparison of the two sides' troops and the conditions of time and place, and was finally defeated by Wu Bing, who was waiting for work.
Again, the arrogant soldiers will be defeated.
Liu Bei thought that he could wipe out Eastern Wu in one fell swoop and then cut down Wei. He overestimates his own strength, underestimates the strength of the other side, and will only bring about the defeat of the war.
Liu Bei's strong sense of revenge in the Battle of Yiling was based on the idea that righteousness dominated everything. Once Zhang Fei died, this narrow idea of revenge was even more firm. It is not that there are no wise people in the Shu kingdom, on the contrary, it is a wealth of talents. However, when zhongyi overwhelmed everything, Liu Bei did not consider the gains and losses of interests, and he refused all good policies and advice from the depths of his mind, resulting in a great defeat in the Battle of Yiling.
In contrast, Sun Quan's performance in the entire war fully reflects Sun Quan's ability to govern the country and use military strategy.
First of all, he was subordinate to Cao Wei to alleviate the pressure on border defense. After that, full combat preparations were carried out, and superior forces and generals were concentrated in the Battle of Yiling. Sun Quan judged the hour and sized up the situation, knew people and was good at his duties, and boldly used the young general Lu Xun in an important period and granted full power, which was in stark contrast to Liu Bei's series of mistakes.
After the Battle of Yiling, Shu Wu's strength was relatively weakened, and Cao Wei's advantages were more obvious. After Sun Wu captured Jingzhou, the upstream portal was secured and he no longer worried about the threat from Shu Han. After the Shu state, Liu Bei fell ill and died in the White Emperor City, entrusting Zhuge Liang alone, powerless and unwilling to invade the East.
The three forces are rising,
A relatively balanced situation of strength was formed between Shu and Wu,
The strength between the State of Wei and Shu Wu was also relatively balanced, and the pattern of two weak states of Shu and Wu jointly opposing Cao Wei was once again formed.
The Battle of Yiling is a famous historical example of war in which "the strong army defeats the battle, and the weak army wins the battle", and the failure to adhere to the basic line of joining forces with Wu and resisting Cao is the fundamental reason for Liu Bei's failure, and the misconduct of tactical command is the direct cause of the failure.
And these are all due to Liu Bei's Zhongyi thought occupying the whole mind, and the negativist emotions fill the whole body, resulting in his mental imbalance and personality reversal.
Make a series of inferior choices that are grossly out of par, and finally lose in the case of having the upper and upper hand to take advantage.
"The Lord must not be angry and rejoice in the teacher", Sun Tzu's words are sincere and not deceitful, and they are indeed the most reasonable and famous words.
bibliography:
1 Chen Shou, Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Zhonghua Bookstore, 1999;
2 Zhang Dake, History of the Three Kingdoms, Chinese Publishing House, 2003;
Text/Yu Xin