Under the leadership of Genghis Khan, the Mongol armies repeatedly launched invasions and expansions, and swept through Eurasia. The name of the Mongolian Iron Horse has thus resounded throughout the world and become a nightmare for all countries. The Mongols conquered about 33 million square kilometers of territory and built an extremely large empire. However, due to the rapid pace of conquest and the inability to govern the vast territory in time, the regime's management of the frontier was inevitably problematic. This situation intensified after Ali Buge and Kublai Khan competed for the position of Great Khan, and eventually the Mongol territory formed four states: the Yuan Empire, the Chincha Khanate, the Chagatai Khanate, and the Ilkhanate. Among them, the king of the Ilkhanate was the younger brother of the Great Khan Möngke, Hulagu.
Before Möngke was killed, he ordered Hulagu to attack the Abbasid dynasty in Western Asia. Hulagu was also very brave, conquering it in four years, while also seizing de facto control of the Iranian plateau and the Two Rivers Valley. But when he wanted to continue his western expedition to Egypt, he received bad news: Möngke died in the Diaoyu City in Sichuan. Such news undoubtedly disrupted his battle plan and seriously affected the situation inside Mongolia as a whole. In order to fight for the Great Khan, Kublai Khan and Ali Bu brother fought endlessly, and Hulagu also terminated the western expedition and led his army back to Persia.
During the battle, Kublai Khan, with the help of his brother Hulegu, gave him a large part of the territory he had conquered, and he also established the Ilkhanate, which was most closely related to the Yuan Empire. At the same time, in order to consolidate his position, he firmly controlled Persia in his own hands by force and marriage, and became a true king.
After his death, his eldest son, Abha, succeeded to the throne. However, Abaha, like his father, only thought of himself as Kublai Khan's deputy and never had any thoughts of rebellion. Therefore, when he did not receive Kublai Khan's letter of appointment, he refused to ascend the throne until the letter of appointment arrived, and then he ascended to the Khan's throne. In terms of diplomatic letters, he must cover each jade seal given by Kublai Khan as a sign of loyalty to the Yuan Dynasty. All indications are that the Ilkhanate was a highly autonomous province and vassal state of the Yuan Dynasty.
And for this, it is not speculation. Because in the mid-20th century, a French expert found a parchment roll in Iran. It was the letter written by Aruhun, the fourth monarch of the Ilkhanate, to the King of France. In this foreign Mongolian script, there is a stamp Chinese seal. According to the analysis, this is the seal that Kublai Khan specially gave to the Ilkhanate. At that time, the Ilkhanid king never called himself the Great Khan, but only called himself the governor of Persia. These relevant records more strongly support the authenticity of this matter. Even more let the experts sigh in the book: in the 13th century, the Mongol khans of the Ilkhanate had always been loyal to the Chinese Mongol Emperor, and Persia had always been a province of China!