The reason why a whipping law can be carried out freely is on the one hand, Zhang Juzheng and other forces, on the other hand, because of the previous successful experience, the ruling class is faced with the shrinking of fiscal revenue, and for the sake of the stability of the country, it is also deliberate to suppress land annexation.
(1) A whip method from the 10th year of Jiajing to the beginning of the Wanli Calendar has a decades of promotion process, and the credit is not Zhang Juzheng alone
The earliest implementation of a whip law can be traced back to 1531, that is, the tenth year of Jiajing, first in the southern part of Jiangxi, that is, the southern Gandu Yushi Tao Huan (successively twice), and then yushi Fu Hanchen proposed the implementation of a whip law. As a result, Jiangxi began to implement a whip law on a large scale in the south.
After 1534, the southern direct subordinate to Jingde County Zhixian Ganli was implemented in Zhejiang, Guangdong and other places. In 1541, parts of Shandong began an experiment with the whipping method, during which jiangxi came out on top and became the vanguard of reform.
In 1561, Yushi Pang Shangpeng began to be implemented in Conghua County, Guangzhou Province, and then Pang Shangpeng was transferred to the inspector of Zhejiang Yushi and implemented in Songjiang Province, Nanzhi. After 1563, Pang Shangpeng was implemented in Hangzhou Province, Huzhou Province, Jiaxing Province, Shaoxing Province, Jinhua Province, Quzhou Province, and Wenzhou Province. During this period, Zhejiang became the vanguard, and Pang Shangpeng became the leader among the heads of the prefectural government.
After 1569, yushi Hairui, the governor of the capital, implemented a whip law in The Southern Zhili (Shanghai, Jiangsu, and anhui parts) of Yingtianfu, Songjiangfu, Huizhoufu, Ningguofu, Chizhoufu, and Changzhoufu. During this period, Nanzhili became the vanguard, and Hai Rui became the leader among the local heads. After 1570, Wang Zongmu began to implement it in Places such as Yangzhou Prefecture and Fengyang Prefecture in the south.
A whip method was mainly promoted by local leaders in the Jiajing period, and mainly by high arches in the Longqing period, and without the strong support of high arches in the central government and the successful experience of Hai Rui and Pang Shangpeng in the localities, it was obviously impossible for Zhang Juzheng to gain extensive support from the southern provinces in the early years of the Wanli Calendar, and it was impossible to forget their contributions while evaluating Zhang Juzheng. Now Pang Shangpeng is almost forgotten, and Hai Rui is treated as an ignorant person, which is unfair to them.
High arch
In the course of the implementation of a whip law, Zhang Juzheng clashed with Gao Gong, Pang Shangpeng, and Hai Rui. Zhang Juzheng did not like Hai Rui, believing that his ignorance of the world would not do much for reform. Therefore, in front of the Longqing Emperor and the Wanli Emperor, Hai Rui was quite critical, which disappointed Hai Rui's hope of entering the cabinet.
(2) Zhang Juzheng is in conflict with Harrydi
The contradiction between Hai Rui and Zhang Juzheng is a dispute over political theories under the disagreement over the method and path of implementing a whip law. Hai Rui did not join the reformist group led by Zhang Juzheng, but there is no doubt that Hai Rui belongs to the reform faction, but he has serious differences with Zhang Juzheng in terms of reform path and reform methods. Zhang Juzheng knew that the problem lay in the imperial power, so he closely followed the empress dowager to the eunuch Feng Bao. Harry is fighting alone.
Because Hai Rui had been suppressed in the official field for a long time and had been on the edge of poverty for a long time in his early years, he had a deep understanding of the problem of official corruption, and he used the "ancestral system" as a weapon to ruthlessly suppress corrupt officials and gentry. In a way, Harry is an idealist in the official arena.
Zhang Juzheng was a pragmatist in the official field, who was well versed in the way of officialdom and was undoubtedly an outstanding politician in ancient feudal society. In terms of employment, he did not strictly require subordinates like Hai Rui, as long as he could do things for him, Zhang Juzheng was informal and bold, and in the later period, Zhang Juzheng also began to appoint those who were flattering and incompetent.
The above problem brought about a fierce conflict between Zhang Juzheng and the traditional honest officials represented by Hai Rui.
Most of the traditional incorruptible factions are influenced by Confucianism and the examples of previous generations of clean officials, and they themselves are honest and honest officials, and they hate corrupt officials with their teeth. For example, while Hai Rui has a clean wind in his sleeves, he also hopes to use the power of the people to eradicate corruption. He said: "To be a people, we must not be stubborn and do not listen to the law, nor should we be weak people who listen to people beating and people who listen to people kill without saying a word." Don't say it, how bitter it will end!" He called on the citizens of Nanjing to "dare to sue themselves if they are still killed", "or block the street, or call the door, can't help it." He showed no mercy to corrupt officials and corrupt officials, and even Jiajing dared to face up to him; he did not hesitate to bear moral condemnation and was selfless to his benefactor Xu Jie.
Pang Shangpeng
(3) Hai Rui's proposition is more ruthless, but the resistance is greater
Hai Rui's life can be said to be a life of anti-corruption, he believes: The bad atmosphere of the Ming Dynasty began with Zhengde and Jiajing, and the scholars and doctors competed to get rich first, and as a result, the richer the scholars, the poorer the people. To this end, we should pay attention to morality and morality. Faced with the serious situation of land annexation at that time, he advocated the restoration of the well field system and the realization of the state-controlled land for the people, and everyone outside the hundred acres of land and five acres of houses was the same, and there would be no corruption.
As for the large landlords who opposed the Ida system, Hai Rui's answer was very painful: first educate, and those who do not listen are killed. Obviously, Harry's strategy of controlling greed was not recognized by the ruling class. But he analyzed the reasons why the Ida system was difficult to restore very correctly: there were too few monarchs who really served the interests of the people, and even if there were, they were afraid that the rich people would rebel against their own interests. Some of Harry's practices caused resentment among intellectuals (including civilian officials), who decided to fight back.
In 1570, after Dai Fengxiang accepted a bribe from Xu Jie, he impeached Hai Rui for "sheltering the people, fishing and meat squires, and selling his name and chaos", and dismissed him as an official. In response to Dai Fengxiang's attack, Hai Rui refuted it. Nevertheless, as an "official outlier", he is obviously an unpopular person, for which Ha rui angrily scolds his colleagues as "women of all the people who lift the dynasty". Obviously, this is scolding the ministers for often saying bad things about him behind his back. The rule that "when the water is clear, there is no fish" prevented him from navigating the official arena.
Harry
Hai Rui did not join Zhang Juzheng's reform team, although unfortunately, but did not resist the implementation of a whip law. Because the implementation of a whip law is the common aspiration of all reformers, it is normal for factions within the reformers to exist. However, in the past, we paid too much attention to the reform faction headed by Zhang Juzheng and ignored other reform factions represented by Hai Rui.
At the same time, those who oppose Zhang Juzheng's reforms are not unreasonable, and directly point out the problem, if Zhang Juzheng is not too stubborn in the power struggle. Even if the opponents are defeated in the struggle, they pay attention to correcting the problems they have pointed out in the reform. The historical value of a whiplash may be even greater.
It cannot but be said that history is black and white, and that the black and white of doing things and behaving is very harmful.