"Mulan Ci": Last night I saw the military post, the Khan da dianbing, the military book twelve volumes, the volume has the name of the grandfather. Grandpa has no eldest son, Mulan has no eldest brother, and is willing to be a city kurama and march for Grandpa from now on.
"Mulan Ci" is also called "Mulan Poem", from the folk period to the present, selected for the nine years of compulsory education in the language textbook, basically every Chinese have learned this poem, but also know the story of Mulan women dressed as men on behalf of their fathers to join the army, but for the Khan in the poem, no one can explain who it is?
The reason for this is that there are two problems that have not been solved, one is that the author of the "Mulan Ci" does not know who it is, only that the poem is collected in the "Lefu Poetry Collection"; the other is that the background of the creation of this poem is not very clear, some say the Southern and Northern Dynasties period, and some say the Sui and Tang Dynasties, and finally there is no certainty.
"Mulan Ci"
The supreme ruler is called khan, mainly the title of nomadic people, the only exception is that the Sui Emperor Yang Jian is called the sage khan, and the Tang Taizong Li Shimin is respected by various ethnic minorities as "Heavenly Khan", because Yang Jian forced the Eastern Turks to submit, and Li Shimin conquered the major ethnic minorities, including the Turks, but the title of khan first began with the Xianbei people.
The Zizhi Tongjian records that a branch of the Xianbei tribe had already begun to call it khan in BC, which probably corresponded to the Chu-Han War period after the fall of the Qin Dynasty in China, when Tuoba Mao, the leader of the Xianbei tribe, established a regime that was later called "Daiguo", and Tuoba Mao was the ancestor of the Tuoba clan who later entered the Central Plains to establish the Northern Wei regime.
During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, Tuoba Jue, the leader of the Xianbei tribe of the Tuoba clan, moved the capital from Shengle (present-day Inner Mongolia and Linger County) to the capital Pingcheng (present-day Datong, Shanxi), and Tuoba Jue began to claim the title of emperor, who was also known as Emperor Daowu of Northern Wei, in 398 AD, from which time the supreme ruler of Northern Wei began to call himself emperor, which was modeled on the form of political power in the Central Plains.
Statue of Tuoba Jue
During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, it was Rouran who clearly referred to the leader as a khan, and when the Xianbei people first occupied the Mongolian plateau, the Ruoran people were farther north of the Xianbei people, and when the Xianbei people entered the Central Plains, the Rouran people took the opportunity to occupy the territory of the original Xianbei people, that is, the Mongolian Plateau, which was the earliest sphere of influence of the Xiongnu.
In 402 AD, the leader of Ruoran, Yujiu Lu Shelun, unified the various departments of northern Mobei and began to call him Khan, the Khan was called "Qiudoufa Khan", his name was "Yujiu Lu Shelun", and all the leaders of Ruoran in the following generations were called Khans until their demise in 555 AD.
The Khan to whom Mulan was loyal was certainly not Rouran Khan, because from the description in the poem, Hua Mulan joined the army to go to the battlefield, first camped on the edge of the Yellow River, then crossed the Yellow River, and came to Montenegro, which is the killing tiger mountain in the present-day city of Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, and then entered the desert from here.
Mulan joined the army on behalf of her father
"Mulan Ci": Dan ci grandpa went, staying by the Yellow River. I don't hear the grandmother calling the woman's voice, but I can hear the splashing of the Yellow River water. Dan resigned the Yellow River and went to the head of the Black Mountain. I don't hear the grandmother calling the female voice, but I hear the Yanshan Hu riding and chirping.
If Mulan lived north of the Yellow River, to go to the desert, there was no need to camp on the edge of the Yellow River, and the name Yanshan also appeared in the poem, Yanshan refers to Yanran Mountain, in the present-day Hangai Mountain of the Mongolian People's Republic, which is already the depths of the desert, and it was the core area of Ruoran at that time.
Judging from the description in the poem, the direction of Mulan's march is still from south to north, so it can be determined that the Khan to whom Mulan is loyal is not Rouran Khan, but may be an enemy of Rouran Khan.
So is it possible that the Khan to whom Mulan was loyal could be the Emperor of the Northern Wei Dynasty?
Northern Wei and Rouran
Of course, it is possible that although the Northern Wei Dynasty changed its name to the supreme ruler as the emperor, the ruler of the Northern Wei Dynasty was the Xianbei Tuoba clan of the nomadic people, and the main body of the early Northern Wei was the Xianbei people, and many Xianbei people still retained the previous tradition, calling the supreme ruler Khan, and the author of the Mulan Ci was xianbei.
From the route of Hua Mulan's march, this is a Northern Expedition, during the Northern Wei dynasty in the Central Plains, there were many Northern Expeditions, and the most famous one was the Northern Expedition of the Northern Wei Taiwu Emperor Tuoba Tao in 425 AD, because in the previous year, Rouran Khan Da Tan led 60,000 cavalry to attack Northern Wei, when Northern Wei was in the transition of old and new regimes, the 17-year-old Wei Emperor Tuoba Tao personally led the army to repel the Rouran army.
In order to completely solve the threat of Rouran, in the following year, Tuoba Tao once again launched a rebellion again, the army was divided into five ways to northern Rouran, if Hua Mulan's father really existed in the army, it is likely that in 425 AD, this time the Northern Wei dynasty against Rouran all-out war, because this war defeated Rouran, resulting in Rouran from prosperity to decline, no longer able to confront northern Wei.
Northern Wei Emperor Taiwu Tuoba Tao
In 429 AD, Tuoba Tao again northern expedition and defeated Rouran, the Northern Wei army has been pursuing Rouran to the area of the Tuqin River in present-day Mongolia, after this battle, Northern Wei controlled the entire Mongolian plateau, 2 years later, the remnants of Rouran submitted to Northern Wei, the war ended, so Mulan was able to release military service and return to her hometown.
"Mulan Ci": The general died in a hundred battles, and the hero returned in ten years.
The "Mulan Ci" also says that Hua Mulan probably served in the army for about twelve years, which is about the same time as the war between Northern Wei and Rouran, so the Khan to whom Mulan is loyal is likely to be Tuoba Tao, the Taiwu Emperor of Northern Wei, and it is likely that in 424 AD, when Rouran invaded Northern Wei, he began to recruit troops, and it took time from conscription to going to war.
Book Eighty-Six of the Northern Chronicles: So the car drove out of the host road and headed for Montenegro.
In June, the car drove to Pingcheng for more than 3,700 miles. The division of the army searched, east to Hanhai, west to Zhangye Water, north to Yanran Mountain, more than 5,000 miles to the east and west, and 3,000 miles to the north and south.
The War between the Northern Wei And Ruoran
What is said here is the route of the Northern Wei Taiwu Emperor Tuoba Tao Northern Expedition, which is through the Black Mountain. In addition, Tuoba Tao also reached Yanran Mountain, Montenegro and Yanran Mountain are place names that appear in the "Mulan Ci", if the route of Mulan's expedition is correct, it is highly consistent with the route of Tuoba Tao's Northern Expedition, which proves that Mulan went out with Tuoba Tao.
In addition, the conscription method in the "Mulan Ci" is also very special, Hua Mulan's military service is to spend money to buy horses, saddles, cages, and horse whips, this method is a typical provincial military system, wartime soldiers, idle time for farmers, soldiers and farmers are one, but the provincial military system is recognized as established by the Western Wei power minister Yuwen Tai, at this time the Northern Wei has long been extinct, when the northern steppe was Turkic, then is the Khan to whom Mulan is loyal to be the Sui and Tang Emperors?
It shouldn't be possible.
Mulan
After Yang Jian established the Sui Dynasty, although there was a war with the Turks, but it was very short, only 2 to 3 years of great war, Yang Jian's means of dealing with the Turks were very clever, using a divisive strategy, the Sui Dynasty constantly alienated the contradictions between the Turks Sha Baoliu Khan, Datou Khan, and Apo Khan, resulting in the Turks splitting into east and west Turks, and then the Turks fell into civil war, unable to launch a war against the Sui Dynasty, the Sui Dynasty did not carry out a war against the Turks for about ten years, so the Khan to whom Mulan was loyal would not be the Sui Emperor Yang Jian.
Moreover, Yang Jian's sage Khan was called by the Turkic Qimin Khan, at this time the Eastern Turks had already submitted to the Sui Dynasty, there was no war between the two sides, but wars continued to break out within the Turks, and it can also be seen from here that the Khan to whom Mulan was loyal could not be the Sui Dynasty.
As for Tang Taizong Li Shimin can not be the Khan to whom Hua Mulan is loyal, although there were also wars against the Turks during the Tang Dynasty, but the time was extremely short, it took only two years to defeat the Eastern Turks, capture its leader Jieli Khan, destroy the Eastern Turk Khaganate, control the entire desert north, and then the Tang Dynasty began to expand to the northwest, not the north, from the time point of view, Hua Mulan's allegiance could not be the Heavenly Khan Li Shimin.