If you travel to Europe
Will certainly be captivated by the elegance of European architecture
Churches
Ancient castles
These exquisite and romantic buildings are dazzling
So the whole of Europe, whatever we talk about, can be said: there was a Greek civilization first, and then a Roman civilization followed. The whole of Europe was built on Greek and Roman civilizations.
The first of the Chronological Divisions of European Architecture is Greek architecture.
Greek architecture
The key words of the times: talents are born
Architectural keywords: triangular lintel
Image Spokesperson: Sandwich
The Greek style of architecture is very easy to identify, with triangular lintels and Greek columns underneath. As the ancient Greek sage Archimedes said: Give me a fulcrum and I can pry up the whole earth.
The fulcrum has (triangular lintel) and the stick (Greek column). This is Greek architecture.
Romanesque architecture
The key word of the times: who conquers whom
Construction keyword: concrete
Image Spokesperson: Buns
TIPS: Universal material - viscose
The Romans' major contribution to construction work was the invention of a universal material known as caementum, a slurry made of volcanic limestone, lime and water, plus rubble or broken bricks, used in the construction industry, very strong and added color. This is the world's first concrete large enough to support a large-span building. The Romans invented concrete, and from then on, large arches, large domes, and large vaults could be independent, without relying on many columns like ancient Greek architecture, thus becoming an epoch-making initiative in the world.
The ancient Roman poet Horace said that we Romans conquered Greece, but culturally we were conquered by Greece. Therefore, the architecture of the Romans was also based on greek architecture with arches.
Let's see if a bun (arch) is added to the back of a Greek building and it becomes like this:
If you add a bun (arch) on it, it looks like this:
There is also a separate bun (arch):
There are also buns (arches) on the plate:
GIF
So because of the various arches, the Romanesque architecture was created.
Byzantine architecture
The key word of the times: east and west
Architectural keywords: cute and cute
Image Spokesperson: Onion Head
In 395 AD, with the death of Constantine the Great, the Roman Empire was divided into the Eastern and Western Roman Empires. With the eastward expansion of the Eastern Roman Empire, it merged and collided with the eastern civilization, forming an architectural style similar to the Romanesque ---- Byzantine architecture.
How to identify the Byzantine style, mainly look at its top. As in the Romanesque, a large dome was added to the building, but the style was different. The Romanesque adds a semicircle directly, while the Byzantine style adds slightly adduction at the bottom of the semicircle, like an onion head.
Like this - onion top:
And this - onion top:
Russians further east like to eat onions, and they think that one onion is not enough, so they put a lot of them:
TIPS: The division of the empire led to the emergence of two religions, which ultimately affected the development of their respective architectural forms. Therefore, in Europe, Romanesque architecture and Byzantine architecture can be described as distinct. We cut Europe in half, with the Romanesque in the west (like France, Italy) and the east becoming Byzantine architecture (like the Czechs, Bosnia and Herzegovina).
Gothic architecture
Era Keywords: Catholicism
Architectural keyword: bone sense
Image Spokesperson: Corn on the Cob
The Roman Empire collapsed, but Christianity took root in Europe, and by the Middle Ages Catholicism had become the only religion in Western Europe. The theocratic age is coming.
Absolute power brought about absolute corruption, and after the Dominance of catholicism in Western Europe, the so-called theocracy was greater than the imperial power. Indulgences, eleven taxes, etc. looted a great deal of wealth for the Catholic Church.
It turns out that the Greek and Roman styles are all not needed. Whatever sandwiches, buns, onions, all stand aside. The Catholic style is ----
Why high? Catholics believe in four things to face at the end of life: First, death. 2. Trial. Third, heaven. Fourth, hell. (This is the so-called Four Nations of Nations).
Well, first thing, death. People are buried in cemeteries after death, and the cemeteries of Europeans are churches.
After death, you will be judged by the gods. If you are a badass in front of you, go straight to hell. If you are a good person, congratulations, you can be with Jesus, Mary, angels and saints. They form the Church in Heaven, where they see God, live in love communion with the Holy Trinity and pray for us. (The original words of the Bible, not made up by Little Man)
Well, here's the problem. It is easier to go to hell, the coffin is originally buried in the ground, take a shovel, and dig down to get there. But what do good people do? But they were to be with Jesus, Mary, angels, and saints.
Where to meet?
heaven.
Where is Heaven?
heavenly.
Therefore, the people at that time wanted to build the church high, and build it high, so that they could get closer and closer to God. It turns out that greek, Roman, and Byzantine styles of which large domes can not be wanted. Because of the top weight, it is necessary to use thick and heavy stone walls to support, resulting in the building not being high. Instead of using minarets, in order to make the building taller, the "flying buttress" was also invented.
Flying buttresses are supporting structural components that soar across lower secondary spaces (e.g., aisles, small prayer rooms, etc.) connected to the feet of rib cages on the top high wall to balance the lateral thrust of the rib vaults against the walls. Since the flying buttress usually appears in the form of half an arch coupon, it is also called a flying ticket.
Since it is a religious building, it will of course be closely related to God. What did God say?
The glass windows on Gothic architecture have three main functions:
1, reduce the overall weight of the building, so that it can be built higher.
2. Light transmission. The glass of the flower windows creates a mysterious and splendid scene inside the church, thus changing the dull and depressed scene of Romanesque architecture due to insufficient lighting, and expressing people's inner ideals of yearning for the kingdom of heaven. (Glass coloring is mainly blue and red.) Blue represents heaven, red represents the blood of Christ)
3. Educate the people.
In ancient Europe, as in China, reading and literacy were only the rights of the nobility. What if the people are illiterate, they have to go to church every week. So I used stained glass to spell out a series of Biblical stories on the flower windows. Believers can understand the Bible according to patterns.
Renaissance architecture
Keywords of the times: revival of literature and art
Architectural keyword: symmetrical order
Image Spokesperson: Books
Renaissance. We can simply understand that the revival of literature and art, the revival of literature and art? Culture, art of the Roman and Greek periods. The four words of renaissance are another topic from the background, cause, development, etc., and Zhao Dao will have the opportunity to chat with friends later. Today we will only talk about architecture.
Renaissance architecture is characterized by simple ---- left and right symmetry. Split in two from the middle. One column on the left and one column on the right. One window on the left and one window on the right. One door on the left, one door on the right.
We can also look at ---- like a book
Baroque style
The key word of the times: showing off wealth and fighting for power
Architectural keywords: no gold, no bar
Image Spokesperson: Gold
Baroque is a general term, it should be called style, under the style there are Baroque architecture, Baroque furniture, Baroque clothing and so on.
The Baroque style originated in Italy in the 17th century, before the Renaissance brought great wealth and power to Italy. As a result, the original Renaissance architecture of the Italians added a new atmosphere of magnificence, exaggeration and carving. Thus the Baroque was formed
On how to identify the Baroque style, Xiao Man gave his friends four words---- no gold, no gold, no baroque. If you see one thing (architecture, furniture, clothing, etc.), from the inside out, from top to bottom, it's all blonde, Bling Bling's. The Baroque is him.
Paris Opera
Versailles
Another super baroque to blind you
About Rococo
The Rococo style is representative of the late Baroque style. The Rococo style should actually be regarded as an interior decoration style. We can think of Rococo as baroque 2.0 – more luxurious, more golden.
So we'll solve it with a diagram:
Finally, in addition to the "tall" buildings built by the emperors, popes, and nobles mentioned above, there are also civilian architectural styles, and we will give two examples.
German Gables
In the past, the common people were not as rich as the royal family, and most of their houses were built according to the local climate and terrain. For example, the German gable building, high in the middle and low at both ends, its façade resembles the mountain of our Chinese characters, and the name of the ---- gable wall.
So why the Germans built this gabled building, the reason is very simple, let's look at the German climate.
Germany's climate type is temperate continental, which is very similar to the climate type in the northern part of the continent, that is, cold in winter and hot in summer. When you arrive in Germany in winter, you can see the snow. If the floor is built into a flat roof, there was no current construction technology before, and the snow is thicker and thicker, directly crushing the house. So the Germans invented the gable wall to facilitate the sliding of snow.
TIPS: The architectural style of gables is not unique to Germany, and it will appear in areas of the world where it snows in winter, such as northeast China, Switzerland in Europe, and so on.
Mediterranean architecture
Santorini
On the Mediterranean coast, we don't see buildings like the German Gables. It is characterized by "hot and dry summers and mild and rainy winters". There is no snow all year round, so in ancient times people chose flat-roofed buildings, and painted the exterior walls in cool tones (mostly white and blue). Used to reflect sunlight and reduce indoor temperature.
Architecture, it can be said to be a kind of origin, a culture, a kind of history, a kind of art. I hope this article can help friends to understand the buildings in Europe simply.
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