#五胡乱华最终谁平息的 #
Wuhu Chaohua is a very important historical event in China's ancient history, and this event has also brought a series of chain reactions to ancient China. The Wuhu Chaohua also led to the Han Dynasty losing its rule over the Central Plains for the first time. However, many people have not figured out one thing: that is, why did the Wuhu Chaohua break out and why it ended?
1. The war at the end of the Han Dynasty
For China's ancient history, the last years of the Eastern Han Dynasty are definitely a period of time that cannot be remembered. Although modern people relish the hero of the Three Kingdoms. But in fact, the Three Kingdoms era was a period with the highest pain index for ordinary people.
Everything must start from the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the corruption of the officials and the serious land annexation caused the undercurrent of the Eastern Han society to surge, and the famous "Yellow Turban Uprising" broke out. The yellow turban rebellion ended in the defeat of both the rebel army and the Eastern Han court: the Yellow Turban rebellion was quickly suppressed, but in the process of suppressing the uprising, the Eastern Han court established a "state pastoral system": that is, the Eastern Han court delegated authority to the local officials of the states, so that the local officials of the states could free their hands and feet to suppress the Yellow Turban Army. But the price is: decentralization is easy, but recycling is difficult.
After the Yellow Turban Rebellion was suppressed, the famous "Dong Zhuo Rebellion" broke out in the imperial court of the Han Dynasty. After Dong Zhuo took power, he deposed the Young Emperor of Han and replaced him with Emperor Xian of Han as emperor. However, Dong Zhuo's behavior also gave the various princes an excuse not to recognize Emperor Xian of Han as the orthodox son of heaven. The situation of the crowd fighting began. In the process of the scuffle, it also led to the destruction of social production and the outbreak of famine. So many years later, in the war to unify the north, Cao Cao witnessed the tragic situation of the Central Plains - no one for hundreds of miles.
The wars at the end of the Han Dynasty, coupled with the wars of the Three Kingdoms era, which lasted for decades, led to a sharp decline in the population base of the Central Plains. Therefore, in order to solve the population problem, the Wei and Jin court came up with a trick: that is, to introduce Hu people into the Central Plains.
The reason why the Wei and Jin court considered introducing Hu people into the Central Plains was mainly due to the labor problem: the shortage of labor due to successive years of war, so if you want to restore social production, you need a large amount of labor. If you want to get a large number of laborers in a short period of time, the most worry-free way is to introduce Hu people. This is actually the same as the introduction of Arabs in Europe today.
2. The Wuhu Rebellion
The division of the Three Kingdoms was ended by the Western Jin Dynasty. However, at the beginning of the establishment of the Western Jin Dynasty, there were huge hidden dangers: first of all, the internal aspects of the rulers: the Bashu Shi clan and the Jiangdong Shi clan, were actually unwilling to submit to the Western Jin court. On the one hand, the rulers of the Western Jin Dynasty were addicted to paper drunkenness: for example, the emperors and ministers of the Western Jin Dynasty often fought each other for wealth and showed off their wealth. Even prides itself on maliciously wasting social wealth. On the other hand, both the Hu and Han people are in a situation of hunger and cold.
Moreover, after the death of Sima Yan, the Emperor wu of the Jin Dynasty, the western Jin magnates fought among themselves because of their struggle for power, and even triggered a civil war. It is conceivable that the common people at this time must bear the burden of the civil war and the Western Jin Dynasty court. Exploitation of the powerful. The Hu and Han people in the Western Jin Dynasty were also displaced by this series of "man-made disasters". Finally, in the Bashu region, a group of displaced people who could not stand the rule of the Western Jin Dynasty broke out and established the Chenghan Dynasty – thus beginning the Wuhu Rebellion.
Not long after the opening of the Chenghan Dynasty, liu Yuan, the leader of the Xiongnu, also grew stronger in the process of participating in the internal wars of the Western Jin Dynasty and established the Former Zhao Dynasty (at first Liu Yuan's imperial court name was called Han, later changed to Zhao, historically known as Former Zhao). After the establishment of Former Zhao, it constantly fought with the Western Jin court, and finally attacked the western Jin capital Luoyang and Chang'an, and captured the Western Jin Emperor Huai and the Jin Emperor, and from then on, the Western Jin Dynasty perished.
The clan of the Western Jin Dynasty re-established the Jin Dynasty imperial court in the homeland of the Wu State in Jiangdong, known in history as the Eastern Jin Dynasty. After the establishment of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the world at this time was in a three-point situation: the Eastern Jin Court ruled Jiangdong, the Cheng Han ruled Bashu, and former Zhao ruled the Yellow River Valley. In addition, the warlord Zhang Rail in the Gansu region established the former Liang Kingdom. However, Zhang Rail always stated that he was a minister of the Jin Dynasty, and Qianliang was not an independent state, but a feudal town of the Jin Dynasty.
Not long after Former Zhao ruled the Central Plains, civil unrest broke out in Former Zhao. Eventually, the Former Zhao general Shi Le destroyed Former Zhao and established the Later Zhao Dynasty. Later Zhao's national strength was improved to a certain extent compared with that of Former Zhao: for example, the Former Liang Kingdom saw that Later Zhao's national strength was at its peak, and once called Later Zhao a subject: but only a subject. At this time, the situation in the world has remained largely unchanged.
The founders of former Zhao were Xiongnu, the founders of Later Zhao were The Xiongnu, the founders of Chenghan were The Hu, and the three Hu of the Five Hus had already appeared at this time.
In the later period of Later Zhao, after the death of Emperor Shi Hu of Later Zhao, civil unrest broke out in the upper echelons of Later Zhao. Shi Hu's adopted grandson Shi Min (ran Min, who was worshipped by a group of netizens), provoked civil unrest because he was annoyed that the Throne of the Shi family had not been passed to him. And Shi Min divided some areas near Yecheng, established the Ran Wei Dynasty, and announced the end of Later Zhao.
Compared with Later Zhao's huge territory, Ran Wei was able to rule over the territory near Later Zhao's capital city. Ran Wei's state was small. Later, the news of the fall of Zhao also made the generals of Later Zhao have the idea of establishing a court. In this way, after the fall of Later Zhao, a series of emerging small dynasties were born—including Former Yan and Former Qin. Eventually, Ran Wei was destroyed by Former Yan. However, Former Yan did not complete the historical task of unifying the Central Plains. The Central Plains region was once again caught in a situation of chaos. On the contrary, Former Qin successively destroyed the Former Yan and Former Liang dynasties, and unified the Central Plains during the reign of Jian Jian.
At this time, Former Qin had the idea of annexing the Eastern Jin Dynasty and unifying the world, and as a result, in the Battle of Shuishui, the Eastern Jin Dynasty won more with less, and the Former Qin army collapsed. Not long after the military rout of Former Qin, Former Qin also collapsed, and, just like the demise of Later Zhao, Former Qin also appeared in a situation of "one whale falling, all things live": after the collapse of Former Qin, a series of small states such as Later Yan and Later Qin were divided.
Eventually, after years of war and turmoil in these small countries, coupled with the continuous northern expedition of the Eastern Jin Dynasty in the south, in the late Eastern Jin Dynasty, with the eastern Jin general Liu Yu destroying southern Yan and Later Qin successively, at this time, only the two dynasties of eastern Jin and northern Wei coexisted. With the Eastern Jin Dynasty being replaced by Liu Yu's Liu Song Dynasty, China began the Era of the Southern and Northern Dynasties. The Northern Dynasty, beginning with the Northern Wei Dynasty, continued through the confrontation between the Eastern and Western Wei Dynasties, and continued to the confrontation between Northern Qi and Northern Zhou, and finally, Northern Zhou unified the North. The Southern Dynasty, on the other hand, began with the Liu Song Dynasty and passed through Southern Qi, Xiao Liang, and Southern Chen.
In the late Northern Zhou Dynasty, The Northern Zhou chancellor Yang Jian deposed the Northern Zhou Emperor and established the Sui Dynasty, which annexed the Southern Dynasty and completed the unification.
The outbreak of wuhu chaohua is actually related to the decay of the rulers of the Western Jin Dynasty, as well as the serious oppression and war in the Western Jin Dynasty society, which caused the people of all ethnic groups to be under pressure. The establishment of the Sui Dynasty can be seen as the end of the Wuhu Chaohua: the Hu people entered the Central Plains, gradually accepted the Han culture, and eventually, the Han bureaucracy seized the power of the Hu court and ended the hu rule.