Let's look at how the world has changed over the past 30 years by comparing the world atlases published in 1992, 2001, 2010, 2019.
We compare Asia, Europe, Africa, Oceania, North America, South America, Arctic Ocean, Antarctica by country and region.
Part II: Europe - Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bosna i Hercegovina), referred to as Bosnia and Herzegovina.
【Area】 51,200 square kilometers.
[Population] 3.53 million (2016). The main ethnic groups are: Bosniaks, who account for about 50.1 per cent of the total population, Serbs, who account for about 30.8 per cent of the total population, and Croats, who account for about 15.4 per cent of the total population. The three ethnic groups are Muslim, Orthodox and Catholic. The official languages are Bosnian, Serbian and Croatian.
Sarajevo has a population of 270,000 (2016).
【Geography】Located in the central and western part of the Balkan Peninsula. It is bordered by Croatia to the south, west and north, and Serbia and Montenegro to the east. Most of the area is located on the Dinara Plateau and the Sava River Basin. A very small part of the southern part is bordered by the Adriatic Sea, and the coastline is about 21.2 km long. The southern part has a Mediterranean climate with an average temperature of 6.3 °C in January and 27.4 °C in July, while the northern part has a temperate continental climate with an average temperature of -0.2 °C in January and 22.7 °C in July. The national average annual temperature is 11.2 °C.
【History】At the end of the 6th century and the beginning of the 7th century, some Slavs moved south to the Balkan Peninsula and settled in Bosnia and Herzegovina and other places. At the end of the 12th century, the Slavs established an independent Principality of Bosnia. At the end of the 14th century, Bosnia entered its heyday. It became a Turkish dependency of the Ottoman Empire after 1463 and was occupied by the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1908. On June 28, 1914, Archduke Franz Petinan, Crown Prince of Austria-Hungary, was assassinated by local youth in Sarajevo, triggering World War I. After the end of World War I in 1918, the southern Slavic peoples established the Kingdom of Serbs-Croats-Slovenes, which was renamed the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929, of which Bosnia and Herzegovina was part of it and was divided into several administrative provinces. In 1945, the Yugoslav people won the victory in the anti-fascist war and established the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia (renamed the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in 1963), and Bosnia and Herzegovina became one of the republics. In March 1992, Bosnia and Herzegovina held a referendum on whether the country should be independent, with Bosnians and Croats in favour of independence and Serbs boycotting the vote. The Bosnian War broke out. Bosnia and Herzegovina joined the United Nations on 22 May 1992. On 21 November 1995, under the auspices of the United States, president Of the Republic of Serbia of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Milosevic, president tudyman of the Republic of Croatia, and President Isetbegović of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina signed the Dayton Peace Agreement for Bosnia and Herzegovina, ending the War in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
In November 1995, Bosnia and Herzegovina formulated a constitution in accordance with the Dayton Accords. The Constitution stipulates that bosnia and Herzegovina is officially named "Bosnia and Herzegovina"; the three ethnic groups of Bosniaks, Serbs and Croats are the dominant ethnic groups; Bosnia and Herzegovina is composed of two entities of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and republika Srpska; and Bosnia and Herzegovina has a 3-member presidium composed of 1 representative of the 3 main ethnic groups, and the members of the presidency are directly elected by 2 entities.
【Administrative Divisions】Bosnia and Herzegovina consists of two entities of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and republika Srpska, and the Brcko District. The Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina consists of 10 oblasts: Una-Sana, Posavina, Tuzla-Podriné, Zenica-Doboy, Bosnia-Podriñe, Central Bosnia, Herzegovina-Neretva, West Herzegovina, Sarajevo and West Bosnia. Republika Srpska consists of 8 municipalities (Banja Luka, Sarajevo East, Belina, Doboj, Prijedor, Zvornik, Trebinje, Gradiška) and 56 districts. In 1999, the Brcko Special Administrative Region was established, directly under the State.
Bosnia and Herzegovina had a population of 4.46 million in 1990 and a per capita GDP of $319 in 1994.
In 2000, Bosnia and Herzegovina had a population of 3.75 million and a GDP per capita of $1,467.
In 2010, Bosnia and Herzegovina had a population of 3.7 million and a GDP per capita of $4,635.
Bosnia and Herzegovina had a population of 3.28 million in 2020 and a GDP per capita of $6,031.
Economic development:
Bosnia and Herzegovina were among the poorer regions of the Federation during the Yugoslav period, and after independence, civil wars broke out, and as a result, the economy suffered severely.
Agricultural and sideline products, energy exports and light industry are the main economic pillars of Bosnia and Herzegovina, although the economic recovery of Bosnia and Herzegovina after the war is very fast, but there is still a big gap from the peak of the economy of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and it is still one of the top ten poor countries in Europe.