During the Three Kingdoms period, Yamakoshi was the name given to the descendants of Baiyue who were distributed in the southeastern mountains.
The Romance of the Three Kingdoms records: ''
The terrain of Danyang is dangerous and obstructive, circling thousands of miles, and the valley is heavy. Its secluded people have not tasted into the city, and the mountains have produced copper and iron, and they have forged their own armored soldiers. It is customary to practice martial arts, but when it is fought, it is bee, and if it is defeated, it is a bird that cannot be restrained.
Where are the Sanyue people sacred
The Shanyue people of the Three Kingdoms period were a collective term for the ethnic minorities living in the mountains of the south. Due to the widely wrapped Jiangnan Mountains, it is the area where the ancient Yue people are active. After chu destroyed Yue during the Warring States period, the Yue people fell into the mountains of southern Zhejiang and northern Fujian, and later established the two regimes of Dong'ou and Fujian and Yue. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, civil unrest broke out among the Yue people, and Dong'ou moved to the Jianghuai area and mixed with the Han people. There are also some Yue people who continue to live in Fujian and Zhejiang, and have retained the living customs and habits of the Yue people here. They are scattered, have no tribal organization and unified chieftain, are not under the jurisdiction of the government, have lost their national cohesion, and have become dependent on local powerful ethnic minorities.
Today's Vietnamese descendants
The Jiangnan region was the base of Sun Wu's regime in the Three Kingdoms, and before Sun crossed the river, the attitude of the Yue people towards Sun was determined by the attitude of the large clans to which they depended. Among them are pro-Sun factions and there are also anti-Sun factions. Zu Lang and others who were attached to Sun Ce were the representative forces of the Yue people who supported Sun, and the anti-Sun forces among the Yue people were soon suppressed by the Sun clan. Historical records record that the anti-Sun Yue forces led by Yan Baihu were wiped out by the Sun clan one by one after Sun Ce crossed the river, and most of them also became subordinates of the Sun clan. At that time, the Central Plains separatist forces, represented by Yuan Shu, had wanted to use the power of Shanyue to stop sun shi, yuan shu ''yin dispatched ziyin and Danyang Zongshuai, etc., to make the mountain yue agitated, and tried to attack the strategy together'," but they were all defeated or eliminated by Sun Ce.
Shanyue is a group of rabble-rousers who live scatteredly, "war is swarmed, defeat is birds", and cannot pose much threat to the Sun regime. In 200 AD, after Sun Quan took control of Jiangdong, he frequently fought wars against Shanyue, and through the suppression of Shanyue, he gained a large number of soldiers and strengthened the strength of Eastern Wu. According to the "Book of Wu - Biography of Lu Xun", after the Battle of Chibi, Lu Xun suggested to Sun Quan that "'defeat the enemy and rather chaos, not the masses are not good'", in the war to attack Shanyue", "tens of thousands of elite soldiers".
Yamakoshi people
Why did Sun Wu enter and suppress Shanyue for many years
The Shanyue people did not influence Sun's claim to the throne, so why did the Sun regime launch a war against Shanyue for many years? The reason why Eastern Wu entered and suppressed Shanyue was because in the last years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the disasters of war were linked, and the population was greatly weakened. The Jiangnan land is sparsely populated and slightly more stable than the central plains. Sun Wu's regime has always faced a problem of underpopulation. The population of Eastern Wu was originally small, and after the founding of the country, due to the disasters of war and epidemics, the population was still decreasing, and Sun Quan was worried about this. In order to increase the population, Sun Wu's regime often went to the Shanyue region to plunder the population. The Romance of the Three Kingdoms - Book of Wu records: "In the twelfth year of Jian'an, he marched west to Huang zu and captured his people and returned them". ''In the spring of the thirteenth year of Jian'an, Quan reconquered Huang Zu and captured tens of thousands of men and women.'' The hundreds of thousands of Shanyue people living in the mountains of Jiangnan were the best targets for Sun Quan's plunder.
Lu Xun told Sun Quan why he regarded the conquest of Shanyue as an important policy for Sun Wu: "Fang Jin's heroes are hesitant to play chess, jackals are peeping, and it is better to overcome chaos than to be in chaos. And the old evil of the mountain is deeply obstructed, and the husband's heart is not at peace, and it is difficult to go far. Can be most of the troops, take its elite ''. Whether a country is strong or not depends on the population. Attacking Shanyue could get a large number of people and even elite soldiers, and the capture of people from the Shanyue people was a conscious action of the Sun Wu clique.
At the beginning of Sun's business, he relied on the support of those family clans in Jiangnan. The Gu clan, the Lu clan, the Zhu clan of Wu County, the Hui Ji Yu clan, and the northern clans of Nandu were all the basis of the rule of the Sun clique. After the Sun clan gained a foothold in Jiangnan, these people naturally wanted to share the benefits and recognize their private soldiers and fielders. Therefore, among the Three Kingdoms, Eastern Wu had a unique "general hereditary military system" and "restoration system". The army nominally belongs to the government, but is succeeded by the father and son of the family clan, and the hereditary leader is the army. These soldiers were actually the private soldiers of the generals and were the property of the clan.
''Fuke system' refers to the clan's fielders, who are only required to serve and pay rent to their masters, and no longer provide conscription to the government. They were actually serfs in the family of the great clan, and the government was not allowed to ask. The number of generals and soldiers and the number of farmers are not only a symbol of power and status, but also a family inheritance that can be passed on to their children and grandchildren. Therefore, in order to increase their own soldiers and fielders, the generals were also willing to launch a war of captives. The Shanyue people were not the government's households, and the plundering of the Shanyue people could increase their own military resources and the number of tiankes, which became the reason why Sun Wu's regime had been attacking Shanyue for a long time. The captured Shanyue people, together with the Han people, developed Jiangnan and played a great role in the development of agricultural production in Eastern Wu. After enriching the army, those Shanyue Han people who were 'good at martial arts training'' made great contributions to improving the quality of Sun Wu's army and increasing Sun Wu's strength. Shanyue was an important force in the founding of the Sun clan and the defense against enemies. Eastern Wu plundered the mountains and overpowered the population, and the Sun regime obtained huge human resources at the lowest cost, and was able to become the hegemon of the southeast side, creating an era of the establishment of the Three Kingdoms.
The social and economic structure of the Yamakoshi people
Judging from the literature, although the Shanyue people in the Three Kingdoms period were engaged in agricultural production, their agriculture was relatively simple and their production level was low. This is determined by its relatively backward production tools and farming methods, as well as the constraints and influences of the natural environment in the place where it lives. Among the only handicraft industries in Yamakoshi, the traditional textile industry of the Yue people is the mainstay. The ''Yuebu'' they produced was the ''Kampot'' of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Due to the low level of productivity, there were no large-scale market towns and markets among the Vietnamese at this time, and the Vietnamese rarely traded in counties and counties. Shi Zai: "'The mountain people wish to be simple, but there are still white heads who do not enter the market'".
In the process of interacting with the surrounding Han people, the Shanyue people also established a social organization that lived in clusters, called "Zongwu" or "Zongbu", the leader was called "Zongshuai", and the people were called "Zongmin". Because the mountains are scattered, there is little contact between the various "sects" and there is no subordination relationship between them. When the Yue and Han armies were engaged, they usually entangled the entire 'Zongbu'' and led the battle by the 'Zong Shuai'. This all shows that the social organization of Yamakoshi still retains some characteristics of the clan tribal stage to a certain extent. Due to the watery environment, the Yue people are good at driving boats, the folk customs are strong, the martial arts are good at fighting, and the voice is like a bird.'
The dwelling place of the Yamakoshi people
At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, politics was extremely dark, the corruption of officials was extreme, and the Shanyue people who lived in the deep mountains and dense forests were even more exploited by corrupt officials and corrupt officials. From the time of Emperor Huan of Han and Emperor Ling, the struggle of the Shanyue people against the government never stopped. When Sun Jian's father and son established political power with the support of the Jiangdong clan, their jurisdiction was mostly undeveloped land, with vast land and a shortage of labor, so they adopted a strategy of military conquest and supplementation with appeasement against Shanyue to meet the economic and military needs of the regime.
From a macroscopic point of view, if Eastern Wu wanted to gain a foothold in Jiangnan and then chase after the Central Plains, it must first control Shanyue. As Lu Xun said: ''The old evil of the mountains is deeply obstructed, and the husband's heart is not at peace, and it is difficult to map far away.'' In the early years of Sun Quan's succession, in view of the fact that there were more and more mountains in the territory that were not pacified, he adopted a foreign policy of humility towards Cao Wei and allying with Shu in order to concentrate on dealing with the problem of Shanyue's confidants.
Sun Wu's role in Shanyue policy
Sun Quan began in Jian'an for five years and worked until the sixth year of Jiahe, and it took thirty-eight years to basically quell the rebellion of the Shanyue people. According to historical records, when Wu guo was strong, there were 300,000 troops, of which no less than 100,000 Yue soldiers. Through war, Sun Wu's regime forced a large number of Shanyue people to go out of the mountains and move to pingdi, becoming the editors of the State of Wu and undertaking heavy taxation and servitude for the government. Eastern Wu set up Dong'an County, Linhai County, Jian'an County, Dongyang County, Wuxing County, and Ancheng County in the Shanyue region, and integrated Shanyue as a whole into the state system of Eastern Wu. Although Sun Wu's policy was bloody, it also promoted the ethnic integration of Shanyue and han Chinese, and promoted the development of the Jiangnan region.
Sun quan
After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the economy of the Jiangnan region has achieved unprecedented development, and the role and contribution of the people of Shanyue in the development of Jiangnan cannot be ignored. After the Shanyue people moved to the plains, some became county households, some became tenants, and engaged in agriculture and handicraft production together with the Han people, creating a lot of material wealth for society. And those Shanyue people who were incorporated into the army became the subordinates and private subordinates of Sun Wu's hereditary generals. They carried small, fought with generals in wartime, and engaged in farming in peacetime. With their hard work, they developed Jiangnan. In the process, Yamakoshi also slowly integrated into the Han nationality and became a member of the Han nationality.
Sun Wu's struggle against Shanyue was the process by which Sun Wu's clique forcibly absorbed various local forces in Jiangnan at the end of the Han Dynasty into Sun Wu's political order. There were also many Han Chinese people who escaped government oppression among the Shanyue people, and the reason why they fled into the mixed zone between The Shanyue and The Han people was because they no longer bore the heavy burden of enlistment in the Shanyue area. Most of the Shanyue people live in places where the mountains are obstructed and inaccessible, and although the conditions here are harsh compared to the Central Plains, they are no longer exploited by the landlord class and are rarely affected by the Central Plains War.
In his commentary on the Zizhi Tongjian, Hu San Province mentioned that the Han Dynasty did not bear any obligations to the government. Because the government did not know the hukou situation of the Yamaetsu people, it was naturally unable to effectively exercise the right of management. The so-called "brute force has no servitude, and the strong do not provide official taxes". However, the Sun Wu clique drove them to the plains by force and incorporated them into state administration like the Han, and from then on, the Shanyue people had to bear all kinds of nominal taxes and servitude like the Han people. In the Western Jin Dynasty household transfer decree, there were different obligations for different "Yiren", and the Shanyue people had to pay rent in addition to military service. From here onwards, there are no longer Shanyue people who do not assume state obligations, and the Shanyue people have been equated with households, and the burden of assigning conscription is no different from that of ordinary Han Chinese.
From the perspective of government management objectives, the process of Sinicization of these Shanyue people has been completed; from the standpoint of the Shanyue people, this is the process of gradually losing their original political structure and gradually being absorbed into the Chinese political system. A part of the bottom Shanyue people broke away from the shackles and oppression within the original ethnic group and instead accepted the control and exploitation of the government; The nobles of the Shanyue people were bribed and co-opted by the government and took the initiative to maintain the government's "kingship".
Yue female song
Every successful conquest and suppression of the Shanyue people by the Han regime has further improved the huaxiaization of the Shanyue people. Sun Wu's main motivation for vaping Shanyue was to meet his demand for labor and military resources, and similarly, Zhuge Liang's conquest of Nanzhong had a similar significance for Shu Han's rule. Forcibly turning a considerable number of ethnic minorities into han regime labor and military resources was one of the important ways to sinicize the ethnic minorities in the south during the Wei and Jin dynasties of the Three Kingdoms. For the ethnic minorities, the "Xiamu Wanghua" is their only way out, and the resistance of relying on the obstacles to the mountains can only lead to a more violent blow, and the consequences are deeper and more thorough Sinicization. Surrounded by a sea of kings based on force, yamakoshi has only one path: to disappear into the depths of history.