Not long ago, I participated in the 2021 Annual Collection Culture Academic Seminar held in Sanxingdui, Chengdu, and the Sanxingdui Public Archaeological Tour, and then I have been doing lectures and study tours outside, without actually calming down to write well, these days I have to idle, sort out the culture and part of the content of Sanxingdui for your good learning reference.
Due to archaeological regulations and discipline, many internal materials and pictures are not convenient for private disclosure, and the content of this writing comes from the public meeting materials and the publicity materials of various museums, which are hereby explained.
First, the historical excavation background of Sanxingdui
The discovery of Sanxingdui was excavated at the beginning of the last century, and part of the cellar was discovered in 1929, and at the same time as the large-scale excavation of the Sanxingdui site, excavations began to be carried out on the site of the Twelve Bridges in Chengdu in 1985, and the cultural appearance of the lowest layer of the site was the same as that of the late Sanxingdui site, providing important materials for the development of the Sanxingdui culture and other issues.
With Li Cunxin, a teacher at the Institute of Archaeology of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences
In February 2001, the Jinsha site was discovered in the suburbs of Chengdu, and the discovery of the Jinsha site greatly expanded the connotation and extension of the ancient Shu culture, which was of great significance to the study of the origin, development and decline of the Shu culture, especially to solve the mystery of the sudden demise of the Sanxingdui civilization.
The prehistoric ancient city sites in the Chengdu Plain, the Sanxingdui site, and the Warring States ship-type tomb jointly constructed four different stages of the development and evolution of the ancient Shu civilization. The existing discoveries prove that the Chengdu Plain is the center of the origin of civilization in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, and is an "important organic part of the Xia civilization", which can be said to reproduce the glory of the ancient Shu kingdom, resurrect a lost history, and reveal more than 3,000 years of ancient civilization.
The inheritance process of the second and fifth generations of Shu kings
The Sichuan Basin is like a green eye, embedded in the land of southwest China. There is a legend of "five kings ruling the country", and this "country" is the ancient "Shu". Over the past century, a large number of pre-Qin archaeological sites have appeared in the Sichuan Basin and the surrounding areas, such as the Guanghan Sanxingdui and the mysterious Jinsha of Chengdu; they make people clearly realize that the ancient Shu State not only existed, but also created a highly developed civilization. With the rising popularity of Sanxingdui, can the Five Generations of Shu Kings and these precious sites correspond? This time, we may wish to make a myth and conjecture from the archaeology, follow the five generations of Shu kings, and see how the ancient Shu civilization evolved and developed.
According to the historical materials that can be consulted at present, we have basically restored the development and continuation of an ancient Shu civilization, and the record is as follows:
1. Silkworm Cong Dynasty- Silkworm Cong Yingpanshan Culture; about 6000-5500 years ago; middle and late Neolithic.
2. Bai Guan Dynasty - Bai Guan Baodun Culture; about 4500-3700 years ago; late Neolithic period.
3. The Yujiao Dynasty and the Sanxingdui culture; about 3700-3000 years ago; corresponding to the Xia and Shang dynasties.
4. Du Yu Dynasty - Du Yu Erqiao Culture; about 3200-2600 years ago; equivalent to the Shang and Zhou Dynasties.
5. Enlightened Dynasty - Late Aoling Bashu Culture: About 2600 years ago - 316 BC; equivalent to the Spring and Autumn Warring States Period.
From the archaeological data, it can be found that the final Aoling Enlightened Dynasty experienced a total of 12 dynasties, the Warring States period, Shu and Qin as neighbors, the gradually powerful Qin State regarded Shu as a strategic place for eastward expansion. In accordance with the strategy of "if you get Shu, you will get Chu, and if Chu dies, the world will be determined", in 316 BC, King Hui of Qin sent troops to attack Shu through the Golden Bull Road, and the land of Shu belonged to the Qin state. Qin and Bashu not only supported their war to unify the Six Kingdoms, but also created conditions for the integration of the vast areas of southwest into the rule of the Central Dynasty.
At this point, the ancient Shu state was destroyed, the remnants of the tribe traveled south, and also created a short-lived Luo Yue culture, which gradually disappeared after Vietnam.
Third, the surprises brought by archaeological excavations continue
I have participated in many domestic archaeological sites, and I should objectively admit that the current excavation of Sanxingdui archaeological sites, whether in terms of equipment, environment, technology and scientific and technological means, is at the leading level in China.
On the northeast side of the archaeological greenhouse, the integrated platform for emergency protection at the archaeological excavation site with a star-curved ruler layout: emergency detection and analysis room, emergency protection room for organic matter cultural relics, emergency protection room for inorganic cultural relics, emergency protection room for micro-traces, cultural protection studio,
Archaeology studio, etc., built-in a variety of instruments and equipment, this kind of protection link forward the concept and practice, writing archaeological excavation research has formed a complete excavation, protection work system.
The scene is the archaeological staff of several famous colleges and universities in China in the field mapping, Sanxingdui, the key or disciplinary advantage institutions of archaeology and cultural relics protection in the United Nations, jointly carry out joint research on archaeological excavation, multidisciplinary research on excavated cultural relics, cultural relics protection and restoration, etc., and are committed to establishing a multidisciplinary deep integration and integration system for traditional archaeology, laboratory archaeology, scientific and technological archaeology, and cultural relics protection, which is undoubtedly a useful step attempt.
Fourth, the archaeological excavation work mode of sanxingdui sacrifice area has gradually become a model
This time, we all saw the excavation process of the bronze from the TV broadcast, and also proved that the bronze statue was a ceremonial heavy instrument shared by the Sanxingdui civilization and the Xia Shang three generations civilization.
Zun, the Shuowen Jiezi says, "The wine vessel is also, from the west, and the well is dedicated to it." "It's like holding a wine vessel in both hands." The earliest bronze zun in China was found in the upper culture of Erligang in Zhengzhou Shangcheng, which belongs to the early Shang Dynasty. Sanxingdui excavated bronzes this time, there are a large number of bronze ceremonial vessels and bronze people, reflecting the vivid sacrifice scenes and pictures, and Sanxingdui, Zhengzhou Mall has a bronze statue also unearthed in the sacrifice pit, reflecting the Shang Dynasty civilization and Sanxingdui civilization, there are copper as a ceremonial instrument or sacrifice tradition. The bronze statues of the two have a strong consistency in terms of shape and ornamentation, and even have both round and square shapes. The Bronze Zun of Zhengzhou Shangcheng belongs to the early Shang Dynasty in chronology, which is one stage earlier than the Sanxingdui Copper Zun equivalent to the late Shang Dynasty.
5. Cultural exchanges and contacts
The Guanghan Sanxingdui site is a famous site that was discovered earlier and of great significance, especially in the large-scale archaeological excavations in recent years, which has achieved remarkable results. City walls, large house buildings, and "sacrificial pits" where a large number of precious cultural relics such as gold, jade, and bronze artifacts are buried are all very important archaeological discoveries. In the newly excavated Sanxingdui site, including in the excavation process of the previous early site, we can extract from it, based on the Sanxingdui site, and combined with the excavation data of other sites, the archaeological cultural sequence of the Chengdu Plain since the late Neolithic period has been basically established, and the academic community has proposed the name of "Sanxingdui culture", which has also laid a good foundation for the study of early Shu culture.
According to the current analysis of archaeological data data, the Sanxingdui site can be divided into four phases of cultural remains.
The first period belongs to the remains of the late Longshan Period, with more clay gray pottery and fewer utensils, and the C14 dating is 4500+150 years old (corrected by the tree wheel);
In the second period, C14 was dated 3765 years and 80 years ago, about the time of Xia and Shang;
The third period, similar to the cultural appearance of the second period, is the flourishing period of the Sanxingdui culture, which belongs to the middle of the Shang Dynasty and before and after, and the first sacrifice pit belongs to the second period of the current period;
The fourth period, C14 dating from 3005 Shi 105 years ago (by the tree wheel correction king), equivalent to the late Shang Dynasty, its lower limit may be as late as to the beginning of the year, the second and second sacrificial pits belong to the first period of this period.
The cultural remains of the second, third and fourth phases of Sanxingdui are the so-called "early Shu culture". The center of the "early Shu culture" was in the Chengdu Plain, and its influence extended from the Three Gorges to the Yichang area in the east, the Dadu River hanyuan and asbestos in the west, and the Jialing River to the Hanzhong region in the north.
The Erlitou culture is a Bronze Age archaeological culture in the Central Plains, which is also divided into four phases. According to the dating data of the series C14, a mile head culture. The chronology of the fourth period is roughly between 1900 and 1500 BC, that is, the average duration of the period is about one hundred years. Judging from the current materials, the distribution area of the Erlitou culture is centered on western Henan, north to southwestErn Jin, southern Hebei, east to eastern Henan, and west and south are basically close to the borders of Shaanxi and Hubei.
It can be seen that the Sanxingdui culture and the Erlitou culture once coexisted for about four hundred years at the same time, although its cultural center is in the Chengdu Plain in western Sichuan and the Yiluo Plain in the Central Plains, which are nearly a thousand kilometers apart, but the marginal cultural areas of one are not far apart, which provides a time-space precondition for the connection between the two.
Sixth, Samsung pile jade materials investigation
In order to determine the source of Sanxingdui jade and the jade used in other cultural sites in China, after detailed investigation and comparison, it is believed that the principle of territoriality is basically derived from the jade materials around Chengdu.
1. In June 2001, in cooperation with the Institute of Archaeology of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, the "Jade Road" survey was conducted in Hotan and The End of Xinjiang.
2. In November 2002, together with Chengdu University of Technology, the source of rock ore was investigated in Longxi, Pengzhou, Masonglin mining area and other places in Sichuan.
3. In May 2004, he went to Liaoning Xiuyan Jade Mine with relevant experts to investigate.
4. In 2005, the serpentine mine was investigated in Pengzhou, Chengdu.
5. In 2017, an investigation was conducted in Mabit Mountain and Wugong in Gansu Province;
6. In 2018, a survey was conducted in Madeng Township, Wenchuan.
In April 2019, the survey was conducted in Micang Mountain in Hanzhong, Shaanxi Province.
Examining the current excavation of jade from the two central sites of the ancient Shu Kingdom, Sanxingdui jade is mainly excavated in two sacrificial pits, and the Jinsha jade is basically out of the sacrificial activity place, these jades are buried together with other high-level sacrificial items, exquisitely made, and there are basically few traces of use on the utensils, most of the jade is not a practical item, which clearly reveals its characteristics as a sacrificial ritual instrument. It can be confirmed that the ancient Shu jade represented by Sanxingdui and Jinsha is mainly a ceremonial instrument closely related to the religious sacrifice activities of the ancient Shu Kingdom.
Vii. The effectiveness and significance of archaeological work
The archaeological work in the new era needs to strive to build archaeology with Chinese characteristics, Chinese style, and Chinese style, better understand the long-standing and profound Chinese civilization, and provide strong support for carrying forward China's excellent traditional culture and enhancing cultural self-confidence.
Archaeology is inseparable from understanding history. Historical and cultural heritage not only vividly tells the past, but also profoundly affects the present and the future. It is necessary to strengthen archaeological work and historical research, so that the cultural relics collected in museums, the heritage displayed on the vast land, and the words written in ancient books can all be brought to life, so as to enrich the historical and cultural nourishment of the whole society.
After several generations of archaeologists continuing to struggle, archaeological work has made great achievements, extending the historical axis, enhancing historical credibility, enriching historical connotations, and activating historical scenes. Archaeological discoveries show the historical context of the origin and development of Chinese civilization, show the brilliant achievements of Chinese civilization, and show the major contributions of Chinese civilization to world civilization.