The author | laughed at our special invited author
"Asahisha" (formerly "We Love History") is the headline number signed group media
Word count: 4109, Reading time: 11 minutes
Among the three kingdoms of Wei, Shu and Wu, the Shu state was the first to perish in 263 AD, only the second emperor, and the guozuo was only 43 years, which was undoubtedly a super short-lived dynasty. Why did the Shu Han regime die first? There are many reasons, such as the small country and the widow, the lack of strength, Liu Chan's fainting, Huang Hao's power, the opponent is too strong, and so on. Among these many reasons, Jiang Wei's improper handling at the critical juncture of the survival of the Shu Han regime is undoubtedly an important reason that cannot be ignored. The question is, how big a pot should Jiang Wei carry?
We might as well turn the finger of history back to the autumn of 234 AD. In the autumn of that year, Zhuge Liang, the chancellor of the Shu Han Dynasty, died of illness in Jiuzhangyuan during the last Northern Expedition. Before his death, Zhuge Liang still dutifully stood on the last shift of posts - one by one to explain the aftermath: Yang Yi and Fei Yi led the army to retreat in turn, and Wei Yan and Jiang Wei were responsible for breaking the queen. On October 8, Zhuge Liang, a generation of famous people, regretted his return to the west. Yang Yi and Jiang Wei followed Zhuge Liang's dying deployment, secretly did not send mourning, and turned grief into strength, reorganizing the army and horses and retreating calmly.
The old fox Sima Yi calculated that Zhuge Liang was dead, took the opportunity to lead the army in pursuit, Jiang Wei suddenly launched a carved version of Zhuge Liang prepared in advance to fight back, Sima Yi saw Zhuge Liang personally sitting in the battle, the style is still the same, mistakenly thought that it was Zhuge Liang's design -- to pretend to die to lure the Wei army to attack, immediately frightened a Buddha ascended to heaven, the second Buddha entered the world, Pegasus retreated, spread out the yazi to run for miles in one breath, saw no one chasing, this stopped his steps, his face was sallow and breathless, touching his head and asking the left and right generals repeatedly: "Is my head still there?" Is my head still there? ”
The generals were also sweating, and the seven long and eight short voices replied, "Still here!" Still here! This section of the bridge was interpreted by Teacher Luo Guanzhong as "Dead Zhuge scared off the living Sima ". Seeing that the Wei army was retreating, Jiang Wei turned the horse's head and led his men to retreat calmly and slowly. After returning to Chengdu, Jiang Wei stepped into the ranks of Shu Han generals in one fell swoop - he was appointed by Liu Chan as an auxiliary Han general and was given the title of Marquis of Pingxiang.
After that, Jiang Wei fought against the local armed forces of ethnic minorities and the Wei army many times under the hands of Jiang Huan and Fei Yi. In the battle against the Wei army, Jiang Wei repeatedly wanted to lead the troops to single-handedly inherit Zhuge Liang's unfinished "revolutionary" cause. Unfortunately, they were all blocked by Fei Yi, and each time they were given no more than 10,000 troops.
When the opportunity came, in the spring of 253 AD, Fei Yi was assassinated by the Wei general Guo Yi and martyred. The following year, as the only tall grass in the military circles of the Shu Han Dynasty, Jiang Wei was appointed by Liu Chan as the acting commander-in-chief of the internal and external military forces, and from then on, Jiang Wei finally ushered in his own era of not being brilliant.
Jiang Wei, who had been beaten with chicken blood, took up the year of taking office, that is, he could not wait to lead the army to march to Longxi, and sure enough, the horse succeeded. Li Jian, the governor of Di Dao county of wei, surrendered. Jiang Wei took advantage of the heat to attack Xiangwu, and Wei Shou defeated Xu Qianbing and was beheaded. Jiang Wei took advantage of the victory to pursue, and the sharp was unstoppable, and he successively attacked Hejian, Heguan, Lintao and other places, and forcibly moved the people of the counties to fight back to Shu very windily. This is Jiang Wei's debut, and his first appearance is eye-catching.
Jiang Wei, who had tasted the victory for the first time, did not lose momentum and continued to work hard. In the summer of 255 AD, Jiang Wei led a large army to repeat the old trick, and then went out of Di Dao, defeated the Wei state of Yongzhou to assassinate Wang Jing, and besieged The City of Di Dao. The State of Wei sent a large army to rush to the aid, and Jiang Wei withdrew.
Two tests, two amazing. In the spring of 256, Jiang Wei was promoted to commander-in-chief, the Great General. Soon after taking office, Jiang Wei reorganized the soldiers and horses, and with another general, Hu Jibing, he divided into two northern expeditions, hoping to meet Shangyi, but unfortunately, Hu Ji missed the agreement for some reason, causing Jiang Wei to be lonely, and was defeated by the Wei general who was also Jiang Wei's nemesis, Deng Ai, in one fell swoop, and Jiang Weijun was killed and wounded. After returning to the army, Jiang Wei also followed his mentor Zhuge Liang's request to demote himself to the rank of rear general and act as a general. That is, from this time on, Jiang Wei lost more than he won, and entered an irreversible downward channel with the Shu Han regime.
The following year (257 AD), Zhuge Shi, the cousin of the Wei Zhengdong general Zhuge Liang, inadvertently came to a divine help - in Huainan to raise an army against Sima Shi, the Wei army divided the Guanzhong troops to the east, Jiang Wei felt that the opportunity was rare, and shook his spirit, leading tens of thousands of troops to Luogu. At that time, there were few people in the Wei army's city, and the Wei generals Sima Wang and Deng Ai defended the city, and Jiang Wei challenged them several times, but Sima Wang and Deng Ai ignored it and insisted. The following year (258), Zhuge Zhi's soldiers were defeated and killed, and the Wei army freed his hands to rush to Guanzhong's aid, and Jiang Wei saw that there was no hope of victory and returned with sorrow. The only gain of Jiang Wei during this trip was Liu Chan's restoration of Jiang Wei's position as a general.
In 262 AD, Jiang Wei once again led the Northern Expedition, and just fought, that he was defeated by the Wei army commander Deng Ai, and in desperation, Jiang Wei had to retreat. See Jiang Wei's continuous conquests, labor and wealth, and meritorious achievements. Yan Yu, who was a right-hand general at the time and had long coveted the position of great general, felt that there was an opportunity to take advantage of it, so he pretended to be the eunuch Huang Hao, who was beside Liu Chan, and framed Jiang Wei in front of Liu Chan, and strongly recommended that Jiang Wei be removed from his post and replaced by Yan Yu. After learning the news, Jiang Wei exploded and immediately counterattacked, requesting that Huang Hao be beheaded in the above table. But Liu Chan still refused. Since then, "there is no doubt about the dimension, so it is afraid of oneself and will not return to Chengdu." "And lie flat in the middle of the wilderness on the pretext of cultivating wheat."
At the time when the Shu Han emperors were fighting and the civil strife was endless, Sima Zhao, the ruler of the Wei state, judged the situation, weighed it repeatedly, and hit Shu Han, a soft persimmon that was ripe, and in 263, the army divided into three roads and killed Shu Han with great momentum.
Jiang Wei, who was cultivating himself in The Middle School, heard that The State of Wei was attacking, and at the first time, he went to Liu Chan and suggested that Zhang Yi and Liao Hua be sent to garrison the Yang'an Pass and the Yinping Bridge in Hanzhong respectively to prevent trouble. However, Liu Chan did not heed Jiang Wei's rationalization suggestions, but instead listened to Huang Hao's nonsense that the Wei army would not march on Shu Han at all. It was not until Zhong Hui led an army of 100,000 to kill Luo Gu and Deng Ai led an army of 30,000 to enter Puzhong that Liu Chan panicked and hurriedly sent Liao Hua to lead an army to support Puzhong and orderEd Zhang Yi and others to support Yang'an Pass. As a result, Liao Hua's army was still on the way, Jiang Weijun had been forced to retreat to Yinping by Deng Aijun, while Zhong Hui's army took advantage of the situation and directly killed Seoul and Lecheng, and surrounded the two cities. While the Wei army was besieging the city, it also sent other troops to attack the throat of Hanzhong, Yang'an Pass.
Although the Shu generals fought hard, they were eventually outnumbered and the pass was lost, and Chairman Zhong drove straight in, directly approaching the Yizhou Portal Sword Pavilion. Jiang Wei saw that the situation was not good, and immediately gave up Yin Ping, swung his division to the east, and returned to the Sword Pavilion. Zhong Hui repeatedly wrote letters to lure him, and Jiang Wei was awe-struck and ignored them. Annoyed and angry, Zhong Hui led his army to attack, but was repeatedly repelled by Jiang Wei. In desperation, Zhong hui consulted with the generals and wanted to lead the army to withdraw.
Just when the Eastern Sword Pavilion was about to usher in the dawn of dawn, Deng Ai took advantage of the void to cross Yinping City and marched along the Jinggu Road, reaching Mianzhu without bloodshed. In the panic, Liu Chan, who had no generals to use, had to ask Zhuge Liang's son Zhuge Zhan to lead an army to meet the battle. Zhuge Zhan, who had no hair on his face and no leadership experience, was the opponent of the heavyweight professional thug Deng Ai, and after a fat beating, Zhuge Zhan returned to the west with his life. In desperation, Liu Chan had no choice but to surrender Kaesong and ordered Jiang Wei to abandon resistance. After Jiang Weijun received the surrender order, the soldiers drew their swords and cut stones one after another to vent their anger, and Jiang Wei saw that the general trend had gone, and he had no choice but to surrender his guns.
Zhong Hui had long heard of Jiang Wei's name, and in the course of the battle, he had directly seen and appreciated Jiang Wei's extraordinary skills and means, so he took a look at Jiang Weigao. After Jiang Wei surrendered, Zhong Hui did not treat him as a prisoner, but instead treated him as a guest, not only "returning his seal knot cover", but also "going out is the same as the public opinion, and sitting is the same seat".
I have to say that the Three Kingdoms is an era of heroes, but also a chaotic world of ambitious people. This Zhong Hui is also a small ambitionist, who has long harbored different ambitions and harbored evil intentions, and now that the soldiers are in the hands of the army and Yizhou is under the command, he also wants to emulate Liu Bei's addiction to the emperor. After spying on Zhong Hui's ambitions, Jiang Wei was overjoyed in his heart, and while taking the opportunity to persuade Zhong to get rid of all the dissidents in Wei's generals, and replace them with his confidants to achieve great things, he secretly wrote a letter to Liu Chan to let him endure for a few more days and wait for the good news.
Li Lingzhi's dim Zhong Hui, seeing that Jiang Wei and his "hero saw slightly the same", increased his confidence, and while framing Deng Ai, he extended the butcher's knife to his comrades-in-arms, the generals under him. Unexpectedly, due to poor planning, the Wei generals preemptively moved their swords, and as a result, Jiang Wei, Zhong Hui, and the Shu general Zhang Yi and others fell to the ground overnight. At this point, the hope of the revival of the Shu Han Dynasty was completely buried.
From Jiang Wei taking over as the commander-in-chief of the Shu army to the defeat of Shu, Jiang Wei has raised troops in the Northern Expedition nine times, and in the previous Northern Expeditions, Jiang Wei was also full of ambition and repeatedly defeated the Wei army, but when Deng Ai was born, Jiang Wei lost more than one victory, and even found it difficult to seek a victory, and was defeated in the last blow of the Wei army. The Shu Han regime died first, how big a cauldron should Jiang Wei carry? In order to understand this problem, we should first clarify how big Jiang Wei's mistakes really are. In general, there are the following points:
One, the poor soldiers. Zhuge Liang went north six times before and after, and Jiang Wei was worthy of Zhuge Liang's loyal successor, with a record nine northern expeditions. In fact, during Zhuge Liang's Northern Expedition, both the shi and later generations were quite critical of this, that is, with the national strength and strength of the Shu Han, it was difficult to compete with the stronger Wei state. The right approach should be to recuperate, strengthen the body, and wait for the opportunity, rather than taking the initiative to challenge. However, Zhuge Liang and Jiang Wei did not care about national strength, especially after Zhuge Liang's six Northern Expeditions, the national strength of the Shu State was not as great as before, and the manpower and material strength showed a cliff-like downward trend; under these circumstances, Jiang Wei was still as always, beating the spirit of hard, hitting stones with pebbles, fighting with small fights, bullying the strong with the weak, going all the way to the end, consuming national strength in vain, and overdrawing limited resources, which undoubtedly greatly accelerated the pace of the demise of the Shu Han regime. This kind of desperate moth to the fire is actually of no use except for the commendable spirit.
Second, self-destruct the Great Wall. The Hanzhong Basin is surrounded by mountains, and the Han River flows through it, and the terrain is dangerous, which is the throat of Bashu. When the Wei army attacked Hanzhong from Chang'an, it had to cross hundreds of miles of sheep gut trails such as the Meridian Valley, the Luo Luo Road, and the Chu Chu Road. If the Shu army defended with heavy troops, the Wei army was sad to insert its wings. It is precisely on this basis that from Zhuge Liang to Jiang Huan and Fei Yi, they all set up heavy troops at the above three major passes to keep the enemy out of the country. When Zhuge Liang was alive, he also specially built the cities of Han and Le, and stationed heavy troops as a backup.
After Jiang Wei came to power, he changed the strategic policy that had been effective in the past, gathered troops, and firmly defended the cities of Han and Le. Jiang Wei's wishful thinking is to gather his fingers into a fist, let the enemy enter the door, and close the door to beat the dog. But the ideal is very full, and the reality is very bone. Practice has proved that this is obviously a faint trick, because it is not a dog that is put in, but a tiger with green faces and fangs. It was precisely because of Jiang Wei's initiative to withdraw that the national gate was opened and the depth of the defense was greatly reduced, which enabled the Zhong Hui army to drive straight in and directly buckle the national gate, and in fact caused a passive situation of defensive warfare.
Three, take care of one and the other. When Jiang Wei learned that Zhong Hui would lead an army of 100,000 people to hanzhong in three ways, Jiang Wei, who was in Hanzhong at this time, first fought with Deng Ai, failed to win, and then withdrew to Yinping. After retreating to Yinping, he heard that Zhong Hui had led a large army to attack the Sword Pavilion, so he left Yin Ping and led his army to move to the city of Sword Pavilion to fight against Zhong Hui's army. There was nothing wrong with this move, but the mistake was that when Jiang Wei entered the Sword Pavilion, he did not arrange enough soldiers to guard Yinping, which was of vital strategic position at this time, which resulted in Deng Ai being able to successfully take Yinping City, and using this to drive straight in, more than 10,000 people like heavenly soldiers would go straight to Mianzhu and eventually approach Chengdu City. Just imagine, if Jiang Wei could allocate enough troops to guard Yinping when he moved to the Sword Pavilion, then Deng Ai would not be able to easily cross the Yinping Pass even if he had three heads and six arms. In this way, even if Zhong Hui besieged the Sword Pavilion, he would not finally succeed. In fact, at this time, Zhong Hui was already exhausted and ready to withdraw his troops, and at this moment, the news of Deng Ai's siege of the city and Liu Chan's surrender suddenly came, and Jiang Wei had to sigh in the sky and surrender his weapons. In other words, if Yin Ping is not lost, the Wei army will return to Shu in vain, and the Shu Han regime can still survive for a few years or more than a decade. Whether it can die first is also a big question mark.
Four, act rashly. That is, when Zhong Hui rebelled, he did not seize the opportunity to waste the last chance of the revival of the Shu Han regime. At this time, Jiang Wei was deeply trusted by Zhong Hui, "out of the same public opinion, sitting at the same table", and obedient to his words, still holding military power. If Jiang Wei could seize the opportunity, accumulate strength, and then lead the old troops to rise up when the time was ripe, take advantage of the contradictions within the Wei army, and use their strength to fight, instead of proposing to Zhong Hui such a bad idea as killing all the Wei generals--exposing his intentions prematurely, then Jiang Wei would successfully overturn the situation. If this is the case, shu han may not die early or die first.
From this point of view, although the Shu Han regime died first, although jiang Wei could not be blamed for the first or all of the reasons, Jiang Wei should at least bear direct responsibility, or that Jiang Wei's final mistake was the last straw that overwhelmed the thin camel of the Shu Han regime.
Good book recommendation