Kutui Hadun, from hongjirabu, was one of the first empresses of the Ilkhanate of Hulagu, the Great Khan.
When Hulagu set out for the Western Expedition (1253), she and some of her family members remained in the Mongolian "base camp" (
Further reading:
Why did the Ilkhanate, the "loyal little brother" of Far Away in Persia, have such an iron relationship with the Yuan Dynasty?
）。
Hulagu's army besieges Baghdad (original image in the Bibliothèque Nationale de France)
As Ali Buge and Kublai Khan were vying for the throne (1264), Hulagu, who had stabilized in Iran, immediately sent his men back to the Mongol garrison to welcome the family members led by Kutei Hadun (
The "Mongol Brawl" Kublai Khan Brothers' Struggle: The Empire State Building Collapsed
）。 However, by the time the party arrived in Iran (1268), Hulagu himself had already died of illness (1265.02.08), and his eldest son Abaha (1234-1282) had been on the throne for nearly three years.
By virtue of her illustrious origins, Kutui Hadun became one of the highest-ranking women in the Ilkhanate.
Especially after her son Ahma ascended the throne, her power reached its peak. According to the history books of Mongolia, Persia, and Arabia, she was highly regarded among the Mongol clans and nobles, and was widely supported by people of different nationalities throughout the country (
Why were the ancient Mongols not "so patriarchal"?
）
Image of Mongolian aristocratic women
One
In 1264, Hulagu's family, who had been staying in mongolia, began to move west.
In this large team, in addition to the concubines such as Kutui Hadun, there were Hulagu's second son Shumu Ku'er, the fourth son Thekshen, the fifth son Talahai, the seventh son Ahma, and a number of relatives.
At first, the team was led by Shumu Ku'er, but he died of illness on the way to the west. As a result, the team was led by Kutei Hadun himself in the second half of the journey. In 1268, Kutui Hadun and his party reached Gabdezama in the area of Ghutsa Tada (present-day Mazandran Province, northern Iran).
He also met the new Ilhan Abaha
(Further reading:
The Magical Drift of the Han Chinese in the Central Plains: The "Eastern Power" That Sustained the Ilkhanate
The rider is Abaha, the young child is Ghazan Khan, and the one who holds the young child is Aruhun (son of Abaha)
Because the First Empress Thrush Hatun (?) —1265) has died,
As a result, Kutui Hadun, the "Second Empress", became one of the highest-ranking women in the Ilkhanate.
The author of the Chronicle of Syria, Hebryes (1226-1286, Jewish), referred to Hatun as the "Great Empress". In addition to Sho hebryth, in an early chronicle of Mongolian chronicles, the Mongol Message in the Mandala Kutib Pi, the term "Great Hatun" is also used to refer to Kutui Hadun.
Ilkhanate coins
Scholars believe that Kutjen Hadun was a Christian.
According to Armenian historical records, Ahma not only received Christian baptism as a child, but also had the name "Nikolai". In the Chronicle of Syria, this incident of Hatun's support for Christians is also recorded:
time
In 1279, when the Grand Empress Kut-Tui Hadun saw that, due to conflicts with the Arabs, in recent years Christians had stopped praying for the river on Epiphany (the Orthodox festival celebrating the birth of Jesus, for the 6th of January each year), triggering a severe cold climate. She personally traveled to the city of Sharaga (in present-day Malag, Azerbaijan Province, Iran) and ordered Christians to continue following their custom of hanging a cross from the top of a spear. After this, grace came and winter became suitable for forage growth. The Mongols were pleased that their horses remained robust and that the Christians had won the victory of their faith.
Essay: What did the Mongols look like in the eyes of Europeans in the 13th century?
Reading Notes: What were the Mongols in the eyes of 17th-century missionaries?
"Threatening Letter" from Guiyu Khan to the Popes of Europe
Two
However, the real establishment of Khatun's status as "Grand Empress" was after her son Ahma succeeded him as the third Ilhan.
After the death of Abaha (1282), disagreements arose within the ruling class of the Ilkhanate over the selection of the new Great Khan.
At that time, there were three candidates for the new Khan, namely:
Hulagu's seventh son, Ahma (i.e. "Thegudiel") ）
Hulagu's eleventh son, Timur, was busy with his brother
Aruhun, son of Abaha
Like the Mongol Khanate,
There is no clear written guideline for the succession of the Ilkhanate.com
(This is also the main reason why the Ming Dynasty strictly adhered to the "primogeniture system".)
According to the Mongolian "customary law", becoming a new khan not only considers factors such as generation, age, lineage, testament of the first khan, reputation, etc., but also the power of the matriarch, military power, and the area of rule, which are all "indicators" that can be referenced. Because of this, the succession of successive great khans of the Mongol khanates (including the Yuan Dynasty) was accompanied by a cruel bloody storm (
Article overview: Why does the "Golden Family" like "nest fighting" so much?
In fact, even Genghis Khan failed to "arrange" his four sons
Of the three candidates,
Timur's forces were the weakest
, supporters only
Mother Finished Zehadun
and the strangers around him (ministers). More subtlely, less than a month after Abaha's death, Timur died "in a daze.") After timur's death, his alliance was quickly disbanded and completely completed
Face to face Aruhun's side.
Dragons of the Ilkhanate, with a distinctly Yuan Dynasty dragon style
At Ahma's side, there were a large number of Mongol emperors and great secrets led by two highly respected old courtiers, the Lost Bald Er and Sun Zahei.
In the time of Hulagu, the bald man was supposed to be the highest-ranking great secret of the khanate.
After Hulagu's death, he "passed on the will of the First Khan" to help Abaha succeed in his ascension to the throne. When Abaha died, because many of his great meritorious ministers had already died, he became the most authoritative secret at that time.
Like the bald man, Sun Zahei was one of the oldest of the Khanate's courtiers.
During the Hulagu era, he successively served as a judge, a right-wing alien, and a cowardly chief. After Hulagu's death, he not only contributed to the smooth accession of Abaha to the throne, but also served as the governor of the cities of Baghdad (Baghdad) and Farsi. As for others such as Arabu, Ashihei, Ha labuki, etc., either after meritorious service, or for the sake of the ear, everyone has a lot of power.
Careful painting by Zhu Ting of the Ilkhanate
Aruhun's supporters,
Mainly
Push Hardun
and
Finish Zehadun
The two "empresses" as well
Abaha's cowardly Xue (Janissaries) and his closest vassals
。 Among them, the highest status among the courtiers was the Brothers Buhua and Aruhei.
The two came from the Wuya Tibu of the Ten Parts of zaraer (Muhua Li or Zara'erbu), and when they were young, they accompanied Hulegu on the Western Expedition with their father Hulegu and accompanied Abaha. In short, the two brothers were Abaha's confidants.
But
The origins of the Brothers Buhua and Aruhei are not as senior as the two old ministers, The Bald Er and Sun Zahei.
Buhua was initially a tax collector in charge of the warehouse, and was later promoted to the rank of Emissary; Aruhei was sent by Abaha as an envoy to Kublai Khan, and upon his return was appointed as the head of Susun Chi.
It can be seen that in the battle for the Khan position between Ahma and Aruhun, Ahma occupies an absolute lead.
Miniature painting of the Ilkhanate theme
In fact, in addition to the overall strength is better, there are two major reasons:
The first is
The Mongol nobility's obedience to Genghis Khan's "Great Zaza"
namely
Elect the "eldest of the kings" to the throne.
Considering that of all of Hulagu's sons, the kings who ranked before Ahma had died, Ahmadi was unanimously elected as the third Ilhan (
Read more
：
Reading Notes: Why is Genghis Khan so revered in Central Asia?
The second is to push the noble status of Hatun "Big Hatun", which provided help for his son Ahma.
The Chronicle of the Lineages reads: "All the heteromi and Hadun agreed with Ahma Khan," the son of Hulagu, because Ahma was born to The Great Hatun and his mother was of noble birth. ”
On the other hand
Aruhun:
In terms of age, he is more than a decade younger than Ahma, or his nephew;
Mother Hai Lost Ergechi ("Egechi" literally translated as "sister", the status is significantly lower than "Big Hatun"), is only a concubine of Abaha.
Seeing that Aruhun was at an overall disadvantage, Buhua and others put forward a new reason: "King Aruhun, with his wisdom, insight, insight and rigorous rule, is superior to all people, and he should rule the country." However, according to the Mongolian Basic Law,
"Personal qualities" are hardly matched by two quantifiable hard indicators, "older" and "noble.".
All in all, from which point of view,
Ahmadud is more "righteous" than Arukhon.
So, what is the military strength of the two?
In the western part of the Khanate, Ahmad had an absolute advantage; in the east, the Khorasan region was the basic plate of Arukhun. Therefore, from the perspective of military strength alone, the two sides can be regarded as chess opponents. However, according to the Records of history,
Military power did not "play a role" in this battle for the Khan's throne:
There was a difference of opinion between them (the kings and the secrets). When he saw that most of the strangers supported Ahma, he said to King Aruhun, "You agree to Ahma's ascension to the throne, so that it will be good for you and us, so let's leave this meeting as soon as possible!" "Because King Zong [Aruhun] did not have an army with him, he had to agree.
Simply put, after hearing of his father's death, the people rushed to the funeral in Aruhun, Khorasan.
There was no preparation for the battle for the Khan's position.
Therefore, when most of the clans and the secrets unanimously elected Ahmad to the throne, Aruhun had to withdraw to his base camp to find a way back.
From the above,
The battle for the Khanate ended without a war with Ahma's smooth accession to the throne.
Mongol cavalry in miniature paintings
It is worth noting why in the process of selecting a new Khan this time,
Suddenly, Hatun "actually" sided with his "nephew" Aruhun?
In fact, if you look at it from the perspective of a historical bystander, the reasons cannot be understood – whether it is personal character, will quality, or the ability to rule, Ahma is far from catching up with Arukhon.
If she is on the side of family affection, she is not wrong to stand by her son' side; but from the perspective of national development, Aruhun is far more reliable than Ahma. Frankly,
Being able to make such a "rational and objective" choice is worthy of everyone's admiration and respect. merely
With Ahma's smooth ascension to the throne, her fate was finally closely linked to Ahma.
Three
In the summer of 1282, Ahmad officially ascended the throne, beginning his brief and turbulent reign.
As a mother, Hatun can only do her best to assist and help her son "make up the pot". The Collected Histories writes: "He (Ahmad) ...rarely managed or straightened out state affairs. His wise and capable mother, Kutui Hadun, and Ashihei (Kutei Hadun's closest vassals) co-managed the affairs of the state. ”
Reading Notes: What is the origin of the Sixteen Days Magic Dance of emperor Yuan Shun's "flickering lame"?
Emperor Yuanshun: I was shot while lying down?
In order to maintain Ahma's rule, Kutti Hadun took a series of measures.
The first is the reactivation of SahibDivan (Chancellor of the Exchequer) Tostin and his family members.
Tomstin came from the prominent local Family of Shifini, whose ancestors held the position of "Sahiber" in the Seljuk Empire and the Khwarazm Dynasty for generations, and to put it mildly, "Sahibdidevan" almost became the code name of his family.
After the Mongol conquest of Khwarazm, Tonstin's father, Bahaddin Mahmud, served as the treasurer of the province of Shangshu on the Amu Darya River, and Tostin's younger brother Shifeni (author of the History of the Conquerors of the World) served as the clerk of the governor of the provinces west of the Wuhun River, Alkhun, and Tonstin himself served as chancellor and chancellor of the treasury from the time of Hulagu.
Cover of The History of the Conquerors of the World
During the reign of Abaha,
Tomakocho
with another courtier
Mai Shu Shu Shu Li
The relationship is extremely tense
。
For the infighting of his subordinates,
Abaha has always adopted the attitude of "a bowl of water is flat",
That is, the use of both Tomastin and Mai Shu Andri.
In the later years of Abaha's reign, under the constant attacks of Mai Shu Andri, the Torstin family was imprisoned. Although Tostina himself was released and reinstated at the mercy of Wanzehadun, the other family members had "no good time at all."
At the beginning of Ahma's reign, Musdin had been serving Aruhun.
When Khatun learned of this, he took him to Ahmad through Ashihei and continued to appoint him as prime minister and chancellor of the exchequer. At the same time, Shifeni, who had been in the main prison, was also released.
At this point, the Torstin family regained the "appreciation of the state".
Shifini: It's a new lease of life!
After Ahmad ascended the throne, the political struggle between Tomaddin and Mai ShuRi broke out again.
The Collected Histories records:
Mai Shi Ding carried out a treacherous plan against Tomastin, after which Toss tin instigated his accomplices to expose some of the true things of Mai Shu Zhi Li, and also said false words that framed him. Tossin accused Mai Shu Of colluding with Aruhun and joining forces with Ahma's favorite vassal, Odu Raheman, to frame Mai Shu Andi for performing witchcraft, and eventually convicted and executed Mai Shu. ”
Ahma's strong support for the Tomstin faction led to the destruction of the members of Mai Shu's faction.
In fact, after the execution of Mai ShuRi, the turbulent political situation in the khanate still did not improve effectively. Kutui Hadun personally intervened to stop the further expansion of the situation and avoid more unnecessary bloodshed.
In Christian literature
"The Chronicle of The Journey of the Horse"
In the book, the author (Rebain Sauma, a Beijing-born Wanderer and Christian Nestorian cleric who has traveled to many European countries) describes it as "the evil forces in Christianity" and "the collusion of the Muslim evils Tostin and Odoira", and "the framing of the righteous Reban Sauma and Archbishop Yabarah". As for Ilhan Ahma, it is directly described by him as
"Lack of upbringing and knowledge"
。 （
Reading Notes: How did the Culture of The Wu'er "bring up" the Mongols?
The image of the Yuan Dynasty's Fearful Wu'er
Rebain Sauma and Yabarahān,
He was imprisoned for "being accused of collusion with Aruhun" and "denouncing To kublai Khan that Ahma 'abandoned the path of his ancestors' and embraced Islam."
Ironically, despite the harsh interrogation of the two, the Great Secret Agents were unable to find evidence to prove their "crimes".
But even so, Ahma refused to release the two bishops, "[Ahma] hated the Grand Master so much that he wanted to eat his flesh and drink his blood and then hurry up." As for the reason why the two were acquitted, Rebain Saoma believes that
"(Mainly) thanks to the power of Khutson Andun and the Secrets".
Combined with the records of the Collected Histories and the Chronicle of The Chronicles of The Repans, we can draw two conclusions:
The political struggle between the forces of Tomstin and Mai Shu Andri involved so many people that many innocent people were implicated and suffered from the disaster of innocence;
Ahma lacked the king's trade-offs, and the various "riotous operations" he made caused a series of unbridgeable damages within the ruling class. Therefore, Kutui Hadun had to come forward at any time to "make up the pot" for his son.
In short, thanks to the "personal dispatch" of Hatun, Ahma's wanton behavior has been able to be curbed, and the turbulent national situation has gradually eased.
As mentioned earlier, Aruhun and Ahma occupied the eastern and western sides of the khanate respectively, and their military strength was almost equal. therefore
In the south, Baoda (Baghdad), Farsi, Qi'erman and other places have become the focus of contention between the two sides.
thereinto
Kutsui Hadun made a series of efforts in the abolition of the Lord of The Rising Man,
Her political skills are vividly displayed. In Persian historical sources such as the Noble Bead Chain of the Supreme Being: The History of the Khitan of Qi'er Manhala, this event is recorded in detail.
During the Mongol Conquest of the West, the Western Liao nobleman Balahei led his troops to Qi'erman (present-day Kerman Province, Iran) and established the Qi'erman Dynasty (that is, the "Later Western Liao" in domestic sources). During the reign of Wokoutai, the Qi'erman Dynasty was annexed to The Mongols.
After the death of Ba Lahei, his son Lu Kunding and nephew Kubu Ding were successively appointed as the Sultan of Qi'er Mansuan (i.e., Sultan). After Hulagu established the Ilkhanate, Kubutin took it as its main leader, and the Qi'erman Dynasty became the "kingdom of the clans" of the Ilkhanate (
An overview: The Liao Dynasty and the countries of the Western Regions
The currency issued by the Kierman Dynasty
Therefore, the abolition of the erlang end is closely related to the attitude of the ruling class of the Ilkhanate.
Kubutin had two sons under his knees, Namely MurifaDin Haza and Zalandin Lock bite he was lost.
After Kubutin's death, Hulagu ordered Mufaddin Haza to succeed him only to the throne. However, considering that Haza was only young, he commissioned it
Empress Kuduru Bald hamtendun first "acted as regent".
In other words, the supreme power of the Qi'erMan Dynasty was firmly in the hands of The Bald Jianhadun. After Abaha ascended the throne, Bald Jianhadun married his daughter Patisha to him, allowing his rule to continue for 15 years.
However, this seemingly stable situation was eventually "ruthlessly broken" by The Sudden Push Hadun.
The reason is simple, because the lock bite Heti lost his former Ilkhanate and formed a friendship with Ahma. Thus, Ahmad took the throne,
Kutui Hadun abolished the power of Bald Jianhadun at the first time, and changed the lock bite hete lost into a qi'er man calculation.
Seeing that the lock bite he was lost when he returned to his post, Bald Jianhadun was deeply shocked,
Decided to personally go to the Ilkhanate for "activities".
Under the mediation of a series of mediations by Bald Jianhadun, the secrets led by Tonstin took the initiative to come forward to "say good things" for Bald Jianhadun.
Dizzy by the "flickering", Ahma immediately ordered that the bald Jianhadun and the lock bite Heti lose their "joint rule" of the Erman Dynasty.
Kerman Province, located in the southeast of Iran
After learning of this, Hatun was not lightly angered.
She immediately ordered someone to "retract" Ahma's "letter of appointment" and warned him:
"Don't let the lock bite hetty get lost and resent Your Majesty because of this, go to Khorasan and defect to Aruhun!" Fortunately, in this winter, Bald Jianhadun will spend the winter here, and there is still a chance to redeem it, and when the lock bites and the child is lost, he will come and make a ruling in front of the two of them. ”
To put it simply, the original intention of Kutui Hadun to "change the lock bite and the child is lost into a child's rambling end" is to think
It was included in the sphere of influence of the "pro-Ahema faction"
, in turn, increase the chips against Aruhun.
Obviously, Hatun's move was quite correct.
It is said that after Aruhun ascended the throne, he specifically summoned Theo'er Heti to be lost "in the name of Ahma's henchmen".
Aruhun's letter to King Philip IV bears the seal of "Treasure of the Auxiliary Nation and the People"
Of course
The most important attempt made by Kutui Hadun to defend Ahma was undoubtedly to win over Aruhun's henchmen.
As mentioned earlier, Buhua is the central figure in the Aruhun camp. After Abaha's death, he immediately ordered Abaha's cowardly Xue to pledge allegiance to Aruhun, and it was these people who became Aruhun's staunch supporters.
Aruhun returned to the fiefdom after a failed battle for the throne, and did not spend all the time to play with him.
In order to win over this capable general on Aru's side, it took several twists and turns to push Hadun. According to the Collected Histories:
Several times Ahmad did not bother to make Aruhun's place for the call, but [Aruhun] repeatedly found an excuse to shirk it. Eventually, [Aruhun] agreed. No more flowers to cry and set off. He came to Ahma, pushed Hadun to treat him with kindness and respect, and draped him in the robes of the Great Ilhan. He stayed there and did nothing.
The reward of robes was a common form of grace for the monarch to his courtiers, and the reward of the monarch's robes was more trusting.
The "Great Ilkhan" here is obviously the "Founding Lord" Hulegu.
The act of giving Hulagu's old clothes to Hulagu is not only a highly recognized attitude, but also a very appeasement.
At this point, it did not spend any time staying in Ahma's office, and although "nothing was done", its status was by no means inferior to that of the Abaha period.
According to the Collected Histories, after the all-out war between Ahma and Aruhun, Ahma ordered all the mimi to "sign and guarantee not to disobey the order not to disobey the flower." With the exception of Ahma's first confidant, Arinah, "all the other secrets agreed." This shows that until the early days of the two people's struggle, Buhua and many heterotégies also sided with Ahma,
This is further proof that the co-optation of Hatun is effective.
Four
History, however, is so ironic. In just two years, Ahma was overthrown by Aruhun, who was "the last to come", and he finally ended up with a life.
So the question is, why in such a short period of time, there has been such a subversive two-stage reversal?
The reason is simple, "Ahma is not a man anymore".
As mentioned earlier, Ahma's smooth ascension to the throne,
Thanks to the strong support of the clan relatives and the strangers,
especially
Bald children
Sun Zahei
Two big and close supporters. However, after Ahma ascended the throne, he did not give the two important ministers the heavy use and preferential treatment they deserved.
The Collected Histories records that:
Although he (Ahma) became the monarch because of the dedication of the bald man Nayan and Sun Zahei Ahe, he only gave the bald man an umbrella to show his grace and did not reuse them.
In fact, throughout the Ahma era, the bald man had no sense of existence.
Therefore, when Ahma was finally defeated, the bald man not only did not stop Aruhun from pursuing Ahma, but even personally led his troops to guard Ahma.
Sun Zahei, who was almost equal to the bald child, also did not receive Ahmadi's attention. But unlike bald children,
He received great respect from Hatun.
During the two years of Ahma's reign, he coordinated with Khatun to handle government affairs and stopped a series of misdeeds in Ahma. However, with the defeat of Ahma, Sun Zahei's political career also came to an end.
Among the Mongol kings, Ahma's strongest supporter was undoubtedly the "Nine Kings" HongjiRatai (Hulagu's ninth son).
At ahma's enthronement ceremony, HongjiRatai and the lost bald man personally lifted him to the throne, representing the "submission" of all the clan relatives and the secrets. However, after Ahmad ascended the throne,
The continued feud between the two and Ahma's execution of Hongjiratai became the trigger for the collapse of his rule.
The Collected Histories is rather euphemistic about the "conversion of HongjiRatai to Aruhun", describing it only as
Co-opted by the bald Tani Hatun (niece/sister of the "First Empress" Dekushadun), Hongjiratai and Arukhun formed a close friendship. When Ahma heard that the two of them were going to join forces to arrest him, he ordered the killing of Hongjiratai."
。 However, in The Mongolian News, the author explicitly uses it
The word "defection"
The right and wrong of the Collected Histories and the Mongolian News may be debatable. But to be sure,
Ahma's killing of Hongjiratai caused a great internal turmoil in the khanate.
After all, the killing of the emperor by the monarch is difficult to accept in any country.
What is even more excessive is that after killing Hongjiratai, Ahma not only killed the important ministers such as The Ancient Chuk Wu Na Kuchi and Theachi of Sha, but also arrested a number of emperor ministers who complained about him.
Even the "rival" Aruhun was imprisoned.
Ruins of the Malagay Observatory
Ahma's series of "defeated character" operations triggered a re-alignment of the kings and the secrets, and the original alliance was on the verge of disintegration.
In particular, the rebellion of the unsound gave him a fatal blow.
Why not spend the choice of "mutiny"? According to the Collected Histories,
Annoyed with Ahma for speaking for Aruhun, he decided to take his place with his confidant Arinahi. After that, Buhua began to favor Aruhun".
After Aruhun was captured, it did not take much work,
Aruhun was melancholy and depressed and left in the hands of regulators. He repaid the grace of Abaha Khan, arranged Aruhun's cause, and handed over the kingdom to him. ”
Bu Hua persuaded the three heteromists, Aruhei, and Kuru to lose their secrets, and negotiated with the Great Heteromitik to reach a cooperation; he also warned all the centrist heterotrites that "Ahma is plotting to kill all the heteromidities after the execution of Aruhun", and even invited the two great heteromits of Aruhei and Kuru to "testify" and "vouch" for themselves.
Under a series of activities that did not spend, the zongwang shu and kurashu who had supported Ahma rebelled, and all the neutral factions and secrets collectively defected.
They launched a night raid, killing Ahma's "hardcore confidant" Arinahi and rescuing the imprisoned Aruhun, pushing Ahma from khanship.
So far, all of Hatun's policy of co-opting for the unspent was eventually broken by the "good son" Ahma himself, resulting in an irreparable failure.
Brick tower in Malagay
However, throughout the entire process of the struggle between the two sides, no matter which camp the Zongwang and the Heteromi, they all maintained a high degree of reverence and respect for Kutui Hadun.
In other words, it was precisely because of his mother's prestige that Ahma dared to act recklessly.
At the Kuriletai assembly to discuss the disposition of Ahma, many of the kings and the inter-conspirators, including Aruhun, decided to "no longer consider" Ahma's sins because they were concerned about Khatun's status and feelings.
However, under the strong opposition of Hongjiratai's relatives, Aruhun eventually convicted Ahma and sentenced him to capital punishment.
Five
As for the reason for Ahma's rapid demise, the Orientalist Dosan believes that it is
"A firm belief in Islam led to the rebellion (chaos) of the Mongol generals."
Frankly, there is some truth to this view.
After Ahma took the throne, he immediately changed his name to "Sultan", wanted to rename the "Ilkhanate" to "Ilkhanate", and tried everything to get the Mongols to convert to Islam and try to Islamize the country. He even took the initiative to make overtures to the "sworn enemy" mamluk dynasty, intending to form an alliance with them.
You know, thanks to the Mamluk cavalry, Hulagu had to stop the process of the Western Expedition
Ahma's series of "honey juice manipulations" provoked strong resentment among the Buddhists led by Aruhun and the conservative aristocracy, mainly The Nestorians. It is said that Aruhun also sent people to complain to the Yuan Dynasty, so some scholars speculated that Aruhun's victory "may have won the tacit support of Kublai Khan".
All in all, the essence of Ahma's failure is that "neither ability nor virtue is matched."
maybe
Throughout, Kutjen Hatun believed that Ahma's ascension to the throne was a mistake in itself.
With ahma being executed, the figure of Kutui Hadun gradually disappeared into the long river of history.
Ghazan Khan: In the end, it depends on me!
However, Aruhun was clearly not the "savior" of the Ilkhanate.
He was superstitious about immortality, swallowed Jindan for a long time, and died in 1291. After his death, the Khanate was once again in chaos because of the question of the Succession of the Khan. Thankfully,
With the ascension of Aruhun's eldest son, Ghazan Khan, the Ilkhanate was soon on track and grew into a relatively powerful centralized state (Extended Reading:
How did the "Lord of ZTE", Ghazan Khan, save the Ilkhanate?