Editor's note: The war between the Qing Empire and the Dzungar Khanate is well known to many history buffs. However, in the ordinary historical introduction, it is as if the Qing Empire relied on firearms to destroy the Dzungar Khanate. So is history really like this? In this issue, the Cold Weapons Research Institute will talk about the Battle of Zhaomodo and see if the ambitions of the Mongol tyrant Gardan are shattered. For Kaldan, the six years after the Battle of Ulaanbutong must have been very painful (for details, see Leng Yan's previous article "Five Thousand Years Up and Down" deception?). Recapture the Battle of Ulan Butong, where there are Qing artillery to destroy the camel city").
▲ Battle of Ulan Butong
Although the Battle of UlanButong was a draw, and the battlefield losses of the Qing army were even greater than those of the paramilitary army, Fuquan was only one of the main forces of the Qing army, and had already defeated almost all of Kaldan's belongings in terms of equipment. At this time, Gardan may have realized the huge gap in national strength. The Battle of Urhui River was annihilated by Gardan with more than 10,000 weak soldiers, which was not a big deal for the Qing Dynasty. And Gardan's desire to hurt the Qing Dynasty to force the Qing Dynasty to hand over khalkha's people is undoubtedly incomparably trusting.
▲ Mongolian tyrant Gardan
▲The Kangxi Emperor
But the negotiations did not come to any conclusion until the fifth year after the Battle of Ulaanbutong, and Kangxi apparently found that he had been tricked by Kaldan. Fortunately, in the past few years, daqing has also made sufficient preparations for war, and the soldiers are sufficient and sufficient to expedition to the north of the desert. The Kangxi Emperor then made up a plan to ambush and kill Kaldan in one fell swoop under the banner of sending troops to meet Kaldan's surrender.
▲ Zambarak shotgun used by the paramilitary
However, Gardan had long been aware of the movements of the Qing Dynasty, so in the second half of 1695, he again sent an army to invade the east, attacking the Khalkha tribes still in the north of the desert, trying to expand their strength. At the same time, Kaldan claimed to have brought 60,000 Russian shotguns to intimidate the Mongol princes in the south and the north of the desert, and at the same time used his religious influence as a disciple of the Fifth Dalai Lama Lobsang Gyatso to attract lama monks from the Mongolian steppe to provide him with intelligence. Since most of the Khalkha tribes temporarily moved south to avoid the Gardan army, the eastward invasion was actually like a grazing procession, and no fighting took place. Gardan did not dare to rush south to the vicinity of the Great Wall.
▲ Elite warriors in the Dzungar army
At the end of 1695, the Qing Dynasty also began a full mobilization, mobilizing 100,000 soldiers, divided into three roads, and northern Expedition to the north. The Eastern Route Army was formed by the Heilongjiang general Sabsu's 9,000 troops, crossing the Xing'an Ridge and exiting the Krullun River to flank the Dzungar army; the Fuyuan general Fei Yanggu commanded 46,000 troops to form the Western Route Army, which crossed the desert from Naturalization (Hohhot) and Ningxia and went north along the Wengjin River to cut off the Kaldan retreat; the Kangxi Emperor himself led 34,000 people to form the Middle Route Army, out of Dushikou (present-day Chicheng North, Hebei Province), through the upper reaches of the Krulun River, to the north, cutting off the Kaldan retreat, and attacking the Kaldan army with the East and West Route Armies.
▲ Schematic diagram of the Battle of Zhaomodo, the Gardan soldiers are actually less than 20,000
It is said that during the Battle of Ulanbutong, Kangxi also arranged an army from the northeast to prepare to attack Gardan from Shengjing, but when he reached the halfway point, Kaldan had already run back. This time, the commander of the Eastern Route Army, Sabsu, was the general who fought Yaksa that year, and he rushed to the north of the desert, but he did not come in handy. The commander of the Western Route Army, Fei Yanggu, was one of the few veterans who had experienced the San Francisco Rebellion, and was only a young man in his 20s at that time, and he was nearly fifty years old at this time. In the process of assembling the march, Fei Yanggu keenly discovered that there were huge loopholes in the supply plan formulated by Kangxi, and decisively made a decision to reduce the original 46,000 soldiers to 14,000 elites, and all the rest was changed to supply work. This became the key for the Qing army to defeat the enemy, rather than running to the north of the desert to send people's heads.
▲ The Krullen River is an important river on the Mongolian plateau
The Kangxi Emperor, who did not reduce his troops, fell into a food shortage after arriving in the Krullen River Valley - most of the 80 days of grain carried by the soldiers had been eaten, not to mention continuing to advance, even retreating was dangerous. When the Kangxi Emperor invaded Gardan in the north, he once ordered the deputy governor and Shaoxing man Wu Liucun to transfer the salary, and Wu Liu Village "knew the mountains and rivers outside the Sai, and because of fate, he took a shortcut and reached the army first." When the imperial camp had been starving of food for several days, shang was overjoyed, and the prince of Limi said: 'My father and son have help.' Although the Draft History of the Qing Dynasty boasted fiercely about the Kangxi Emperor, the real situation was that the Kangxi Emperor sent emissaries to see Gardan and took the initiative to inform the Kangxi Emperor of the news of his personal conquest.
▲Kangxi Northern Expedition
It can be seen that the Kangxi Emperor's army is short of food, and it has no combat effectiveness, and can only hope for intimidation tactics. If Kaldan is decisive enough to storm the Qing army camp at this time, he may be able to fight a Qing version of the Tumu Fort Change and capture the Kangxi Emperor. However, Kaldan was not a first-class famous general, and in the past few years, he had been attacked by the deluded Alabutan and was in a mess, and there was no rational judgment at this time. Seeing that Kangxi had many soldiers along the way, he did not dare to fight a decisive battle and retreated to the west. The western route of Feiyangu and Sun Sike's troops through the desert, coupled with the fact that Gardan had already sent a small detachment to burn down the grasslands south of the Kulun and Tula Rivers, where the Western Route Army had to pass, delayed the journey of the Western Route Army and was unable to carry out the planned plan to meet the Kangxi Emperor. Kaldan predicted that the Western Route Army, which had a more difficult supply route, should be extremely short of food and lose its combat effectiveness at this moment, and decided that persimmons would pick up the soft pinch and annihilate the Western Route Army in one fell swoop to exert its own power, forcing the Qing Dynasty to negotiate peace, hand over the Khalkha people, and regain its strength.
Here it can be seen that although Kaldan has been in the battlefield for a long time, he is not a first-class celebrity after all. Fei Yanggu and Sun Sike are both veterans of the San Francisco Rebellion, and they have long been famous and cannot be underestimated, are they comparable to the anointed children of Arni and Fuquan? Kaldan let the Kangxi Emperor, who could not fight and was self-righteous, not deal with them, and ran to pinch these people, and he really made a mistake. Fei Yanggu had already received a summons from the light horse sent by the Kangxi Emperor and was waiting on the Gardan westward retreat route, occupying the commanding heights of Zhao moduo. Zhao modo, on the east bank of the Tula River, also known as East Kulun, north of kent mountain, south of the Tuna Ridge, west of the Khan Mountain, the forest is reckless, the situation is dangerous, known as an ancient battlefield. Interestingly, the old name of this place was Kulan suddenly lost its temperature, and it was here that Zhu Di was here to break through the dangers and defend the Wallacham, wei zhen saibei, and now, here again, there is a historic decisive battle.
When Kaldan arrived, Feiyangu sent the Manchurian Zhengbai Banner vanguard Commander Shuodai and the Mongolian Zhenghuang Banner Commander Ananda to lead some light horses to lure the enemy. As soon as they made contact, the Qing army pretended to be tired and weak, and lured Kaldan to chase him west. Soon, the Gardan army was lured to the front of the mountain, and the Qing army scattered. Gardan saw that there were not many Qing troops on the mountain, thinking that it was caused by a large number of fallen troops, and did not know that Feyangu deliberately streamlined, and the Qing army had been waiting on the mountain for ten days, and the physical strength had long been restored, and it was even more self-defending. At the Battle of Ulaanbutong, Fu Quan attempted to attack with heavy iron-hearted copper cannons, but turned around and was defeated by Kaldan. This time, the Qing army learned its lesson and used lighter sub-mother guns, and the number was still sufficient.
▲Qing Dynasty zimu cannon
Gardan led a cavalry armed with spears to charge the Qing army deep in the dense forest of the highlands, Sun Sike led the elite of the Green Battalion to resist in front, shotguns and guns roared, and the battlefield was filled with smoke. Rushing closer, Kaldan found that the Qing firearms were so well prepared, and a wooden fence was set up in front of the position, and trenches were dug, and the preparations were extremely adequate, and although the enemy soldiers were few, they should not be underestimated. Only then did Kaldan faintly realize that he seemed to have fallen into the Feyangu Temple. But that's it, and it's hard to get on the scalp. The attack weakened the impact of the Mongol cavalry, and although the Mongol soldiers under Gardan were brave, due to the economic difficulties and poor armor in recent years, many people were hit and fell off their horses. Kaldan immediately made a decision, and ordered the soldiers to dismount and switch to infantry combat, after all, the Dzungars were known for their infantry combat capabilities among the Mongol tribes.
However, during the Kangxi Dynasty, the combat effectiveness of the Green Camp had not yet been completely destroyed, and on foot warfare, there were no more good battles than han Chinese. Sun Sike immediately ordered the antler door to be opened, and the Han army rattan soldiers armed with swords and shields rushed out from behind, while the full soldiers provided fire in the rear, and the two sides fought fiercely, killing from the morning of May 13 to the afternoon, which was difficult to understand. At this time, gardan's soldiers were close to 20,000, which was only a slight advantage over the Qing army, and the equipment was not as good as it was, and it was a back attack, and the battle did not fall behind in the slightest, and it can be seen at this point that Gardan's ability to be a soldier is remarkable. This battle is quite similar to the Battle of Nagashino.
▲ The famous general Fei Yanggu was the younger brother of Shunzhi's favorite concubine Dong Efei and Fei Yanggu had already adopted the strategy of Yin Huaxing, another veteran han army general who had experienced the Rebellion of San Francisco, and led the elite horse to sneak out of the camp, detour through the Gardan camp, and attack his camp. Anuktun, the wife of Kaldan, who was in charge of the camp, fought fiercely with the Qing army, but was defeated and drove to the rear of Kaldan's army. However, Anu Kedun was also very brave, and even stabilized his position before attacking the Rear Line of Gardan, and ordered his soldiers to dismount and fight the Qing army to the death.
▲ The qing and zhun armies fought fiercely, Yin Huaxing, said in his memoir "Chronicle of the Western Expedition": Gardan and his sister-in-law Anu Niangzi (that is, the sister-in-law captured by Gardan's brother-in-law) also braved artillery arrows, rode and fought, the front was very sharp and undefeated, the killing and injury were quite equal, and the victory or defeat was undecided. From this point of view, Gardan's Battle of the Trapped Beasts, even in the overall inferior situation, is still considerable in power. However, Lady Anu, who "dared to fight, wore copper armor, and wore bows and arrows", was not enough armor to resist the Qing army's firearms. Finding that this woman was the key to the cohesion of the paramilitary army, the Qing army opened fire on her, and although more than a dozen Qing soldiers were killed in the process, Anukedun was also tragically shot and killed.
▲ Poster of the Outer Mongolian movie "Anuktun", but in fact the Outer Mongols are descendants of the Dzungar enemy Khalkha
The paramilitary rearguards screamed incessantly and fell into disarray. Yin Huaxing seized the opportunity to attack the camp from Sun Sike's flank, directly chiseling through the paramilitary formation, and attacking Fei Yanggu back and forth. The elite infantry of the Han Army from the mountains galloped down from a high slope, and their power was not lost to the iron horse. Kaldan was attacked back and forth, and the death of his wife made the army's heart waver, and it could no longer support it, so it had to gather soldiers and flee the battlefield. More than 2,000 people were killed and more than 3,000 captured, Gardan's wife Anukedun and his regents Debatur Zaisan, Borot and Eqi were killed on the battlefield, and more than a thousand Qing soldiers died in battle.
However, as the Qing army captured the camp of the paramilitary army, more than 60,000 livestock, a large number of weapons, armor, firearms and ammunition, and many children and daughters were captured by the Qing army. After this battle, the Gardan tribes dispersed, or defected to the Tserry Alabutan, or defected to the Qing Dynasty, and Gardan only gathered 5,000 warriors, tens of thousands of followers, and wandered in the Kobdo steppe. In 1697, Kangxi sent Masika and Yin Huaxing to Kobdo with a small number of elites to continue to pursue and attack Kaldan. Kaldan was at the end of the road, the people surrendered to The Qing, and wanted to defect to Tibet, but was also rejected by the Kangxi Emperor's warning to TibasanYe Gyatso, and finally fell seriously ill and died of desolation (a persuasion poison committed suicide), the remnants of Kaldan surrendered to Qing, and his son was also captured by the Hami and handed over to the Qing Dynasty. RenJi, who knew where Gardan was, led the forward first, and the armies marched on both wings. To the Yantu Kuletu garrison. Its land is scarce of water, so that the mountain springs gush out and see for themselves. Dechai, sub-Krullen River. The Minister of Shanggu said, "Gardan does not know how to resist the war on the river, and he is powerless. The outpost Zhongshu Apida probed gardan not believing that the sixth division had suddenly arrived, climbed the Mengnar Mountain, saw the Huang man net city, the big soldier Yuntun, rambling, and was shocked: "How did it come from Yiye!" "Abandon its tent and go away." Examining its horse arrow, it seems to be two days away. Ride lightly and chase it. Along the way, there were many things, camels, horses, women and children abandoned. Shanggu said to Sha Jin, the king of Horqin: "What is the emperor of The Emperor? Shajin said, "For the escape ear." King Namuzar of Khalkha said, "The courtiers fled on the same day, that is. ”
This article is the original manuscript of the Cold Weapons Research Institute. The original outline of the editor-in-chief and the author Hai Yuntian, any media or public account shall not be reproduced without written authorization, and the offender will be investigated for legal responsibility.