Kunming, also known as Chuncheng, is the capital of Yunnan Province and the central city of the Central Yunnan Urban Agglomeration. Today, when we call or write about it, it is hard to find the taste of more than two thousand years ago. If it is suddenly proposed that "Kunming" is the name of an ancient ethnic minority, I am afraid that few people will believe it anymore. But history is like this, unbelief does not mean non-existence, so the old text has become news.
The Chronicle of the Southwest Yi Lie says: "The west is east of Tongshi (present-day Baoshan) and north to Yeyu, named Yao, Kunming, all of which are braided, and migrate with livestock. This is the earliest origin of the word "Kunming", and it can also be seen that "Kunming" is the ethnic name of an ethnic minority in ancient times. But is "Kunming" a local ethnic minority in the southwest? The answer is: not necessarily.
Kun, where did you first live?
Let's make an effective docking together. The Western Queen Mother Kingdom, a slave state established by the ancient Qiang people, began with the Yellow Emperor and continued until the Han Dynasty, existed in the Western Regions for more than 2,000 years, and was endowed with a strong mythological color after a large number of literary creations. This myth, known as the Myth of the Queen Mother of the West, is part of the Kunlun Myth, which mainly records the important process of human beings from birth to development, which has a history of 3.6 million years, and its production and circulation process is synchronized with the survival and development of the Chinese nation. On a par with Greek mythology, it is the main myth of the two major myths of the world.
Here, we have already talked about "Kun", the "Kun" of Kunlun Mythology, and the "Kun" of Kunlun Mountain. The Classic of Mountains and Seas mentions dozens of mountains, and Kunlun Mountain is the crown. As the capital of the Heavenly Emperor, it was naturally ruled by the Heavenly Emperor. It is said that this Heavenly Emperor is the Yellow Emperor. With a radius of 800 miles and a height of seven or eight thousand, it is the place where the hundred gods are located, and there are many strange things. In this way, the "Kun" of Kunming is associated with the "Kun" of Kunlun Mythology and the "Kun" of Kunlun Mountain.
What about the Queen Mother of the West? It is also "Kun", Kunlun Mountain is also the residence of the West Queen Mother, although there are legends, myths, but it is also a real existence - according to historians, in western China 3,000 years ago, there was indeed a West Queen Mother Country, whose country was ruled by women, and the Queen was also called the West Queen Mother. A place name, a mountain, a legendary system, a queen, an ancient country, so there is a certain connection.
Some of the people of the West Queen Mother tribe are called "Chaoyi", which is the name of the ancient race, also known as Kunyi, Kuyi, Yiyi, Inuyi and so on. "Poetry Daya Mian": "Mixed Yi Yi, Wei Qi's Beak." Zheng Xuan's commentary: "Chaoyi, Yidi Guoye." Mencius Liang Hui Wang Zhang: "Only the benevolent can be small in big things, it is the tang (Shang Tang) thing, and the king of Wen (king Wen of Zhou) is mixed." The "Chaoyi" mentioned here is simplified today, directly calling it the Kun people, that is, the people of the West Queen Mother Tribe, and even directly "understanding" it as Inuyasha, a kind of Xi Rong. There is nothing wrong with this sorting out of the historical context, and the "Kun" thus became the Inuyasha, a people that was once active in ancient northwest china.
Kun, what the hell is going on?
The Inuyasha belong to the Xiqiang and are close relatives of the ancestors of the Yanhuang. As early as the Yanhuang period, the Inuyasha clan was a fierce enemy of the Yanhuang clan. The Book of Later Han records that "the Xigaoxin clan had the Kou of inuyasha, and the emperor suffered from his invasion and violence, and the conquest was not conquered." "Gao Xin was the great-grandson of the Yellow Emperor and the father of Emperor Yao.
The Inuyasha clan is active in the area of present-day Shaanxi and Gansu. During the Zhou Dynasty, the Princes of youwang were attacked and killed by the Inuyasha clan, the pet concubine of the Youwang was taken captive, and the capital city of Feng and the northwest of Ho were occupied by inuyasha. The Western Zhou Dynasty, which had flourished for three hundred and fifty-two years, was thus overthrown. Later, the princes jointly expelled inuyasha, and the Qin state of Tianzi who herded horses for many years participated in the quelling of chaos by virtue of the advantages of confrontation with nomadic peoples for many years, and developed westward, "destroying the country twelve, opening up thousands of miles of land", which not only produced an idiom of "Qin Baxi Rong" in history, but also enabled the Qin people to embark on the big stage of competing for the world.
However, inuyasha did not become extinct because of this, as if they were still one of the fierce enemies of the Chinese peoples in the Central Plains, and even in the Tang Dynasty, the Central Plains peoples also referred to all the nomadic peoples in the northwest as "Inuyasha" and "Rongdi". During the reign of Emperor Dezong of the Tang Dynasty, Dr. Liu Ling of Taichang wrote in a letter: "Inuyasha violated Guan Dulong, and entered the Capital Division without bloodshed..." During the reign of Emperor Dezong of Tang, the chancellor Liu Hun said to Emperor Dezong: "Rong Di, jackals, the Non-League oath can be concluded." ”
The Inuyasha claim to be the oldest nomadic people in the Northwest whose ancestors were the Two White Dogs, and whose white dogs are totems. After being pacified by Qin, one of inuyasha's clan moved north to the Mongolian steppe, becoming one of the earliest nomadic peoples in the Mongolian steppe. Today, some historians say that the later Turks and Mongols used wolves as totems, perhaps because of the inclusion of the Inuyasha remnants. It is even said that "kun" in the Altai language, and "wolf" actually means the same thing. However, we don't think so, a dog is a dog, a wolf is a wolf, and a wolf and a dog are two different things. The question is somewhat complicated, and we leave it to the later text.
In this way, it seems to be possible to define Inuyasha as a close relative of the ancestors of the Yanhuang people, who were once enemies of the Chinese people in the Central Plains, and were eventually expelled by the Qin and integrated into other ethnic groups. They are known as "Kun", not only good at fighting, once made the Central Plains Chinese people miserable, but also like to keep dogs, at least before the Han Dynasty was a nomadic people.
More customs of Inuyasha can be obtained through the Wusun people. The Wusun people first lived in the area of present-day Guyuan in Ningxia to graze their cattle with the Yueshi people, and later, to the Hexi Corridor, and later to Xinjiang, and established the Wusun State. At this time, there are no more legends, and the real is a written record.
The Wusun people did not move west to the Ili River Valley to establish their own state, "Shi Ji Dawan Lie Biography 63": "The subject (Zhang Qian) is among the Xiongnu, and the king of Wusun is Kun Mo, the father of Kun Mo, and the small country west of the Xiongnu." "The Book of Han, Zhang Qian, Li Guangli's Biography": "Tianzi counts the genus of Qian Daxia." Qian lost his marquis, because he said: "The subject lives among the Xiongnu, and the king of Wusun is kunmo." Kun Mo's father was in qilian and huanghuang, and xiaoguo was also in the small country. It reflects that the Wusun people have established a state in the Hexi Corridor long before the Western Han Dynasty.
What is important is that the Wusun people call themselves "Kun", they are the people of the West Queen Mother tribe, and they once belonged to Inuyasha. In the Han Dynasty, the imperial court married two legitimate princesses to them, and where they married Lao Tzu to marry their sons, they practiced inheritance like the Huns without any problems, women belonged to men of the entire tribe, and widows were adopted by heirs (stepsons) or relatives of their husbands. In addition, they "did not plant trees in the fields, and followed the animals to chase water and grass", which was also a certain custom with the Xiongnu. This is the preservation of the national habits or customs of inuyasha in the Wusun people, and it is also a simple portrait of inuyasha.
Kun, why did you go to the southwest?
In fact, this is a very simple question. Qin's development to the west was limited to the Hexi Corridor, and stopped there in Guazhou. That is to say, under the oppression of the Qin, Inuyasha could go to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and develop to Sichuan through there, just as it was possible for them to develop to Xinjiang and Inner Mongolia.
At that time, there were dozens or hundreds of small tribal regimes scattered around the land of Bashu, the most powerful of which was Ba and Shu. The two countries of Pakistan and Shu were in present-day Chongqing and Sichuan. The Battle of Bashu by Qin was fought in 316 BC, before Qin unified the Six Kingdoms. The capital of the Shu state of Chengdu (present-day Sichuan), as the "chief of Rong Di", led the army against Shu, and the Qin general Sima Que once said: "The State of Shu is a remote country in the west, with Rong Di as the leader, and there are disasters like Jie and Sui. Using the army of the Qin state to attack is like using a jackal to drive away the sheep. "Rong Di here is a combination of North Di and Xi Rong, and it is impossible to have no relationship with Inuyasha.
As far as the situation was concerned, it was highly likely that Inu Rong was unwilling to submit to the Qin people, who had long been enemies of them, as evidenced by Sima Que's return to Shu in 301 BC to quell the rebellion. After that, further southward development became inuyasha's only option. Between 298 and 277 BC, the Chu general Zhuang Ji led a crowd into Dianchi and arrived in the Dianchi area, and the establishment of the "Dian State" with local tribal alliances also occurred after this.
However, this is not to say that all inuyasha went to the "Dian Kingdom", and it was inevitable that some of them would stay in the local area. According to the Book of the Later Han Dynasty, during the reign of Emperor Yongping (58-75) of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Yizhou (one of the thirteen prefectures set up by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, during the Three Kingdoms period, the largest area of which included present-day Sichuan, Chongqing, Yunnan, Guizhou, most of Hanzhong and northern Burma, a small part of Henan in Hubei, and the seat of government in Chengdu, Shu County), vigorously propagated Han Dynasty policies, which had a great impact on the nearby ethnic minorities. At this time, the leader of a minority nationality, the "White Wolf King", wrote a song and presented it to the Han Ming Emperor, who was very happy and let people record it.
This song is the Song of the White Wolf King, the oldest poem recorded in the Tibetan-Burman language. The place where the White Wolf King is located is called the White Wolf Kingdom, which is a small country located in Batang, Sichuan, which is said to have been established by the ancient Naxi ancestors, and its territory includes Baiyu County (including today's mountain rock boundaries) west of the present-day Yalong River, with "more than 1.3 million households and more than 6 million mouths". This white wolf is easily associated with a white dog as a totem.
The Naxi are one of the 56 ethnic groups in China, one of the endemic ethnic groups in Yunnan, the vast majority of which live in Lijiang City in northwest Yunnan, the rest are distributed in other counties and cities in Yunnan and In Yanyuan, Yanbian, Muli and other counties in Sichuan, and a few are distributed in Mangkang County, Tibet. The naxi family organization is common, is a high degree of concentration of ethnic groups, Lugu Lake area of the Nari people (Mosuo people) kinship organization maintains a relatively old characteristics. Lugu Lake is no stranger to many people in Mosuo, where the matriarchal family form is still retained, and it is called the "mysterious daughter country". In this regard, can people see a little remnant of the Inuyasha through the later adoption of the northern peoples?
With regard to the Naxi, we also leave it to the later texts. Now, let's take a look at "White Wolf King Song". Scholars who study ethnic languages and cultures have translated it: Tiguan Kui, Liu Spleen, Wei Maoyu, and Tan Fuyuan. Pang Mo Zhi Liu, Enlisted With Travel, Zhi Tang Sang Ai, Evil Bi Even Supplement... Translation: To pay tribute to him, we submitted to the Han Dynasty, the result was perfect, this decision was wise and perfect, we were happy, and the people of the clan were overjoyed and sincerely convinced. Sincerely serve the big man. And Yan Zhi drink, the Son of Heaven smiled and feasted, hospitality and leniency, exquisite utensils and delicacies, how to do this, such a generous and generous treatment, how to thank the song? How can this be reciprocated!
This song, together with the "Kun" of Kunming, evokes a certain memory of our history. In the New Book of Tang dynasty, the Biography of Southern Man says, "There is a Kunming man in the west of the Kuman, and a Kunmi..." The name "Kunmi" is the same as the name of the Wusun Kingdom in the Western Regions, and it is also known as Kunmo. It seems that the Inuyasha of that year not only went west to Xinjiang, but also to Kunming as the south. (Wen | Lusheng)