Today is New Year's Day at the beginning of the Gregorian new year. Looking at the world, many ethnic groups have their own annual calendars, and each ethnic group attaches importance to the New Year's Day at the beginning of the new year of its own annual calendar.
(Merlinger's Manchu New Year)
Let's comb through the history of the Manchurians on New Year's Day, we know that the lunar calendar was used before, and during the Qing Dynasty, Western missionaries were asked to use Western technology to formulate a new annual calendar, and the Qing Dynasty has always used this new technology to formulate an annual calendar.
To talk about the history of the Lunar New Year's Day, the Central Plains before the Han Dynasty, the New Year's Day is very inconsistent, the Xia Calendar of the Xia Dynasty takes the Meng Xi Month (January) as the first month, the Yin calendar of the Shang Dynasty takes the WaxInge Month (December) as the first month, and the Zhou Dynasty's Zhou Calendar takes the winter month (November) as the first month. After Qin Shi Huang unified China, he also took the Yangchun Moon (October) as the first month, that is, the first day of October as New Year's Day. Emperor Wu of han only later determined that the first day of the first lunar month of the summer calendar was New Year's Day.
So what day is New Year's Day in Manchuria? According to the Manchurian history book "Ubud West Running Mother" and other commentaries, Manchuria had its own chronological calendar in ancient times. However, it was only popular in the remote Manchurian region, and the developed areas had more contacts with the outside world, so they switched to the Han calendar. According to records, the ancient manchu state of Buyeo held a national congress and celestial sacrifice activities in the month of Yin, which shows that the people in Manchuria at that time took the twelfth month of the lunar calendar as the first month and the first day of december as the New Year's Day. It is estimated that in the late Buyeo State or Goguryeo period, Manchuria began to use the first day of the first lunar month as New Year's Day.
New Year's Day is the first day of the new year, and people's beautiful vision of the new year is very important. Both Jin Taizu and Qing Taizu Nurhaci were both held on the first day of the first lunar month. The Custom of the Manchus taking the first day of the first lunar month as New Year's Day continued until the end of the Qing Dynasty.
The Central Plains region takes the first day of the first lunar month as the New Year's Day, which lasts from the time of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty until the end of the Qing Dynasty. On October 10, 1911, the Xinhai Revolution occurred, and the revolutionary party established the Provisional Government of the Republic of China in the south, taking January 1 of the Western calendar as New Year's Day and the first day of the first lunar month as the Spring Festival.
On January 1, 1912, the Qing-controlled areas had not yet designated him as New Year's Day, so the Manchurians had not yet passed the New Year's Day of the Western Calendar. The Manchurians should have passed the New Year's Day of the Western calendar after 1913.
However, according to the relevant books, it can be seen that the hearts of ordinary people still regard the first day of the first lunar month as a festival, and the New Year's Day of the Western calendar, no matter how the Republic of China government promotes it, but people do not buy it. As far as the Manchus are concerned, because of the anti-Manchu policy of the Republic of China government, they will not recognize the New Year's Day set by the Republic of China government.
But at that time, people were only on the New Year's Day of the Western calendar, mainly the folk folklore did not change. It's not like people now, like boycotting Christmas, saying on the Internet that it's a Western holiday, and it's a Western holiday to boycott. Because since the Boxer Rebellion, China's traditional arrogance and xenophobia have been shattered in the face of reality, and blind xenophobia has no market. Unlike now, because our national strength has increased, some people have begun to have xenophobic thoughts again. But the strange thing is that they only shout boycott christmas, why didn't they shout boycott is also the New Year's Day from the West?
Now it seems that Japan has completely westernized and completely abolished the old lunar calendar, so the traditional festivals have been passed according to the Western calendar, and the Spring Festival that has not been retained by China is the New Year's Day of the Western calendar.
This is the Manchu calligraphy of Fucha Maolin
So according to the past New Year's Day, today's Spring Festival, how do Manchurians generally live?
Manchurians generally hold ancestral worship activities during or before the Spring Festival, and invite ancestors to celebrate the New Year with everyone. The Manchus also have a tradition of repairing genealogies in the year of the Dragon and Tiger.
celebration
In the history of the Manchus, many major celebrations were held during the Spring Festival. For example, in the Spring Festival of 1115, Jin Taizu completed Yan Aku ascended the throne as emperor, and in the Spring Festival of 1616, Qing Taizu ascended the throne as Khan. Some people have called these two events the founding ceremony of the Golden Empire and the Qing Empire, but I personally do not think it is entirely correct. Before Jin Taizu ascended the throne and became emperor, the Jurchen clan, as the leader, established an alliance of Jurchen tribes to unify foreign wars. For example, it defeated several invasions by the Korean side. The predecessor of this Jin Empire, the State of Yan, was founded by the Jin ancestor HanPu. Before the Qing Taizu ascended the throne as Khan, it can also be traced back to the origin, as early as the legendary Qing ancestor Bukuli Yongshun established Manchuku in the land of three surnames. During the Jin and Qing dynasties, there were other major events that were also held during the Spring Festival.
Donko matsuri heaven
In the history of Manchuria, there was a system of New Year's Day sacrifices, which was changed to Tangzi Sacrifice after the establishment of the Qing Dynasty, which integrated the religious color of Manchuria. If Kunning Palace is the royal shrine in the palace, then the hall is the place of worship for the qing court. To say that this hall, all the Families in Manchuria can set up a hall to worship the gods, but after the Old Han King unified the Manchurian ministries, he forbade the other families' cousins to worship the heavens, and it was to retain the royal tangzi sacrifices to the heavens.
dumplings
A few years ago, I published an article titled "Finally Know Why The Manchurians Love Dumplings", which, based on the results of a Study by a Japanese scholar, argued that it was the earliest invention of the Manchus or Mongols to eat dumplings now. The Manchurians pay attention to eating dumplings during the New Year and many important festivals. Southern Central Plains New Year and important festivals, pay attention to eating soup garden, rice cakes, rice dumplings, etc., no dumplings.
Send blessing word
A few days ago, there were articles such as the Five Emperors Sending Blessings and Empress Dowager Cixi Sending Blessing Characters, indicating that the Manchus, in history, generally sent blessing characters for elders or dignitaries for juniors or subordinates, and some were Still Manchu Chinese Blessing Characters. Sending blessings is quite pressing the old money or now sending red envelopes on the Internet, which is a good wish for the New Year. Now Manchu families also like to post the word Fu at home.
Visit relatives and friends
During the Spring Festival, Manchurians are accustomed to visiting relatives and friends and paying respects to each other. Fairly early Manchu fraternity.
Burn incense to pray for blessings
The Manchurians also believed in Buddhism in history, so they went to the temple to burn incense and pray for blessings during the Spring Festival. The Beijing flag people are more likely to recognize the royal temple Lama Temple, which was originally the residence of Yongzheng before he succeeded to the throne, and later changed to a Tibetan Buddhist temple.
In recent years, the Temple of Heaven and the Temple of Earth in Beijing have held performance activities for the qing emperor's sacrifice, reproducing the historical grand situation.
Our historical allies, the Mongols, used the Tibetan calendar, which is a relatively complete and historic national calendar, and today is the twenty-ninth day of October in the Tibetan calendar, and the Great Protector and all the brave father protectors will gather and offer sacrifices on the day of the "two-armed Mahagala" is the first of all the protectors. This is also the protector god of the Mongol Empire, the successor of the Mongol Empire, and the protector god of the Qing Empire.
Qianlong composed many poems in his lifetime, with a total of more than 43,000 poems. He exported them into poems and wrote dozens of poems in a single day. He alone composed more poems than the famous Tang Dynasty poets of the Quan Tang Dynasty combined.
The poems composed by the Qianlong Emperor were preceded by the Complete Collection of Leshan Tang (later deleted as the Definitive Edition of the Complete Collection of Leshan Tang), and during his reign there were successively the Imperial Poetry Elementary, The Second Collection, the Third Collection, the Four Collections, the Five Collections, the Initial Collection of Imperial Texts, the Second Collection, and the Third Collection, and after his abdication, there were also the Imperial Poetry Collections and the Imperial Collections. His poems cover political, military, economic, cultural, social and other aspects.
Many people have taken the opportunity to question the literary value of the poetry made by Qianlong, who was a politician, not a literary scholar, so qianlong's poetry should not be measured by the standards of famous poets. But it is recognized that the historical value of Qianlong's poetry is greater than the literary value.
Just to say that the poems written by Grandpa Qianlong on new Year's Day of the calendar year have a total of one hundred and forty-seven seven-word poems.
Our long-term collaborator, Qing history expert, Bai scholar Yin Lun read the Qianlong Gaozong Chun Emperor's imperial poems and made two New Year's Day poems, dedicated to you:
Emperor Gaozong of the Qianlong Dynasty of the Great Qing Dynasty made imperial poems with a sense of reading and made a good new year's day
--Yin Lun
Dragon scales and claws soar,
Emperor Yubin serves a wide range of parties;
New Year's Day auspicious day with a royal pen,
Jiahe prosperous auspicious.
Emperor Gaozong of the Qianlong Dynasty of the Great Qing Dynasty made imperial poems with a sense of reading and made Yuan Hitachi Chun
I wish you a very happy new year 2018!
When the Golden Rooster was born, the door was passed down from generation to generation.
Hongyan Ling flew in the snow of the northern country, and the roses bloomed in the south toward spring.
Respecting the heavens and the ancestors has yin virtue, and does not slack off in a hundred battles to create benevolence.
Ji Zhao Gao Tang Double Blessing Shou, than wings and hooves two blind dates.
Author Fucha Chunbing
Produced by the original article of manchu culture network.