In the second half of 1933, the sensational Chahar Anti-Japanese Allied Army was dissolved under the attack of The Japanese, puppets, and Chiang Kai-shek. Feng Yuxiang's subordinates defected one after another, or disbanded, or became self-reliant, or surrendered to Chiang Kai-shek. Only the remnants of the Anti-Japanese Allied Forces, under the command of the patriotic generals Ji Hongchang and Fang Zhenwu, planned to seize Peiping and establish an anti-Japanese base area, but of course, the military adventure plan under this left-leaning line ultimately failed. Since then, Feng Yuxiang, who had been in full swing for a while, has completely failed and has never held military power again.
I. The collapse of the Anti-Japanese Allied Forces
In July 1933, the chahar anti-Japanese allied forces lianke Baochang, Guyuan, Duolun and other towns, the sound of the great tremor, the domestic anti-Japanese support groups sent a telegram of condolences like snowflakes, the commander-in-chief Feng Yuxiang took advantage of the situation to draw up a plan to attack Rehe Province, decided to attack Rehe first, and then map the three eastern provinces.
At the same time, Chiang Kai-shek wantonly attacked Feng Yuxiang on the charge of "redness" and sent 16 divisions of Pang Bingxun, Guan Linzheng, and Feng Qinzha to garrison the front line of Cha'nan, Huailai, and Yanqing, threatening Zhangjiakou City, where the rear of the anti-Japanese allied army was located, and openly claiming that if Feng Yuxiang did not go to the field, he would solve the allied forces by force. At the same time, the two infantry brigades of the Japanese army invading China and the puppet army Zhang Haipeng's troops totaled more than 20,000 people also gathered in the Chadong area to prepare to block the allied forces, which was tantamount to falling into the encirclement of the Japanese puppet Chiang Kai-shek's regiment.
In the face of such a dangerous situation, there were also differences of opinion within the allied forces, with Ji Hongchang, Fang Zhenwu, and others advocating continuing to play the banner of resistance against Japan and advancing the whole army into the Pingjin area; Zhang Yunrong and Zhang Lisheng advocated breaking west to Gansu and Ningxia to join the Red Army in Shaanxi and Gansu; Deng Zhexi and Xu Weilie advised Feng Yuxiang to temporarily go into the field and hand over the troops to his old subordinate Song Zheyuan, commander of the 29th Army, which was a way to preserve strength. After thinking about it again and again, Feng Yuxiang agreed to the third plan, and then took a few guards to Taishan to live in seclusion.
The Allies retake Doron
As soon as Feng Yuxiang left, the anti-Japanese allied army with 80,000 people immediately fell apart, of which more than 40,000 people from Sun Dianying's army, after taking a sum of money from Chiang Kai-shek, marched west into Shaanxi and Gansu, where they were blocked by four local Ma-surnamed Hui warlords and finally disintegrated. Zhang Lisheng's Chahar Self-Defense Army disbanded on its own; Feng Zhanhai's Northeast Volunteer Army was incorporated into the 63rd Army by He Yingqin; Tong Linge's remaining troops were absorbed by the 29th Army, and Song Zheyuan actually broke away from Feng and stood on his own; only the 2nd, 5th, and 18th Divisions, commanded by Fang Zhenwu and Ji Hongchang, refused to be reorganized and prepared to continue the anti-Japanese resistance.
The 2nd Division was incorporated by Song Zheyuan
After Feng Yuxiang was forced to leave the field, Song Zheyuan immediately entered Zhangjiakou City with the headquarters of the 29th Army, while Fang Zhenwu and Ji Hongchang moved to the Zhangbei area with the 2nd, 5th, and 18th Divisions. Among them, the 2nd Division was formed on the basis of Feng Yuxiang's military cadets in Fenyang, Shanxi, and its commander, Zhi Yingyi (who served as the president of the Shanxi Provincial Court after liberation), had three regiments under its jurisdiction. The commander of the 5th Division, Xuan Xiafu (killed in 1938), and the commander of the 18th Division, Xu Quanzhong (killed in 1943), were both newly formed civilian troops, each with the size of only one regiment.
The 5th Division Commander Xuanxia Father, the 18th Division Commander Xu Quanzhong
On August 24, the former committee headed by Ke Qingshi summoned the cadres of various divisions and regiments to a meeting at Erquan Jingzi to discuss the future direction of the troops, at which everyone was also quite divided, and finally decided to move west to Shangdu County, Hebei (which was assigned to the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region in 1962), and to meet the cavalry division commanded by Gao Shuxun, and if it was untenable in Shangdu, it could be transferred to northern Shaanxi. But halfway through, there was news that Gao Shuxun had decided to accept Song Zheyuan's reorganization and rejected the passage of the allies.
The Former Committee held a meeting again and decided to turn the direction of the troops to the east to assemble in the Area of Dushikou, and then attack Beiping from the south, preparing to establish a base area in Beiping. At that time, the 2nd Division was at the end of the whole army, and the division commander Zhi Yingxuan was once shaken and wanted to accept Song Zheyuan's reorganization, but only reluctantly followed at the urging of the three regimental commanders Yin Xintian (who taught at the Southern Normal University after liberation), Zhou Maolan (deputy director of the Taiyuan Municipal Garden Bureau after liberation), and Jia Zhenzhong (who served as the director of the Organization Department of the Henan Provincial Party Committee after liberation). Halfway to the road, Zhang Mutao and Wang Peinan rushed to the 2nd Division and conveyed the order of the former committee to go south to Beiping.
After hearing this, Jia Zhenzhong and others expressed their opposition on the spot, believing that there were 100,000 Kuomintang troops stationed in Beiping, and going to attack was tantamount to hitting a stone with an egg. Just when the two sides were arguing, Song Zheyuan had sent four regiments of troops to come, surrounded the 2nd Division and cut off the road to Dushikou, and under the persuasion of Zhi Yingxuan, everyone had to agree to accept Song Zheyuan's reorganization. The 2nd Division was then reduced to a regiment of the 29th Army, and Wang Peinan and Jia Zhenzhong, who had already revealed their party membership, were forced to leave the unit.
3. The Allied forces moved into Pingjin
After the 5th and 18th Divisions met at Dushikou, Ke Qingshi again convened a meeting of the front committee and announced the expulsion of Zhang Mutao, on the grounds that he had carried out the order to the 2nd Division to advance eastward, so that the most effective unit was lost. Zhang Mutao, whose original name was Zhang Jinjian, had been expelled once before for participating in Luo Zhanglong's splitting activities, but Ke Qingshi probably did not know about it. Although some people objected, believing that if there was a mistake, it was good to correct it, and there was no need to be expelled, but because of the urgency of the situation, Ke Qingshi did not adopt it.
Zhang Mutao and Ke Qingshi
At the Dushikou Conference, Ke Qingshi also decided to change the name of the allied army to the Thief Army, and maintain the original plan to go south to Beiping, and the slogan issued to the troops was "Fight to Beiping for the Mid-Autumn Festival." This plan has a strong left-leaning adventurism at first glance, why does Ke Qingshi dare to attack the 100,000 garrison in Beiping with only 10,000 allied troops? Because the Northeast Army stationed in Beiping and the Tang Yulin Department of the Rehe Army had secretly sent people to contact each other, it was agreed that once the allied army reached the vicinity of Beiping, they would immediately revolt and cooperate with the capture of He Yingqin alive.
Dushikou is the border area of the three provinces of Re, Cha and Hebei, according to the Tanggu Agreement is considered a demilitarized zone, when the Allied forces march here, Japanese aircraft from time to time fly over and lay leaflets, asking the Allied forces to withdraw as soon as possible. Ke Qingshi, Ji Hongchang, and Fang Zhenwu led the 5th and 18th Divisions over the mountains and south along the Great Wall, and a few days later they arrived in the Huairou area of Beiping. Due to the scarcity of villages along the way, it was difficult to raise food, and sometimes they had to dig up some sweet potatoes and potatoes in the field to fill their hunger, and even had to kill the army and horses to fill the hunger in the back.
Major General Gu Jingsheng (right), who served as political commissar of the 1st Regiment of the 5th Division of the Allied Army in 1954
In early September, while the 5th Division was resting in a village somewhere in Huairou, the cavalry unit of Feng Zhanhaibu of the Newly Reorganized Northeast Volunteer Army was followed, and the commander of the 5th Division, Zhang Tao (formerly known as Zhang Qidong), led a battalion to counterattack and was unfortunately killed, and the regimental political commissar Gu Jingsheng (Major General kaiguo) was seriously wounded. After a night of confrontation between the two sides, the 5th Division quietly withdrew at night, hiding Zhang Tao's body in a cave somewhere before leaving, and afterwards sending people to retrieve the body and bury it in Beiping Nanyuan, and after liberation, it was moved to BabaoShan.
Fourth, the Allied forces moved to the north of Peiping
The allied forces then advanced to the area of Pingyan Mountain in North Pyeongchang, which is the famous Ming Tombs Scenic Area, where the Wan Fulin Department of the 53rd Army of the Northeast Army was stationed. Since they were not prepared for an uprising and did not give way, the Allies had to attack them. The defenders of the Thirteen Tombs were completely defenseless, and retreated in panic under the sudden attack of the allies, and even the big fish and meat that had just been prepared did not have time to take away. When a brigade of the Guan Lin Zheng Department of the 25th Division of the Central Army followed, the main force of the Allied forces, except for a small number of troops, broke away from contact with the enemy overnight.
Flags used by the Anti-Japanese Allied Forces
Since the Northeast Army and the Rehe Army failed to cooperate with the uprising, the plan to capture Peiping had obviously failed, and Ke Qingshi's backup plan was that if he could not capture Peiping, he should try to move to southern Hebei and cooperate with the local peasant movement to establish a base area. However, since the Kuomintang Central Army was already deployed south of Beiping, the Allied forces could only cross the Pingsui Railway to the west. When the Allied forces passed through the area of Xiaotangshan in Changping, North Pyeong, they were again blocked by the Wan Fu lin troops of the 53rd Army of the Northeast Army, and fierce fighting broke out between the two sides again.
When the 5th Division of the Allied Army was attacked by the Northeast Army, zhan Tao, the former general of the Northeast Volunteer Army, rode a high-headed horse and wore a black cloak, led his troops to support, and shouted all the way: "We have come to support you!" Although the other commanders and fighters shouted that ZhanTao should quickly hide, he continued to advance on horseback, and finally unfortunately was killed by enemy machine guns. Zhan Tao, zi Tianbin, graduated from the seventh term of the Northeast Lecture Hall, participated in the Middle East Road Battle and the Northeast Anti-Japanese Guerrilla War, and he was also the highest-ranking general sacrificed by the Allied Army.
Japanese forces invading rehe
During the Battle of Xiaotangshan, the Japanese sent a staff officer to the Headquarters of the Allied Forces, first praising Ji Hongchang and Fang Zhenwu, and then proposing that the Japanese army could provide shells and bullets to help the Allies fight against Chiang Kai-shek. Ji Hongchang immediately replied, "We are the anti-Japanese army, how can we accept your assistance?" The Japanese staff officer suddenly had nothing to say and could only quietly leave, after which the nearby Japanese garrison began shelling the Allied garrison at the request of He Yingqin, and the shell money was paid to the Japanese army by He Yingqin in the form of daily settlement.
Fifth, the Allied forces defeated Xiaotangshan
After several counterattacks, the Allies occupied a village in Xiaotangshan. At this time, it was about three o'clock in the afternoon, and taking advantage of the meal, Ji Hongchang asked the company commander Zhang Gonggan (who was the commander of the Neixiang Military Subdistrict after liberation): "Do you think we can take Xiaotangshan in the end?" Zhang Gonggan honestly replied: "We have few troops, not much ammunition, and it is an open field. Ji Hongchang thought for a moment and said, "You should hurry up and eat, and after eating, you will attack Xiaotangshan, and then I will come to support you." ”
After eating, Ji Hongchang and Fang Zhenwu both revealed their right arms and drew large knives, seemingly to personally lead the charge. Ji Hongchang said fiercely to the soldiers: "We poor people are not afraid of death, we don't use guns now, just take a knife and fight with them!" Say "Kill!" With a sound, Ji Hongchang took the lead in raising his sword and rushed towards the enemy position, and the other commanders and fighters also rushed to the crown in anger, and they all raised their swords to follow the charge. The enemy was frightened by the momentum of the Allied forces, and quickly collapsed from Xiaotangshan and dropped four artillery pieces.
Although Xiaotangshan was occupied, the allied forces were still in a rather unfavorable position, not only had they run out of ammunition, but the 25th Division of the Central Army and the 32nd Army of the Jin Army had also been surrounded from all sides. In the end, after mediation by the eight groups in Beijing, Ji Hongchang and Fang Zhenwu agreed to leave the unit, and Shang Zhen, commander of the 32nd Army, sent out ten trucks to safely transport all the senior cadres of the 5th and 18th Divisions (including Ke Qingshi, who assumed the pseudonym "Zhang Da nose"). Although an agreement was reached, Guan Linzheng, commander of the 25th Division, did not want to spare Ji Hongchang and Fang Zhenwu. Guan Zhenglin sent people to stop the truck and wanted to kill Ji Hongchang and Fang Zhenwu, but Shang Zhen had already secretly released them on the road. Also a famous anti-Japanese general, why is Guan Zhenglin so fierce? After all, each of them was their master, and Guan Zhenglin at that time was loyal to Chiang Kai-shek, and guan Zhenglin fainted on the spot when he heard that Chiang Kai-shek had been arrested during the Xi'an Incident. Chiang Kai-shek had such an instruction, and Guan Zhenglin naturally obeyed his words.
Commander of the 25th Division, Guan Linzheng
The remaining Allied forces were reorganized by He Yingqin and downsized into an independent brigade, with Ji Hongchang's chief of staff, Cui Gongshen, as the brigade commander. Later, He Yingqin wanted Cui Gongshen to be replaced by a senior senator, in fact, to empty his meaning, Cui Gongshen did not take this position, and directly ran to Taishan to follow Feng Yuxiang. Not long after, He Yingqin disarmed the Independent Brigade, and at this point, the vigorous Chahar Anti-Japanese Allied Army finally came to an end.
The defeat of Ji Hongchang and Fang Zhenwu marked the complete loss of military power by Feng Yuxiang, although Feng Yuxiang appeared many times in the subsequent historical process, but there was no longer the previous vigor and influence, and a generation of Haojie has since become a spectator of history.
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