In the past dynasties, the military strength of the early Ming Dynasty can be said to be very strong compared to other dynasties, after all, firearms were already widely used in warfare at that time. The era of cold weapons is about to withdraw from the stage of history, from the Ming Taizu period, the military strength of the Ming army has been unprecedentedly strong, much stronger than the Mongol army in the north, in addition, many of the founding generals of the Ming Dynasty, such as Xu Da, Lan Yu and others have repeatedly gone deep into the Mongolian territory and struck hard at the Mongols, which can be said to have caused them great injury. However, Ming Yingzong's Qin government did not get the desired results, and in June of the fourteenth year of orthodoxy (1449), the Wa Lai Taishi also invaded the Ming border first, and Ming Yingzong and Wang Zhen personally led an army of 200,000 people to march north from Datong to fight a decisive battle with the Wa Lai on the Ming border. As soon as the Ming army arrived in Datong, it received a secret report from the eunuch Guo Jing, and when it learned that Walla was ready, the Ming army immediately returned from datong and planned to return to Beijing from Juyongguan. On the way, he encountered many attacks by Vala, first Wu Kezhong's troops refused to be annihilated, and then Zhu Yong led a large army of 40,000 people, and the entire army was destroyed at Harrier Ridge. The rest of the troops moved to Tumu Fort and were attacked by Wa Lai, the Ming army was defeated, more than half of the casualties were inflicted, The town of Zhu Qi of Emperor Ming Yingzong was captured, and the ministers of the Bingbu Shangshu Kuang Ye and Hubu Shangshu Wang Zuo were killed in battle, and the officials who died in the battle were as follows.
Gongzhang Fu (1375-1449) of the British Dynasty, posthumously awarded the title of King of Dingxing County, Yu Zhonglie. Zhu Yong (1391-1449), Duke of Chengguo, posthumously awarded the title of Prince of Pingyin Commandery (平陽郡王), courtesy name Wu (谥武愍). Marquis Chen Ying of Taining, posthumously awarded the title of Duke of Ningguo( Ningguo Gong). Ma Du Wei Jingyuan, posthumously awarded the title of Marquis of Julu. Pingxiang Bo Chen Huai, posthumously awarded the title of Marquis of Pingxiang, And Zhongyi. Li Zhen, the Bo of Xiangcheng, posthumously awarded the title of Marquis of Xiangcheng, mourned. Sui An Bo Chen Xi, Yu Ronghuai. Shen Rong, the posthumous title of Marquis of Xiuwu, was posthumously honored as the Marquis of Xiuwu. The first assistant of the cabinet, Cao Nai (1402-1449), posthumously awarded the title of Taifu (太傅), Yuwen Zhong (谥文忠). Bingbu Shangshu Kuang (1385-1449), posthumously awarded Shaobao, Tan Zhongsu. Hubu Shangshu Wang Zuo (1384-1449), posthumously awarded Shaobao, Tan Zhongjian . Zhang Yi (1395-1449), a scholar of the Imperial Household. Ding Xuan, a servant of the Punishment Department, posthumously presented the Punishment Department Shangshu and Yu Xiangxuan. Wang Yonghe, the right attendant of the Ministry of Works, posthumously presented Shangshu of the Ministry of Works, and Yu Xiangmin. The Right Vice Capital, Yushi Deng Tang, posthumously presented the Right Capital Yushi, Yu Xiangmin. The escort general Fan Zhongdu (樊忠都) was posthumously awarded the posthumous gift of TongZheng (通政) by The Governor of Chengdu, Wang Gui , the Governor of Chengdu, Zuo Tong Zheng Gong Quan'an. Huang Yangzheng (1389-1449), the shaoqing of Taichang Temple, posthumously awarded tai changqing. Taichang Temple's young secretary Dai Qingzu posthumously presented Taichangqing. Taichang Temple Shaoqing Wang Yiju was posthumously presented to Taichangqing. Taibu Temple Shaoqing Liu Rong Shangbao Shaoqing Ling ZhuJue Branch to The Matter Bao Liangzuo to the Matter Yao Milling Engineering Section to the Matter Bao Hui Zhongshu Sheren Yu Gong Zhongshu Sheren Pan Cheng Zhongshu Sheren Qian Fu Supervision Yushi Zhang Hong Supervision Yushi Huang Bao Supervision Yushi Wei Zhen Supervision Yushi Xiacheng Sichuan Dao Yushi Shenyou Supervision Yushi Yin zhen supervision Yushi Tong Cunde Supervision Yushi Sun Qing Supervision Yushi Lin Xiang Fengbing Department Car Driving Division Lang Zhongqi Wang Lang Zhongfeng Xueming Member Wailang Wang JianYuan Cheng Siwen Member Foreign Lang Lu Duan Bing Department Staff Chief Yu Jian Punishment Department Chief Zhang Zhen Zheng Xuan Dali Temple Deputy Ma Yu Pedestrian Division Zheng Yin Chang Pedestrian Luo Ru Qin Qin TianJian Xia Guan Xia Guan Zheng Qin Tianjian Xia Guan Zheng Qin Tianjian Xia Guan Zheng Li Xin Order Class Li Gong Order Ban Shi Yu Si Li Order Ban Shi Yu Si Li Shi Li Shi Shi Li Li Shi Li Li Shi Shi Li Shi Li Shi Li Li Shi Li Li Shi Shi Li Li Shi Li Li Shi Li Li Shi Shi Li Li Shi Li Shi Shi Li Li Shi Li Li Shi Li Li Shi Li Shi Shi Li Shi Shi Li Li Shi Li Li Shi Shi Li Li Shi Shi Li Shi Shi Li Li Shi Li Shi Li Li Shi Shi Li Shi Shi Li Shi Shi Li Li Shi Li Li Shi Shi Li Shi Shi Li Li Shi Li Shi Shi Li Shi Shi Li Shi Shi Li Shi Shi Li Li Shi Shi Li Shi Li Shi Shi Li Li Shi Li Li Shi Shi Li Li Shi Li Li Shi Li Fan Zhong was killed). What a nest is the Battle of Tumu Fort!
First, the elite military forces of the Ming Dynasty caused a devastating blow. In the change of Tumu Fort, the 500,000 troops sent by Ming Yingzong were almost completely destroyed. The destruction of 500,000 young people overnight is a bone-wrenching thing for any agricultural civilization country. The three battalions of the central army under the direct command of the emperor (five battalions, three thousand battalions, and shenji battalions) were annihilated, and from the perspective of military strength analysis, the three major battalions of the Ming Dynasty were the most elite armies in the world at that time, with large-scale firearms, the best hot and cold coordination, and the most elite Mongol hired cavalry.
Second, in order to show the emperor's prestige and style, and to let the ministers see how the three battalions abused the Mongols, Yingzong let most of the civilian and military generals in the court accompany him. Among the six ministries of the imperial court, Wang Zuo of Hubu Shangshu, Cao Nai of the Left Attendant of the Ministry of Officials, Ding Xuan, the Right Attendant of the Punishment Department, Yonghe, the Right Attendant of the Ministry of Works, As well as The Right Deputy Governor of the Duchayuan, Yushi Deng Li, the Bingbu Shangshu Kuang, zhang Yi, a scholar of the Hanlin Academy, Gong Quan'an, the Left Tongzheng of the General Administration, and Huang Yangzheng, the Shaoqing of taichang Temple, all of whom accompanied the army, and these ministers were all the backbone of the dynasty and were the courtiers who decided on state affairs in the Eight Classics of Zheng'er. As a result, the play did not look at it, and sold itself. Key officials are almost dead.
Third, after the death of Cheng Zu, in fact, there were still many founding generals alive at this time, until the Yingzong period, like the British Gong Zhang Fu, Taining Marquis Chen Ying, Cheng Guo Gong Zhu Yong and so on, almost dozens of good warlike generals were on the battlefield. However, the bad was in the hands of wang Zhen, a eunuch who accompanied the army, and because he was afraid that they would rob him of his own merits, he directly deprived these famous generals of their military command, which was even worse than the civil officials and supervisors in the Northern Song Dynasty, and the eunuchs gained power. The result of this practice was that when the Mongol army came, these famous generals could not exert their own strength, and the final result could be imagined, and they could only sit still.
The most unfortunate of the famous generals who died in battle was the British Gong Zhangfu, who once led an army to capture Vietnam and re-establish counties. As a result, in this battle, he fell from his horse, died in the rebellion, and before he could play, he hastily ended his life. Since then, the Ming Dynasty army has been on the defensive in the struggle against the Mongols, the early attack on the Mongols' domineering offensive has never appeared again, it should be said that in addition to the mistakes in military command, the long-term Ming Dynasty's northern border defense of the armament is also a very important reason, after this battle the Ming Dynasty collapsed and did not recover.