In the early years of Russia's conflict with neighboring countries, Poland, Lithuania and other countries, Crimea often intervened for profit, and also clashed with Tsarist Russia. After the rise of Tsarist Russia, the Crimean Khanate inevitably became Russia's next target for access to the lower Volga river basin. This inevitably led to conflict with Ottoman Turkey.
Religiously, Tsarist Russia was an Orthodox Christian, married a Byzantine princess at the time of the fall of Byzantium, called herself the Third Rome, and was a staunch defender of Orthodoxy. From an ethnic point of view, Tsarist Russia regarded itself as the aggregator of the Slavic nation and the guardian of the entire Slavic nation. The Ottoman Empire, on the other hand, embraced Islam from the founding of the Seljuks, expanded first in the Balkans, gained enormous territory, and destroyed the Byzantine Empire. Ethnically, there were many ethnic groups in the Ottoman Balkan territories, including the Yugoslavs, and the Ottoman Empire practiced "peace under the Ottoman Empire" and was more tolerant of religious and ethnic issues, but after the rise of nationalism, this became the Balkan powder keg, and the last Russo-Turkish wars, and the two Balkan wars, were related to the complex ethnic problems of the Balkans.
Judging from the essential nature of the two countries, it is decided that the contradictions between the two countries cannot be reconciled and cannot be reconciled. Tsarist Russia, as the Third Roman Empire, was bent on conquering Constantinople; the Ottoman Empire also referred to itself as the heir to the Roman Empire, and successive sultans added their title as 'Caesar of the Roman Empire',' but this was contrary to the Hellenistic Byzantine Empire (the title of the Hellenistic Eastern Roman ruler was called ''Baselus'"). Both the Ottoman and Tsarist Russia, the unorthodox 'Romans', called themselves heirs of the Roman Empire and were hostile to each other. At the same time, the Tsar dreamed of becoming emperor of all the Slavs, so it was also a point of conflict between the two sides against the Slavic peoples under Ottoman rule.
Geographically, before the russo-Turkish War broke out, Ottoman Turkey invested its influence in Eastern Europe and Ukraine, while Russia was actively expanding into the steppes to the south, which inevitably led to geopolitical conflicts with the Cossacks, Crimea, and the Ottoman Empire. At the same time, it is related to the weakening of Poland during the "Great Flood" period and the Russian invasion of Cossack Ukraine, so let us look at the details of the Russo-Turkish War.
Astrakhan Eternal Rest Cathedral
The first Russo-Turkish War took place in 1568 , ( according to common sense , 1676 was already the second Russo-Turkish War , and according to this calculation , there were twelve Russo-Turkish Wars until the end of the First World War in 1918. But some see 1676 as the first Russo-Turkish War, then there were only eleven. The first Russo-Turkish War was caused by the conquest of the Astrakhan Khanate by Tsar Ivan IV in 1556, cutting off trade from Asia to Asia Minor, weakening the Ottoman Empire's influence over the lower Volga, and declaring war on Russia in 1568. Although the Ottoman Turks marched to Astrakhan, they were repulsed and the First Russo-Turkish War ended in Ottoman defeat.
Russian Emperor Peter the Great occupies Azov
The Second Russo-Turkish War occurred after the Polish "Great Flood", which directly led to the weakening of Poland and Lithuania, creating a power vacuum in Eastern Europe, the Ottomans seized the Bodoria region from the Polish Federation, while Tsarist Russia acquired from Poland the territories of Ukraine on the Left Bank, the Smolensk area and Sidonnetsk, and established a defensive strategy against the Ottomans with Poland and jointly administered the Zaporizhian Cossacks. Ottoman intervention in the Ukrainian region was the cause of the Outbreak of the Second Russo-Turkish War, in which the Cossacks, with the help of Russia, launched an uprising against Turkish expansion. The Russian and Turkish armies launched a series of military operations around Chiggin, and in the end Russia won, the two sides signed the Bahcisarai Treaty, and Russia gained more territory.
The Third Russo-Turkish War took place in the "Great Turkish War", Where Mehmed IV created an army of nearly 200,000 men to invade Shinra and march to Vienna under the leadership of Grand Vizier, and Polish King Jan Sobieski persuaded the Sejm Parliament to assemble 30,000 men to the south to break the siege. After arriving in Vienna, Jan Sobieski led 18,000 cavalry and 3,000 elite winged cavalry to launch an epic cavalry charge, and the Battle of Vienna became legendary and forever recorded in history. After the siege of Vienna was lifted, Turkey was at a disadvantage in the war with the European nations of the Holy Alliance, and in 1686 Russia joined the Holy League, and the Third Russo-Turkish War broke out. Russia launched expeditions against Crimea and Azov, but at this time Peter the Great prepared to go to war with Sweden in the north, signing the Treaty of Gustinople in 1700, which Russia won and won the first Black Sea estuary, the port of Azov.
In 1709, the Great Northern War reached its climax, the Swedish army defeated Poltava, the young and legendary King Carl XII of Sweden fled to the Ottoman territory to ask for Ottoman help, and a few months later, the Ottoman Sultan Ahmed III declared war on Russia, and the Fourth Russo-Turkish War broke out. Peter the Great marched to the Prut River, but fell under siege, and this time the Russo-Turkish War ended in the victory of the Ottoman Empire, which regained control of the port of Azov.
The Fifth Russo-Turkish War occurred in the context of the formation of an anti-Turkish alliance between Russia and Austria, in 1735, Russia declared war on the Ottomans, two years later Austria participated in the war, Russia launched an expedition to Crimea, but Austria was violently beaten, in 1739, Austria-Turkey, Russia-Turkey restored peace, Russian-Turkish territory remained unchanged.
The Sixth Russo-Turkish War was caused by the Bal Coalition Uprising in 1768 caused by Russian interference in Poland's internal affairs, which laid the foundation for the partition of Poland, and the Ottoman Empire declared war on Russia in order to weaken Russia. The legendary general Suvorov conquered the Danube Principalities. Russia gained part of its territory and gained the rule of the Crimean Khanate.
The Seventh Russo-Turkish War originated in the Crimean Conflict between the Ottoman Empire and Russia, and Austria joined the war. But forced by the French Revolution, Austria quickly gained a small area, withdrew from the war, and in 1792, Russia and Turkey signed a peace treaty, and Russia won the Yedishan region.
The Eighth Russo-Turkish War was in the midst of the Napoleonic Wars. In 1806, with Napoleon's victory at Oitztlitz, the Ottomans went to war with Russia. In 1812, Russia acquired the Bessarabia region.
In 1827, the Greek War of Independence broke out, Britain, France and Russia intervened in the revolution, and the Ninth Russo-Turkish War broke out. In 1829, Russia won and gained parts of the Black Sea and the Caucasus, as well as control of Wallachia and Moldavia.
From 1853 to 1856, the Crimean War broke out, the Tenth Russo-Turkish War. Russia's main purpose was to bring orthodox Christianity from the Balkans and caucasus into its sphere of influence. The war ended in the anglo-French-Turksaric victory, and Wallachia and Moldavia became vassal states of the Ottoman Empire again.
The Eleventh Russo-Turkish War broke out in 1877, with the Balkan countries revolting against turkey, the Ottomans suppressing the Bulgarian April Uprising, and Russia declaring war on the Ottoman Empire under the pretext of liberating the Orthodox Slavic tribes of the Balkans. Romania was soon liberated, the Principality of Serbia and Montenegro joined the attack, and the Russian offensive was rapid, but Nikolaevich was dragged by Osmanuri Pasha in Pleven, blocking the Russian offensive. Eventually, the Russians took their finger at Constantinople, and on March 3, 1878, the two sides signed a peace treaty, but the content of the peace treaty was too inclined to Russia. In June of the same year, Bismarck and the European powers re-planned the situation in the Balkans.
The Twelfth Russo-Turkish War was counted into the First World War, and the result is well known, the Ottomans joined the Allies, eventually lost the war, lost most of the territory, but under the leadership of the Turkish father Mustafa Kemal, completed the Turkish War of Independence. Secular Turkey was founded. The February and October Revolutions broke out in Russia, formed the Red Soviet Union, and withdrew from the war.
From this we can see the overall development of the twelve conflicts between Russia and Turkey, the focus of the first russo-Turkish wars was on the lower Volga basin and the struggle in Ukraine, the middle period of the struggle around the outlet of the Black Sea, and the control of the Black Sea coast, and the conflict in the middle and late period took place between the Caucasus and the two small vassal principalities of Romania. The last three wars revolved around the national question in the Balkans. From a macroscopic point of view, satisfying the contradictions mentioned in the opening paragraph is also the driving force for the development of the uninterrupted history of the Russo-Turkish War.
As a result of the conflict, Russia greatly expanded its sphere of influence and territory, and the Ottoman Empire weakened. In the end, both countries fell off the stage of history with the first world war, the crown landed. The history of the two "self-proclaimed Romans" also stopped on the pages of history.