Eccentric model bureaucrat Harry
Hai Rui (1514-1587), also spelled Ruxian, was a native of Qiongshan ,present-day Haikou, Hainan. A famous Qing official of the Ming Dynasty. Throughout his life, Hai Rui experienced the four dynasties of Zhengde, Jiajing, Longqing and Wanli.
Hai Rui's ancestors were originally from Fujian, and during the Southern Song Dynasty, there was a man named Hai Li who migrated from Fujian to Guangzhou, and Hai Rui's great-grandson Hai Xunzi was the commander of Guangzhou Wei (ZhengSipin Military Officer' Name) at the beginning of the Ming Dynasty. Hai Xunzi's son Hai Da'er came to Hainan Island in 1383 (the sixteenth year of Hongwu) and landed in Qiongshan County
household registration. Hai Kuan, hai'er's son, served as Zhi County, Songxi County, Fujian Province. There were five sons and nephews, Hai Cheng, Hei Lan, Hai Han, Hai Peng, and Hai Mai, of whom Hai Cheng was the official to the Inspector of Sichuan Province, and there were three others who were overtaken. Only Harry's father, Hayhan, did nothing but be a twin (a student who enjoys government meal subsidies).
Haihan married his wife Xie, who gave birth to Hai Rui in 1514 (the ninth year of Zhengde). Four years after Harry was born, his father Haehan died. Since then, orphans and widows have relied on each other for their lives, relying on the dozens of acres of land left by their ancestors to barely survive. Xie Shi has a strong personality and is very strict with Hai Rui, and does not let him play like an ordinary child. Hai Rui studied poetry and scripture since childhood, and he was determined that if he became an official in the future, he would be a good official who did not seek selfish interests, did not flatter the powerful, and was upright, so he called himself "GangFeng", taking the meaning of being strong and upright, and not afraid of evil.
When Hai Rui was studying, it was the period when Wang Shouren's theory was prevalent, and the main points of Wang Xue, in addition to idealism, also had positive aspects of advocating the unity of knowledge and action, and the unity of theory and action. Wang Yangming also advocated "li sincerity" and opposed the hypocrite-style "hometown wish" style. These had a great impact on Hai Rui's future personality.
In 1549 (the twenty-eighth year of Jiajing), Hai Rui participated in the township examination and wrote a "Zhi Li Ce", in which Hai Rui was facing the current situation of Hainan Li's endless troubles, proposing the idea of opening a cross road, setting up a county city, and a military road in the Zhongzhi General's Office. Harry got the middle man.
In 1550 (the twenty-ninth year of Jiajing), Hai Rui went to the capital to participate in the examination. During this period, Hai Rui presented the Ping Li Ce to the Central Imperial Court, once again reiterating his strategy of governing Li. This suggestion did not attract the attention of the imperial court. This time the test Hai Rui fell off the list. In 1554 (the thirty-third year of Jiajing), Hai Rui decided to abandon the imperial examination, and in March of the same year, Hainan Cheng announced that the Political Envoy Department (equivalent to the modern provincial supreme administrator) assigned Hai Rui to Nanping County, Yanping Province, Fujian Province, as a teacher (an official teacher in ancient China).
Hai Rui teaches students that morality and articles are inseparable, advocating that readers should respect their own identity and should not kneel down to shangguan casually. During his teaching period, there was a royal court of Yushi to visit the county school (the school where Xiucai studied in ancient China), and the other teachers all knelt on the ground and announced their names, except for Hai Rui chang who gave the ceremony and said: "When you go to the yamen where Yushi is located, you should do the ceremonies of the subordinates, this school is the place where the teacher educates the students, and you should not bend down to perform the ceremony." ”
In 1562 (the forty-first year of Jiajing), Hai Rui was appointed as Chun'an Zhi County, and seeing the "uneven things" of "the rich enjoy three or four hundred acres of property, while the households have no tax, the poor households do not have a single grain of income, and the tax difference of one hundred and ten acres is inflated", he decided to re-clear the land and stipulate the tax burden. In this way, the burden of chun'an peasants was reduced, and many fugitive families returned to their hometowns.
There are many cases in Chun'an County, and Hai Ruiming's judgment of difficult cases has won the hearts of the people. Harry lived frugally, wearing cloth robes, eating coarse grain brown rice, and letting the old servants grow vegetables for themselves. Hu Zongxian, the governor of Zhejiang, once told others: "Yesterday I heard that HaiXian Ling wished the old mother a happy birthday, so I bought two pounds of meat." Hu Zongxian's son passed through Chun'an County, became angry with the eunuch, and hung the eunuch upside down. Hai Rui said: "In the past, Governor Hu inspected various departments and ordered that the places he passed should not be too extravagant. Now this person is well-dressed, and must not be Hu Gong's son. "Opening Hu Gongzi's bag, there were thousands of taels of gold, and Hai Rui did not receive the gold from the county treasury, and sent someone to report hu Zongxian on horseback, so Hu Zongxian did not punish Hai Rui.
Yan Song's henchmen, Du Yushi YanMaoqing, went out to inspect the two Zhejiang provinces and the two Huaiyan governments, and along the way, they were mighty, embezzled and extorted money everywhere, and used their powers to accept bribes. Patrol through Chun'an County, the supply of wine and rice is very simple, And Hairui loudly declares that the county is small and cannot accommodate many cars and horses. Yan Maoqing was very angry, but he had already heard Hai Rui's name, so he had to restrain himself and leave.
Yan Maoqing instructed Inspector Yan Yushi Yuan Chunzhi to rule Hai Rui and Cixi County's Huo and Flawed sins. Huo Youfeng was the son of Huo Tao of the Rebbe Shangshu, and was also a man of frankness and integrity who did not flatter Yan Maoqing. At that time, Hai Rui had been promoted to Jiaxing Tongjue, so he was demoted to the judge of Xingguo Prefecture, and during his tenure, he repeatedly rectified unjust, false and wrongly decided cases.
In 1566 (the forty-fifth year of Jiajing), the official Shangshu Lu Guangzu advocated the election of civil officials, so Hai Rui was selected as the head of the Yunnan Division of the Hubu.
The emperor contributed items with auspicious signs, and the ceremonial officials always presented congratulations. Since the court ministers were convicted of Yang Zhi and Yang Jue, no one dared to say anything about current politics. In his later years, Emperor Ming shizong Zhu Houxi did not go to the court to deal with government affairs, but lived in the West Garden, concentrating on setting up an altar for blessings. The governor, the inspector and other border officials scrambled for direction
In 1566 (the forty-fifth year of Jiajing), in the second month of the lunar calendar, Hai Rui bought the coffin in the coffin shop and entrusted his family to a friend. He then presented "Public Security" to Emperor Mingshizong, criticizing Sejong for his superstition of witchcraft, living a luxurious life, and ignoring the shortcomings of the government.
Ming Shizong read Hai Rui's "Security Neglect", was very angry, threw the "Security Security" on the ground, and said to the attendants on the left and right: "Quickly arrest him, don't let him run away." Eunuch Huang Jin said next to him, "This man has always had a silly name." I heard that before he went to the desert, he knew that the offense should be damned, bought a coffin, said goodbye to his wife, and the slaves also scattered around without leaving, and he himself would not escape. Ming Shizong listened in silence. After a while I read Harry's Shangshu again, in one day
After reading it many times, I sighed and had to leave "Security Evacuation" in the palace for several months. He once said, "This man is comparable to Bigan, but he is not the King of Shang." ”
In the autumn of 1566 (the forty-fifth year of Jiajing), Emperor Mingshizong fell ill and was depressed and unhappy, and summoned the cabinet minister Xu Jie to discuss the matter of Chan giving the throne to the crown prince, and Sejong said: "What Hai Rui said is correct. He had been ill for a long time, so how could he come to the court to listen to the government? He also said, "It is true that he is not self-conscious, which leads to many illnesses in his body." If he could discuss politics in the middle of nowhere, how could he be rebuked and insulted by this man? "So hai rui was arrested and imprisoned, and the person who was the main envoy was investigated." After the prison words were sent, they remained in the palace and did not release them. Hubu had a secretary named He Yishang, who wondered if the emperor had no intention of killing Hai Rui, and wrote to Chen asking for Hai Rui's release. Emperor Ming shizong was furious, and ordered the Jinyi guards to blame Him Shang for a hundred sticks, and he was imprisoned in zhao prison and interrogated day and night with torture.
The first assistant Xu Jie tried to save Hai Rui, and some cabinet ministers advocated hanging Hai Rui, who was pressurized by Xu Jie and Shangshu HuangGuang.
In 1566 (the forty-fifth year of Jiajing), on the fourteenth day of the twelfth month of the lunar calendar, Emperor Mingshizong died, and it is generally unknown to the outside world. The chief of the prison heard about this situation and thought that Hai Rui would not only be released but also appointed, so he made a wine and dish to entertain Hai Rui. Harry himself suspected that he should be taken to the West Market to be beheaded, eating and drinking freely, regardless of anything else. The master therefore whispered in his ear, "The emperor is dead, and sir is now about to be released from prison and be used heavily." Harry said, "Exactly?" Then he cried out in grief, spit out all the things he had just eaten, fainted on the ground, and cried continuously all night.
In 1566, on December 15, 45, Ming Jiajing, Zhu Zaiyuan (Ming Muzong) succeeded to the throne with the name Longqing. By the edict of Emperor Sejong, he pardoned all the courtiers represented by Hai Rui. Hai Rui was released from prison, and the officer was reinstated, and soon changed to a post in the military department. Later, he was transferred to the post of Dali Temple, and promoted to Shang Baocheng (an official who specialized in managing the emperor's imperial seal and seal).
In 1567 (the first year of Longqing), Xu Jie was impeached by Yushi Qikang, and Hai Rui said: "Xu Jie served the former emperor, and could not save himself from the mistakes of the immortal civil engineering, and feared that the emperor would maintain the throne. However, since Xu Jie presided over the state affairs, there are many praiseworthy places for worrying about state affairs, and his temperament and grace can tolerate people. Qi Kang so willingly acted as a flying eagle lackey, catching and devouring the good, and his sin exceeded that of the high arch. "People agree with him.
Hai Rui was transferred to the Department of Communications and Politics, and successively held the posts of Left Communications and Right Communications.
In the summer of the third year, Hai Rui was promoted to the right yushi (正三品) and released ying tianguan. The jurisdiction includes Yingtian, Suzhou, Changzhou, Zhenjiang, Songjiang, Huizhou, Tianping, Ningguo, Anqing, Chizhou Shifu and GuangdeZhou, most of which are the rich fish and rice towns in Jiangnan. The officials were afraid of Harry
Majestic, corrupt officials and corrupt officials many automatically resigned. There were prominent magnates who painted the door red, and when they heard that Harry had come, they changed it to black. The eunuch supervised the weaving in Jiangnan, and when he saw Hai Rui coming, he reduced the carriage and horse retinue.
Hai Ruixing took advantage of the harm and requested the renovation of the Wusong River and the Baimao River, which flowed into the sea, and the people received the benefits of building water conservancy. Hai Rui has long hated the annexation of land by large households, and has gone all out to destroy the powerful forces and implement the "one whip law" to appease the poor and poor people. Most of the lands of the poor were annexed by the rich and mostly taken back to the owners. Deeply loved by the people, they called him "Haiqingtian".
Xu Jie lived at home after being deposed, and Hai Rui pursued the Xu family and did not give preferential treatment. The push of the executive order was fierce, and the subordinate officials were afraid to make a mistake in pursuing it, and some of them even ran to other places to hide. And some traitors often take the opportunity to expose complaints, and from time to time there are people who are framed and wronged by the family name. In addition, the postal fees were cut, and most of the jurisdictions where the scholars passed through Hai Rui could not get a good supply, so there were more and more complaints.
During the Ming Jiajing period, Hai Rui served as the commander of Chun'an County and was not afraid of the magnates. Zhang Zhibo, the Duke of Guo, was ordered to inspect the provinces, relying on power, corrupting the law, and the people resented.
Hai Rui persuaded the farmer to return, zhang Zhibo's close official Zhang Biao came to the county court, forced the credit to be silver and two, Hai Rui refused, and instead expelled Zhang Biao from the stick. Zhang Zhibo was furious when he heard the news, and When Chun'an asked Hai about it, Hai Rui reckoned with Zhang on the basis of reason, accusing him of being corrupt and perverting the law, and Zhang Zhibo was greatly embarrassed and asked for four hundred porters to make it difficult again. Because Hai Rui was busy with farming and did not want to disturb the people, he personally led the servants to carry the fiber, and Zhang Zhibo was afraid that this would cause the people to be indignant and go away.
Xu Ying, the third son of the Ming Dynasty eunuch Xu Jie, occupied Mintian and Yu meat townships, and forcibly occupied Zhao Xiaolan, a minnu. Xiaolan's mother, Hong Alan, complained that Huating County had Wang Mingyou bribed and killed Xiaolan's grandfather. On a visit by Inspector Hai Rui, he met Hong Alan on the road, found out the truth, sentenced Xu Ying and Wang Mingyou to death, and ordered him to retire from the field. Xu Jie bought off eunuchs and magnates in a vain attempt to depose Hai Rui and overturn the verdict. Hai Rui saw through the treacherous plan, decisively beheaded the second offender, and then handed over the great seal and dismissed the official and returned to Li in anger. According to the Ming Dynasty Shen Defu's "Wan Liye Compilation and Supplement", Hai Rui married three wives in his lifetime, and there were two concubines. The first wife, Xu Shi, who gave birth to two daughters, was suspended by Hai Rui, and the second wife, Pan Shi, entered the door less than a month later and was kicked out of the house.
The third lady, Wang, bore a son for Hai Rui two years before he arrived in Chun'an, and named him Zhongli. In the year after Hai Rui came to Chun'an, Lady Wang gave birth to a son for Hai Rui and named him Zhongliang. Mrs. Wang also gave birth to a daughter.
Lady Wang died on the evening of the 24th day of the seventh lunar month in 1568 (the second year of Longqing), Hai Rui said that she died of illness, but some people said that she committed suicide, and the Fifteenth Year of the Wanli Calendar says that Lady Wang died under extremely suspicious circumstances. Eleven days before Madame Wang's death, Hai Rui's concubine Han Shi hanged herself.
Hai Rui also had a concubine surnamed Qiu in her 70s, and it is said that she bore a son to Hai Rui in her later years, but died at the age of three.
According to Yao Shuxiang's "See Only Compilation" in the Ming Dynasty, Hai Rui's family was poor, his 5-year-old daughter had no snacks to eat, and a male servant in the house saw that this little girl was pitiful and gave her a piece of cake. As soon as she took two bites, her father, Harry, came over with his hands behind his back and frowned, "Where did the bread come from?" "The daughter told the truth. Harry was very angry and scolded, "How can a good woman accept men's things casually?" Only if you starve to death is my daughter Hai Rui! ”
A little girl who is only 5 years old would never think that a piece of cake would turn her into a bad woman. She began a hunger strike in tears. Except for Hai Rui, the whole family panicked and tried every means to coax her to eat, and she just "beat me to death and don't eat." After being hungry for seven days, I stopped breathing.
In the winter of 1570 (the third year of Longqing), Shuhua was told that Hai Rui was pedantic and slow, did not understand the essentials of governance, and should be placed in a position of idleness in Nanjing, but Emperor Ming Muzong still issued an edict to encourage Hai Rui in the language of praise. Soon after, Dai Fengxiang impeached Hai Rui for sheltering the traitors, the fish and meat warrior doctor, and selling his name and chaos, so Hai Rui was reappointed as the grain reserve of Nanjing.
Hai Rui has only been patrolling Wudi for half a year. When the common people heard that Hai Rui had been dismissed from his post, they cried out and wept on the road, and the family painted Hai Rui as a sacrifice to him. Hai Rui was about to go to the new post, and when Gao Gong took control of the official department, he had long hated Hai Rui and merged Hai Rui's position into the Nanjing Household Department, so Hai Rui retired due to illness and returned to his hometown in Qiongshan.
In 1571 (the fourth year of Longqing), Hai Rui went to Panhu In Jinjiang, Fujian Province, and Met Huang Guangsheng at His Residence to thank him for his rescue and protection.
In 1572 (the first year of the Wanli Calendar), Zhang Juzheng presided over state affairs, and did not like Hai Rui, and ordered the inspector to inspect Hai Rui according to the imperial history. Goshi goes to the mountains to investigate, and Hai Rui kills
Chickens cook to entertain Yushi, the house is deserted and simple, and Yushi sighs and leaves. Zhang Juzheng was afraid of Hai Rui's severe and upright, and Chinese and foreign officials repeatedly recommended it, and finally did not appoint him.
In the winter of 1584 (the twelfth year of the Wanli Calendar), after Zhang Juzheng's death, the officials planned to use Hai Rui as the left tongzheng, and Zhu Yijun, the Emperor of the Ming Dynasty, had always valued Hai Rui's reputation, and in the first month of 1585 (the thirteenth year of the Wanli Calendar), he summoned Hai Rui to be the right governor of Nanjing, and on the way to his post, he was changed to the Right Attendant of the Nanjing Bureaucracy, and Hai Rui was already seventy-two years old at the time. Shang Shuyan was old and dying, willing to emulate the meaning of the corpse advice of the ancients, and listed the criminal law of Ming Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang, stripping people of their skins and putting them on grass to make skin bags, and the law of perverting the law to punish corruption by eighty consecutive sentences, saying that corruption should be punished in this way. Other plans for current affairs are extremely practical in words. Only the emperor was persuaded to use a tyrannical criminal law, which was considered wrong by the commentary at the time. Goshi Mei Grebe impeaches Hai Rui. Although the Myōshin Sect thought that Hai Rui's remarks were wrong, he knew Hai Rui's loyalty and spared Mei Li Zuo's Feng Lu for this reason.
Emperor Myeongshin repeatedly wanted to reuse Hai Rui, but the cabinet ministers who presided over state affairs secretly prevented it, so they appointed Hai Rui as the right capital of Nanjing. After taking office, Hai Rui vigorously advocated severely punishing corrupt officials and prohibiting bribery on the basis of selfishness. The priests have always been stubborn and sloppy, and Hai Rui has personally corrected the shortcomings. Some imperial histories occasionally played fun, and Hai Rui had to give him a cane punishment according to the ming taizu regulations. Hundreds of officials are afraid and uneasy, and they are afraid of suffering from it. Tixue Yushi Fang Huan was afraid that he would be corrected by the first complaint, and Zhong Yuchun instigated it again, and Fang Huan once again slandered and slandered Hai Rui. Hai Rui also repeatedly asked for retirement, and the MingShen Sect issued an edict not to allow it.
In 1586 (the fourteenth year of the Wanli Calendar), Hai Rui heard of Huang Guangsheng's death, and was so sad that he took his illness to Jinjiang to mourn.
In 1587 (the fifteenth year of the Wanli calendar), Hai Rui died of illness in Nanjing. Hai Rui had no sons, so after his death, Yu Du Yushi Used Ji to preside over Hai Rui's funeral, and saw that Hai Rui's residence was made of ge cloth and broken bamboo utensils, some of which were poor literati did not want to use, so he could not help but cry and pooled money to handle the funeral for Hai Rui. The news of Hai Rui's death came out, and the people of Nanjing went on strike. When Hai Rui's spirit hub was transported back to his hometown by ship, people dressed in white and wearing white hats stood on both sides of the strait, and the people who wept and prayed were endless. The imperial court posthumously awarded Prince Hai Rui taibao (太保) with the courtesy name Zhongsuke ( 忠介) .
Hai Rui's incorruptibility has even reached the point of impersonality. According to the customs of the officialdom at that time, when new officials arrived and old friends rose to a high level, someone would always come to send some gifts and gifts to show congratulations. As long as the amount of these gifts is not large, it is also the common sentiment of people. However, Hai Rui publicly posted a notice saying that "today as a court official, it is different from the privacy of the family." Then return the gifts sent by others one by one, even the gifts sent by old friends He Bangtai and Shu Dayu from afar. As for the cheapness of the public, it is even more not a penny. Before Hai Rui died, the firewood sent by the soldiers was calculated seven more silver coins, and he also had to calculate the return.
Located in Binya Village, a western suburb of Haikou City, Hainan Province, Hai Rui's tomb is a rectangular cemetery surrounded by a stone wall. It was built in 1589 (the seventeenth year of the Wanli Calendar) by the emperor and sent Xu Ziwei to Hainan to supervise the construction. In November 1996, the State Council approved The Tomb of Hairui as a national key cultural relics protection unit.