The rise of the Wallachians
Since the defeat of the Northern Yuan in the Hongwu period and the retreat of the desert, under the blows of the Ming Dynasty over the years, the Northern Yuan has gradually lost its legitimacy and was usurped by its subordinates, Ghost Lichi, and renamed the Tatar tribe. However, Arutai, a subordinate of Ghost Li Chi, was dissatisfied with his usurpation of the throne, and killed Ghost Li Chi and established Ben Ya Uzuri, a descendant of the Yuan Dynasty, as khan. After Zhu Di ascended the throne, in order to more thoroughly attack the Tatars who had invaded the south many times, several large-scale northern expeditions were carried out, and the leader of the Wala, Mahamu, sensed that the opportunity to defeat the Tatars and strengthen his own strength was coming, so he pretended to be humble to the Ming Dynasty, but in fact, he had been luring the Ming Dynasty to attack the Tatars, and he followed closely behind. This trick did work, the Tatars who had been attacked by the Ming Dynasty were vulnerable, Mahamu easily killed Ben Yauri, and after his death, his son Dehuan killed Arutai, while killing the other two tribal leaders in the Wallachian part, unifying the Wallachians.
After Arutai's death, the Tatars were unable to resist the Wallachians, and internally split into a branch led by the descendants of the Yuan Dynasty, Atai, a branch led by Duo'er Only Bo, and the people led by Duo'er Only Bo migrated to Yiji Nai Road to plunder Gan and Liang for a living. He then killed the two men and re-led the Tatars. At the same time, although The Dehuan of Vala was powerful and tried to be called a Khan, he did not have the bloodline of the "Golden Family", and his subordinates did not allow him to call him Khan, so dehuan supported Dehuan and did not spend as a khan, and established himself as a minister, so far, Vala basically unified the Mongol tribes. Subsequently, Dehuan died, and his son also went further on the basis of inheriting his position, calling himself "King of Taishihuai", and actually held the highest power in Mongolia.
The Change of Civil Engineering - A Turning Point in the Fate of the Ming Dynasty
After Yongle, the phenomenon of the escape of the soldiers of the Weishou became more and more serious, which was not only due to institutional reasons, but also related to the decline in the national strength of the Ming Dynasty, and the three major battalions in the capital were located at the foot of Tianzi and were still in a situation of perennial dissatisfaction, not to mention other places.
At this time, as he gradually grasped the supreme power of the Mongol tribes, his ambitions were also growing wildly, and he also wanted to restore the glory of the Mongolian Yuan's past, so he contacted various tribes and entered the Kou in three ways in the fourteenth year of orthodoxy. The Records of Emperor Ming Yingzong says: "(Orthodox Fourteenth Year July 18) is the day, and the Yukou split up and entered the Kou. Also first Kou Datong, to Cat Erzhuang, the right counselor General Wu Hao fought and was defeated. Kou Liaodong, the flower king of The Flower King. Kou XuanFu of the Athari Temple, besieging Akagi Castle. And send another person to Kogan Prefecture. The keepers will refuse to defend the city. Report to the newspaper, and then discuss the personal conscription. "From the "Records of Reality", we can see that we also made sufficient preparations for entering the Kou first, and the scale was extremely large, and we also led the troops to attack Datong, the Arazhiyuan led the troops to attack Xuanfu, and attacked Liaodong without spending time, and then divided a part of the soldiers and horses to attack Gansu and other places, along the nine sides of the Ming Dynasty Great Wall from Liaodong to Gansu, and the situation was extremely critical.
Since the founding of the Ming Dynasty, from Zhu Yuanzhang, Zhu Di, and even Renzong and Xuanzong, all of them have not personally risked Yashi, and this martial spirit has also inspired the young and vigorous Yingzong, who believes that he will not be much worse than his father, so he insists on fighting a deathly battle with the powerful Wa La, despite the advice and obstruction of his courtiers. However, he did not know that compared with the old fritters who had lived for more than 40 years, he was just a fledgling little fart, no matter his wrists or plots, he was not a level opponent.
Sure enough, Yingzong first blindly sent troops, the army was not prepared enough to force a departure, and then refused to listen to Guo Deng's advice to return to Beijing from ZijingGuan, but chose to go east to Juyongguan, I guess the young and vigorous Ming Yingzong was actually not willing to return to Beijing empty-handed, he did not take Bauhinia Pass back to Beijing but marched east to Juyongguan, should still think of finding and fighting the main force first, but eventually led to the tragedy of Tumu Fort.
The "History of Ming" and many historical materials count the crime of this route choice on Wang Zhen's head, saying that Wang Zhen chose to take a detour because he was afraid that the wheat in his hometown would be trampled by the army, in fact, Wang Zhen was just a eunuch who had so much energy to command an army of 200,000 people, and the final decision must be issued by Emperor Yingzong, but for His Holiness, this crime naturally could not be borne by Emperor Yingzong, and Wang Zhen became the best back cooker.
When they finally arrived at Tumu Fort, the large army led by Yingzong fell into the siege of the Yexian army, but the three battalions of the Beijing army were worthy of the elite of the world, stationed on the spot to build fortifications, and marched strictly, and there was no opportunity to take advantage of it. Although it had previously occupied the upper reaches of the Sangan River to cut off the water source, but after three days of siege, the Ming army showed no signs of collapse, and had to be praised for the bravery of the Ming army. First of all, he had no choice but to negotiate peace with the Ming Army, reach an agreement, and let the Ming Army out of the encirclement, it seems that the matter has been perfectly resolved here, and this matter will be as risk-free as Liu Bang's "Siege of Bai Deng" in that year.
However, things took another turn here, Yingzong was anxious to get out of trouble, so he ordered to move the camp, the Ming army came out of the fortifications and became the marching state, an army was undoubtedly the most chaotic when marching, the correct approach should be to let the large army keep the battle queue moving slowly until it broke away from the encirclement, but Yingzong lacked experience in commanding the army, compared to Liu Bang's decades of battlefield experience, he was too far behind. The old fritters also look at the heavenly opportunity at this time, what do you care about peace talks? Without saying a word, under the charge of hundreds of thousands of cavalry, the Formation of the Ming Army was instantly disintegrated, the Ming Dynasty was defeated, which directly led to the decline of the Ming Dynasty's national strength from prosperity to decline, and 200,000 elite soldiers were buried under the wrong command of Yingzong, and at the same time, they were buried, including a large number of important courtiers, the descendants of military nobles, these were the talents of daming at that time and the future military talents, so meaninglessly died in a wrong war, and Yingzong was mainly responsible for this.
Schematic diagram of the transformation of the civil fort
The sitting of the Luchuan River and the beginning of the Yao change
When the Ming Dynasty marched into the southwest, Si Lunfa heard that the Ming army had gone down to Yunnan, broke Dali, and was afraid in his heart, and as the leader of the Pingmian Xuanwei Division, he took the initiative to surrender, and was recognized by Zhu Yuanzhang, the ming emperor, and was able to continue to command Pingmian and take the Luchuan. After that, Si Lun rebelled, was defeated and surrendered by Mu Ying, and used tribute to redeem himself to survive and continue to command Luchuan. By the time of Xuande, Luchuan had been diligent in paying tribute, in order to disguise their intention to expand their strength by seizing Mubang and Mengyang and other places. However, their behavior could not be covered, but the Ming Dynasty's soldiers trapped in the south could not free up their hands to clean him up for the time being, so let him be proud for a while.
On the other hand, the Guangxi Yao chaos, which has been going on since the time of Yongle, is developing in an increasingly serious direction. The Yao people used The Dayeng Gorge in Guiping County, the capital of Xunzhou, Guangxi, as a base for rebellion, and Lu Rong, Gu Xingzu, and Xiao Shuo fought for decades, but they always pressed down the gourd and floated up, and the rioters on this side were calmed down, and the other side rose again, as if it never ended. Gu Xingzu was still playing the report in the last second: "The Dayeng Gorge in Guiping County, the capital of Xunzhou, Guangxi, connects Gui County, Pingnan, Wuyi, Liuzhou, qingyuan, the mountains are steep, the river beach is rapid, and the barbarians are used as nests, and every time they rob people and forgive their wealth here, they have been blocked from the Wuyi River Road in Xunzhou for more than twenty years." Now he led the official army to the mouth of the Wuxuan Gorge, attacked by land and water, suppressed the qu murderer, the Yu Dang Xiping, and the border was peaceful. (Hong Xi's first year in July, Xin Di), the next second is "Kou according to the size of Si'en County, the size of the rich dragon more than thirty, stubbornly holding the danger to resist the officers and troops." Xingzu and the other overseers parted ways to attack him. (Hong Xi's first year of November Jiayin), which shows how frequent yao chaos was at that time.
Shungawa Nobunaga Division
During the Reign of Emperor Yingzong, the rebellion against Luchuan and the Yao Rebellion
After Si Lunfa's death, his son Si Xingfa, Si Renfa successively succeeded him as the commander of the Luchuan Xuanwei Division, Si Renfa became more and more arrogant after succeeding to the throne, while paying tribute on time to disguise goodness, while invading the security of the southwest frontier of Daming, endangering the security of the southwest frontier of Daming, causing the vigilance of Mu Sheng, the Duke of Qianguo, Shangshu requested to attack Si Renfa and nip his ambitions in the bud, so after four years of orthodoxy, Mu Sheng, together with Mu Ang and Fang Zheng, stationed in Jinya and went to fight Against Si Renfa, and the early stage progressed quite smoothly, defeating Si Renfa and chasing him all the way to Gaoli Gongshan. However, unexpectedly, this turned out to be Si Renfa's plan, pretending to retreat and luring the enemy to go deeper, and the Ming army led by Fang Zheng in the Shangjiang area was too deep, and Si Renfa seized the opportunity to break the enemy in an elephant formation, and the Ming army was defeated by surprise, and Mu Sheng was afraid of the rebuke of the imperial court and died suddenly. The Ming Dynasty was difficult to organize an army to fight for a while, and Si Renfa was even more arrogant under the victory, invading Dahou, Meng Lian and other places, and the Ming army could not suppress him for a while.
Many courtiers He Wenyuan, Liu Qiu and others all used the ineffectiveness of the labor division as an excuse to hope to remove the conquest of Luchuan, which also fully demonstrated the obvious military decline of the Ming Dynasty at this time, resulting in the inability to suppress Luchuan. However, the southwest was in a hurry, and it was impossible to let Si Renfa go unchecked, so the Ming Dynasty took Dingxi Bo Jiang Gui as the chief military officer, and the military affairs of Yunnan, the governor of Shangshu Wang Ji, and it was bound to pacify Luchuan before it could be stopped!
Wang Ji first broke Si Renfa to defend the river, and then lured the elephant soldiers, opened the Gaoligong Mountain Road and finally broke through Si Renfa's cottage. He fled to Mengyang and was eventually captured by Mu Bang and became a captive dedicated to Daming. However, Si Renfa's son Si Jifa escaped and was still waiting for the opportunity to move, ready to recruit outlaws and plot rebellion. Burma resisted the Ming Dynasty's holy will and refused to hand over Si Ji Fa, and the Ming Dynasty, fearing that another similar luchuan would cause instability in the southwest frontier, re-ordered Wang Ji to attack Burma again, while Si Ji Fa occupied Meng Yang to recuperate.
Si Jifa thought that Emperor Meng Yang tiangao was far away and could rely on dangers and obstacles, so he continued to inherit his father's spirit of never accepting defeat, insisted on fighting to the end, and after eleven years of orthodoxy, Mu Bin sent a teacher to pursue Si Jifa and returned to No avail, so the Ming Dynasty sent Wang Ji to attack Luchuan for the third time. In the fourteenth year of orthodoxy, Wang Ji led his troops from Tengchong to attack Si Jifa's cottage, and won countless gains, but Si Jifa still ran away, and the rest of their troops also supported Si Renfa's younger son Si Lu to occupy Meng Yang to continue the rebellion, Wang Ji sent troops for too long, the soldiers were tired, it was not appropriate to continue fighting, and they had to give up and return to the division. The Ming Dynasty erected a monument to the lower boundary of the Jinsha River, solemnly warning Si Lu not to cross the river, otherwise the consequences would be at his own risk, and finally reluctantly calmed down Luchuan, which had been in turmoil for more than ten years.
On the other side of Guangxi, the successive Yao rebellions also brought great damage to the local social and economic development, and although King Wei Wan, a Yaomin who had rebelled since the Yongle years, had been ambushed in the orthodox decade, his exemplary role had made his successors continue to flow, and the Records of Emperor Ming Yingzong recorded that "(Zheng tong eleventh year of March Jiashen) More than fifty barbarian thieves in Guangxi, or thirty or forty people, or fifty or sixty people, plundered the countryside and invaded the counties. "It illustrates the grimness of the situation at the time. Even because of the countless Miao Yao rebellions, the officers and soldiers could not hunt and kill themselves so that they were killed, and the commanders were often killed, resulting in the situation that no one led the army, and even later the officers and soldiers saw the rebels because they were afraid and did not dare to arrest them. (June 14th of the Orthodox Year) Patrol Huguang Supervision Yushi Marquise: "Jingzhou and other places; Miao thieves robbed Qixi Village and Chenxi County, and the officers and troops were unable to catch them, but they were killed and commanded Gao Liang. Now he has led the ugly class to rob Huangzhou and other places, and Yuanliang is dead, and no one is leading. This situation has not changed in the yingzong dynasty, which shows the serious decline in the combat strength of the local garrison of the Ming Dynasty and the fierceness of Miao Yao.
Schematic diagram of the Great Vine Gorge Yao Chaos
summary
Judging from the achievements of the Yingzong Dynasty, there are many reasons for the decline in military strength, some of which are because of high-level command mistakes, which have buried the elite cultivated by the empire for many years; some are the decline in the combat strength of the local garrison, and the fierceness of the civil unrest cannot be suppressed; some are local toast rebellions, and it is difficult to fight the rebellion several times before sending out large armies to overcome the rebellion.
Under the influence of various factors, the combat strength of the Ming army of the Yingzong Dynasty was always in a state of decline, so that after Xianzong came to power, he regarded the rectification of armaments as the top priority, replaced the chief military officer, verified the military quota, including solving all kinds of messes left by the Yingzong Dynasty, making the Xianzong Dynasty a small peak of military use in the Ming Dynasty, and Xianzong was also known as the "Lord of Zhongxing".