[News-Oxcart Network]
Historically, the experience and practical actions of key countries in implementing "double carbon".
Automobiles are a product with strong consistency requirements in the world, and it is generally necessary to formulate and implement standards that are close to uniformity. For example, mobile phones, do you still buy 2G and 3G? In the international implementation of the Euro VI standard in terms of vehicle emissions, and is moving towards the Euro VII standard, do you still want to buy cheaper National III or Euro III standard cars?
Internal combustion engine vehicle pollution control, mainly from the exhaust emissions to control. There are two types of exhaust emissions, one is the emission of carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOX), hydrocarbons (CH), sulfur dioxide (SO2), microparticles (PM), and its derived photochemical smog, which constitutes direct pollution to society, especially on people's respiratory system hazards, which is called "social pollution", internationally modeled on the EU vehicle emission standards to manage. The first is to emit carbon dioxide (CO2), as well as methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N20), carbon fluoride (CFC) and other trace gases, which constitute global pollution, produce a greenhouse effect, and in turn cause great harm to society. In order to reduce the harm of automobiles to society and the earth, we mainly take "energy-saving and low-carbon" initiatives, and over the years, we have continuously innovated scientific and technological and management mechanisms to enhance the effect.
Let's talk about decarbonization measures to reduce CO2 emissions from vehicles. After the Kyoto Climate Conference in 1997, major countries around the world set limits for co2 emission control, which is the IPCC's analysis of the level of CO2 emissions from vehicles in major countries at the beginning of this century.
Compare the levels of CO2 emissions measured by vehicles in all countries
At that time, the highest CO2 emissions of bicycles in the United States, especially in California, were the most serious, but after taking measures, California's car CO2 emission reduction had obvious effects, that is, in 2010, the average CO2 emissions of bicycles were 285g/km, which dropped to 193 g/km in 2016, and then California vigorously carried out automobile pollution control, and the current California weather cleanliness has become a model for the world.
By 2019, according to the International Energy Agency(IEA) global vehicle fuel economy test, the status of single-vehicle g/km CO2 emissions: the United States 198, Canada 206, the Philippines 196, Russia 192, Chile 189, Australia 188, Peru 187, Egypt 187, Argentina 187, Indonesia 184, Thailand 180, Brazil 179, South Africa 176, Mexico 175, China 175. China is still at the level of moderate emissions, while the United States is a large displacement of cars, especially pickup trucks, more to the mountains, seaside informal road running and playing more, while the Philippines and other developing countries use old models, low technical level, fuel consumption, pollution.
At the beginning of this century, the European Association of Automobile Manufacturers reported that the test level of the main models of vehicles in France is very distinctive, and the CO2 emission level of vehicles in various countries is very distinctive, with Renault's lowest in 2004 being 148g/km, while Porsche reaching a maximum of 321g/km.
The average CO2 emissions of different manufacturers in France
According to EU standards, the average CO2 emissions of new cars should reach 140 g/km in 2008, 120 g/km in 2012, and 95 g/km in 2020, and stipulate that new cars that do not meet the standards in 2021 will be heavily fined, and stipulate that they will reach 80.75 g/km in 2025 and 61.75 g/km in 2030.
In this way, according to the requirements of the EU standard, the French government implemented the bonus-malus plan in 2012, stipulating that CO2 emissions of less than 60 g/km will be rewarded with 5,000 euros, 101 to 120 g/km will be rewarded with 700 euros, if exceeded, 166 to 200 g/km will be fined 750 euros, and more than 200 g/km will be fined 2600 euros.
The UK SMNT announced that the average CO2 emissions of new cars in 2008 were 158g/km, a 4.2% reduction from 2007 and 6.8% less than in 2006, and the average of BRITISH models before 2010 was at the 130g/km level.
CO2 emissions were determined at the 2006 Docklanks Greens Competition in the UK. Toyota Priust Hybrid is 104g/km, Honda Civic Hybrid is 109g/km, Lexus SUV is 192.8g/km, Toyota Aygol 1.4 diesel is 113g/km, German Smart mini sedan is 113g/km, Saab Ethanol 2-liter diesel is 64g/km, FordFocus bioethanol is 54.7g/km, Citroen (with automatic parking) 4-cylinder engine is 133 g/km, In short, everyone has made progress in attaching great importance to the CO2 emissions of automobiles, but they are still on the difficult road to reducing emissions.
Automakers are working to achieve the co2 emission target of 140 g/km
It is precisely because of the continuous innovation of science and technology and the continuous change of the environment that major countries have put forward various new green and low-carbon ideas and actions for vehicle CO2 emissions according to national conditions.
Starting from the national conditions, china's passenger CO2 emission level in 2020 is at the international middle and upper level, and the average CO2 emission value of B-class passenger cars is at the level of 258.8g/km, and the task of carbon reduction is still arduous.
According to the China Automobile Research and Development Center, automobile carbon emissions account for more than 80% of China's transportation emissions, accounting for about 7.5% of the total social carbon emissions, and the carbon emissions in the car use stage in 2020 will be 720 million tons, accounting for 90% of the total carbon emission cycle of automobiles. The traditional internal combustion engine car ownership ratio is very large, and a lot of fossil fuels are used, which is the main factor causing high carbon emissions in the car use stage.
The EPA said on December 20, 2021, "We are developing strong, rigorous standards that will actively reduce the pollution and harm that car emissions cause to people and the planet...". The 2026 CO2 emissions set to a limit of 171 g/mph is a progressive revision that replaces the 208 g/mph set online by the Trump administration. Secretary of State Anthony Blinken said: "The Biden Harris administration will work harder than any administration in history to address the crisis of climate change, and our future depends on the choices we make today."
In the new century, under the guidance of the "Environmental Nation" strategy and the "Low-carbon Social Action", Japan attaches more importance to the response to climate change, takes corresponding countermeasures and actions, appears to be more active and proactive, and plans to reduce net greenhouse gas emissions to zero by 2050.
The automotive industry is an important support point for the Japanese economy and will achieve strong changes in carbon emission constraints. The first to implement hybrid vehicles in internal combustion engine vehicles, the hybrid vehicles to a large number of, industrialized, global market applications, and continuous innovation and improvement, is the world's production and sales, export of hybrid vehicles the largest number of countries. At the beginning of the 21st century, Honda Motor Company Fukui Said: Japanese automobile essentials are in the forefront of the world, it is based on "mixing", which is called "mixing" first and then "electricity", that is, fuel cell vehicles.
Contemporary China is also very realistic to become a hybrid emerging development of the car, both emission reduction and energy saving, which is a good transition method for zero-carbon vehicles.
●Now let's talk about the emission limit standards for vehicles with internal combustion engines.
According to the control status of vehicle exhaust emission pollutants formulated by the European Union, the Euro 1 standard was implemented in 1993, the Euro 2 standard has been implemented in 2009, and now the Euro VI standard has been implemented, from the perspective of energy saving, the car uses less fuel, and the carbon emissions are naturally reduced, which is mainly achieved by using energy-saving methods, of course, this also plays a very important role in the purification of social air, because the car runs too much on the road.
According to the ICT data part of the internal combustion engine automotive energy-saving technology pairs. The CO2 emission reduction effect is: cylinder shutdown cylinder 3.5 ~ 5.8%, cylinder direct injection 1.5%, steam exhaust gas recycling 1.7 ~ 5.3%, 48V mild hybrid technology 10.5 ~ 12.9%, high compression ratio engine 10.1 ~ 14.1%, electric drive compressor 5%, Miller cycle engine is 12.4 ~ 20.3%. It can be seen that there are still many tricks for the energy-saving technology of internal combustion engine vehicles to contribute to carbon emissions.
Now the European Union is planning to implement Euro VII emission standards by 2026, including various types of vehicles, such as heavy trucks, etc., Euro 7 emissions CO2 from the current 500 ~ 1000kg / km to 100-300kg / km, nitrogen oxides to 30kg / km, etc., the proposal proposes that the system monitoring to ensure 150,000 miles (241401 kilometers), the requirements are very demanding. It is said that relevant people said that the Euro VII standard will be implemented in advance.
China's Ministry of Ecology and Environment, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the Ministry of Commerce, and the General Administration of Customs announced that they will implement the National VI A standard in July 2020 and the China VI B standard in July 2023, prohibiting the production of China V emission light vehicles, and imported cars must also meet domestic standards. Due to the difficulty of implementing the national six standard technology, the implementation time of various provinces and cities is some advance, and some are postponed. The transitional arrangements for the National VI standard are divided into China VI A, and the relevant numerical requirements are lower, and finally the National VI B, which is the real ultimate requirement. Now Beijing and Guangdong have begun to implement the National VI B standard, and recently Hainan Province announced that it has banned the sale of internal combustion engine vehicles, and the province has implemented automobile electrification. It is understood that China VI B is 30-50% stricter than China V in carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter emissions.
At the same time, the state is also actively promoting natural gas vehicles, data show that natural gas vehicles CO2 emissions, light vehicles can reduce emissions by more than 50%, heavy trucks can reduce emissions by 8%.
In addition, alcohol-fueled engines, such as methanol and ethanol, have recently been used, which can be burned in a certain proportion to gasoline and diesel, or directly as an alternative to the engine as an alcohol fuel. At present, it is still in the initial state of application, and the implementation situation remains to be seen.
●I would like to talk about some of the strange internal combustion engine cars that everyone is interested in and are also in trial operation.
HCCI refers to "homogeneous charge compression-ignition engines". It is a new combustion mode based on reciprocating gasoline engines, and diesel engines are also available. Mainly through the high compression ratio, it has now reached 17 compression strokes, homogeneous mixing to achieve spontaneous combustion characteristics. This effectively solves the operation procedures of high fuel quality and significantly increases the level of exhaust emissions, especially the reduction of NOx and PM emissions.
At present, internationally, including many of our automotive companies are developing prototypes and making good progress, which also has a good level of reduction in CO2 emissions, but because it is difficult to form a homogeneous compensation for high-temperature homogeneous mixed combustion, it is still difficult to predict the real practicality.
HCCI's cleaner and more efficient engine, the Mazda Axela sedan in May 2020, said it was the first product in the world to launch an HCCI engine.
Air car: it can be said to be an alternative car, is to take the air as a secondary energy, through the air engine through compression, inflation, work, to complete the engine function, and then by the gearbox, transmission mechanism, drive car travel, air cylinder with 300 atmospheric pressure device, its maximum speed of up to 120 km / h, acceleration capacity to 50 km for 6 seconds, driving distance of 250 km or 12 hours, now South Africa, Mexico has become a small batch of transport tools. I've seen the sample car in France.
Recently, we have also developed air buses, air small cars, and how to apply them in the future remains to be studied. International auto experts believe that this kind of fuel consumption, no power consumption, only eat air can run, regardless of its function is worse than the car, but it is still a usable power source.
Hydrogen engine car: Hydrogen energy car is a vehicle that converts hydrogen as an energy source into mechanical energy to drive. At present, hydrogen energy vapor is divided into two types, one is a hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicle (HICEV) and the other is a hydrogen fuel cell vehicle (FCEV).
Here is the hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicle (HICEV), which is based on the existing internal combustion engine slightly modified, so that the hydrogen cylinder loaded inside, and absorb the oxygen in the air, mixed into one and burned to generate power, to promote the operation of the car.
Recently, Weichai, Yuchai and Beijing Institute of Technology have cooperated to launch hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicles for commercial vehicles, marking an important achievement of certain significance in the utilization of hydrogen energy in our vehicles, and a new field for the national implementation of the "double carbon" goal.
The "Hongqi" 2.0L Hydrogen Energy Internal Combustion Engine (HICEV) vehicle developed by the R&D Institute of FAW Group was also successfully delivered for trial operation, which marks the important achievement of the "Hongqi" brand with zero pollution and zero emissions. Of course, FAW Group also has excellent hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (FCEV), which will be introduced later.
A hydrogen internal combustion engine on a FAW "Hongqi" sedan
I have made a lot of brief introductions to the new technologies of traditional internal combustion engine vehicles here, and the ultimate purpose is to better promote the growth of the production and sales of internal combustion engine vehicles in a considerable period of time, become the expansion of domestic demand and external demand, the development of "double demand", and the promotion of the "double carbon" goal.
The author recently took a photo on the Jiefang brand car display stand
(Note: Due to the many sources of co2 emission data of automobiles, it may be at different times, different types of vehicles, each with its own basis and differences, which needs to be collected and observed.) ）