In order to cooperate with the construction project of Qinyang Science and Technology Park, and implement the national cultural relics protection work
A total of 3 brick chamber tombs (numbered M1-M3) from the Yuan and Ming Dynasties were cleaned up in this archaeological excavation. Among them, M2 is a small brick chamber tomb with a rectangular plan, which is extremely poorly preserved due to serious theft in the early stage. The cemetery faces south and is basically completely destroyed. The tomb is 1.38 meters long from east to west and 0.92 meters wide from north to south, and the top of the chamber and most of the walls have been mutilated, with two bones (incomplete) and the head facing west. According to the comprehensive inference of M2's residual tomb shape characteristics, stratigraphic location, tomb brick specifications and other factors, M2 should be a secondary burial tomb of the Ming Dynasty.
M1 is a dome-roofed brick chamber mural tomb, which is in good condition except for the part of the tomb that was damaged by construction. M1 is divided into three parts: the tomb road, the Yongdao, the tomb chamber three parts: the tomb road is south-facing, for the vertical pit tomb, 2.74 meters long from north to south, 1.06 meters wide from east to west, 3.4 meters deep (about 5.4 to 6 meters deep from the original surface), the four walls are rougher, the formation is clay mixed with pebble layers, the south wall is a large step steep slope, the bottom is a layer of white ash mixed with small pebbles, the thickness is about 6 cm, relatively flat, the bottom is found near the closed door There are black ash, should be memorial marks. The burial passage is filled with cobblestone mixed with brown clay of different sizes, and fragments of glazed porcelain bowls have been excavated from the filled soil; the Yongdao road is in the north of the tomb road, connecting the tomb passage and the burial chamber part. The northern part of the Yongdao is a brick arch roof, the rest of the yongdao is dug and repaired in the stratum, the width is 1.08 meters from east to west, the depth from north to south is 1.4 meters, the top height is 1.5 to 1.72 meters, there is a brick and stone gate in the north of the middle of the Yongdao, and the bottom three floors are built with stone blocks as the foundation. On it, a green brick downward seam is tiled with a flat brick wall of about 0.6 meters high, and above the brick wall is then built masonry blocks to the top of the Yongdao; the bottom of the burial chamber part is nearly square, 2.44 meters long from east to west, and 2.4 meters wide from north to south, and there is a brick coffin bed in the north of the burial chamber, which is slightly in the shape of a Sumire seat on the front, and the coffin bed and the bottom of the burial chamber are brick bottoms. The top of the tomb is a dome roof, partially broken, and the masonry at the four corners is shaped by fake bricks with imitation wood as a bucket arch, which is relatively rough. The most distinctive feature of M2 is the painted murals on the top and four walls of its burial chamber, the remains of the top can be recognized, decorated with cloud patterns, in the interval between the cloud patterns, there is a painted crane in the southeast, south, and northwest, as a wingspan. There are also painted murals on the four walls of the tomb, of which the north wall is painted with peacock peony pictures, the south wall yongdao on both sides of the painted image of a male waiter, and the east and west walls of the tomb are painted with historical figure story paintings, which should be Zhang Liang's juvenile "Gong Shang Jing", middle-aged "Xie Yu Hongmen", "meritorious retirement" and "Junchen Two Phases" historical allusions murals in his later years. Two human bones appeared on the coffin bed in the burial chamber, with the head facing west, and the preservation was extremely poor. To the west of the coffin bed is a white porcelain cup, a soy sauce double porcelain pot and a brick to buy land coupons. At the bottom of the tomb, there are three copper coins: one each for Chongning Heavy Treasure, Yuanfeng Tongbao, and XiNing Heavy Treasure. Based on factors such as the morphological characteristics of the M2 tomb, the opening layer and the partial interpretation of the content of the land purchase voucher, it is inferred that M2 should be a Yuan Dynasty (Yuan Taiding three years) tomb.
M3 is a four-corner brick chamber mural tomb with a pointed roof, which is divided into two parts: the tomb passage and the burial chamber. The part of the tomb passage is not excavated; the bottom of the burial chamber is nearly square, 2.2 to 2.36 meters long from east to west, 1.8 to 1.9 meters wide from north to south, and the bottom is tiled with square bricks to form a coffin bed surrounded by three sides north, west and east. The four walls of the tomb are slightly curved, and about 0.8 meters above the bottom of the tomb wall are built with large pebbles, and then built with green bricks upwards, and the lower part of the brick wall is masonry with the shape of a cornice of imitation wood structure. The inner walls of the four walls under the eaves are painted with white ash grass mixed with mud as the bottom, and the upper wall is painted with murals: the straight windows on both sides of the Yongdao on the south wall, the "Dong Yong Farewell Wife" on the north wall, the "Kitchen, Tea" on the west wall, and the "Wine" on the east wall. The eaves are covered with brick four corners with pointed roofs.
The archaeological excavation of the ancient tombs found at the Qinyang Science and Technology Park site provides the physical data of scientific excavations for the study of the characteristics of the Yuanming tombs in the Qinyang area of Jiaozuo, laying a richer empirical foundation for further studying the connotation of funerary culture in various historical periods in this area, especially the excavation of the M1 and M3 Yuan Dynasty painted mural tombs, which is of particular value for further studying the customs, characters, history, art and ethnic culture of the Yuan Dynasty in this area.
Audit | Han Changsong
Proofreading | Feng Chunyan
Edit | Zhao Defang Gao Lu
Reprinted from | Jiaozuo Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology