In 1453, after the ottoman Empire destroyed the Eastern Roman Empire, it claimed to be the orthodoxy of the Roman Empire and competed with the Holy Roman Empire for Roman orthodoxy. So why, after 200 years, the struggle between the two sides and the whole of Europe for Roman orthodoxy is not so strong, the captain has told you in detail.
First, the Ottoman Sultans proclaimed themselves Roman Emperors
Mohammed II
In 1453, the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II led an army to conquer Constantinople, and the Eastern Roman Empire collapsed. Mehmed II then adopted the title of Roman Emperor, declaring that the Ottoman Empire was a continuation of the Roman Empire and that he was the only legitimate heir to the Roman Empire. The emperor dispute between the Eastern Roman Empire and the Holy Roman Empire thus became the emperor dispute between the Ottoman Empire and the Holy Roman Empire.
Gennadius II
In order to show the legitimacy of his Roman emperor, Mehmed II deliberately associated himself with the traditions of Eastern Rome, such as choosing the capital of Constantinople to restore and maintain its appearance in the Eastern Roman period; retaining the Orthodox Church of Constantinople and appointing Gennadius II as patriarch of Constantinople; adopting the court ceremony and administrative system of Eastern Rome, following the example of the Eastern Roman emperor issuing metal currency with his own head, and reusing the original Eastern Roman nobles.
Ottoman Empire
Mehmed II's series of initiatives successfully won the support of many former Eastern Roman nobles and commoners, who recognized the Ottoman Empire as the universal empire, as the representative of the Roman Empire, and Mehmed II was their Roman Emperor. For example, the Greek historian michael Critoblus called Mehmed II "emperor" and "ruler of the world" in his writings.
Second, the dispute between Holy Rome and the Ottomans
Charles V
The Holy Roman Emperor did not recognize the title of Roman Emperor of the Ottoman Sultan and continued to insist that he was the sole legitimate heir of the Roman Empire, the only legitimate Roman Emperor. Naturally, the Ottoman Sultan also did not recognize the Holy Roman Emperor as a Roman Emperor, believing that he was only the king of Vienna or Hungary, with a status equal to his own Grand Vizier (i.e., prime minister), and a subordinate of the Sultan.
Holy Roman Empire and Ottoman Empire
In 1533, The Holy Roman Emperor and King Charles V of Spain was forced by the Ottoman Empire's great threat to Vienna and had to sign the Treaty of Constantinople with the Ottoman Sultan Suleiman I. The treaty stipulated that Charles V recognized Suleiman I as emperor; Suleiman I regarded Charles V as King of Spain, and Grand Duke Ferdinand I of Austria (brother of Charles V, later Holy Roman Emperor) as King of Germany. Thereafter, the Ottoman sultans took precedence over the Holy Roman Emperor and were in a favorable position in the dispute over the two emperors.
Third, the two sides reconciled
Rudolf II
In 1593, the Holy Roman Empire and the Ottoman Empire fought a thirteen-year war over border conflicts, and in 1606 the exhausted two sides signed the Treaty of Gituwatoloc. The Ottoman Sultan Ahmed I recognized the title of Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf II, but stressed that the Eastern Empire was superior to the Western Empire. The status of the Holy Roman Emperor and the Ottoman Sultan was thus equal, and the dispute between the two sides over the two emperors was thus ended, but the Ottoman Sultan still emphasized the identity of his own universal imperial ruler.
Ahmed I
In the 16th and 19th centuries, with the rise of German national consciousness, the Holy Roman Empire was renamed the "Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation", and the German people increasingly associated themselves with Germany rather than ancient Rome, viewing the Holy Roman Empire as a political entity that appeared in Germany during the medieval period, rather than the successor of the ancient Roman Empire. But the Holy Roman Emperor of Habsburg origin continued to see himself as the successor to the Roman throne until the fall of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806.
Europe in the 18th century
In the 16th and 20th centuries, although the Ottoman Sultan never gave up the claim to the succession to the Roman Empire, he himself paid less and less attention to the title of Roman Emperor and no longer emphasized his Roman nature. This was mainly due to the large Muslim population of the Ottoman Empire itself and the need to compete with the Safavid Dynasty of the Persian Empire for leadership of the Islamic world.
Fourth, the issue of the two emperors is over
The Golden Horde of the Yuan Dynasty
After the fall of the Eastern Roman Empire, the Grand Duchy of Moscow also joined the dispute over the succession of the Roman Empire, and the legal system claiming to be Eastern Rome had been transferred to Moscow. Subsequently, the Grand Duke of Moscow escaped the control of the Golden Horde of the Yuan Dynasty and demanded that European countries recognize his title as emperor, but this was widely rejected. In the 16th century, the Grand Duke of Moscow directly called himself Tsar, and in the 18th century, he called himself Emperor, on an equal footing with the Holy Roman Emperor.
In the mid-18th century, the Holy Roman Emperor did not recognize the title of Emperor of russia, but with the formation of an anti-Ottoman alliance between the two sides in the late 18th century, the Holy Roman Emperor recognized the Russian monarch as emperor. In 1806, the Holy Roman Empire disintegrated, the Holy Roman Emperor Franz II changed his name to the Austrian Emperor, and Austria and Russia formed an anti-French alliance, and the dispute between the two sides over the two emperors came to an end.
Coronation of Wilhelm Frederick Ludwig von Prussia
In 1804, Napoleon Bonaparte was crowned "Empereur des Fran ais" in Paris, emphasizing the nationality of his French people, not Romanism. In 1871, Wilhelm Frederick Ludwig von Prussia was crowned "Deutscher Kaiser" in Paris, emphasizing his deity as Emperor of Germany and not with romanism. Thus, in Europe, where nationalism was prevalent, the legitimacy of the Roman Empire was not as important as it was in the Middle Ages.
In general, before the 17th century, because nationalism had not yet arisen, the Ottoman Empire and the Holy Roman Empire fought over the orthodoxy of the Roman Empire. But with the rise of nationalism and the fact that the Roman Empire had become less important to Europeans, the two sides gradually abandoned the struggle for Roman orthodoxy. The French and German Empires of the 19th century emphasized their own nationality rather than the orthodoxy of the Roman Empire, leading to the final end of the two-emperor problem.