Taking "the prince will have a kind of Xiangning" as the starting point, we will talk about the background and influence of the peasant uprising at the end of Qin
In 209 BC, in the first year of the reign of Qin II, the peasant rebel army with Chen Sheng and Wu Guang as the core fired the first shot against the tyranny of the Qin Dynasty
。 "The prince will have a kind of feeling about Xiang Ning?"?
This bold remark that shook the ancient world and the present set off a vigorous wave of peasant uprisings at the end of qin. This is also recorded in the "Chen ShiJia"
Osawa Township Uprising
。
"In July of the first year of the second dynasty, Fa Lu left Yuyang, and nine hundred people tuned Daze Township. It will rain heavily, the road will not pass, and the degree has been lost. Lost time, the law is cut. This is actually a relatively strict law in the Qin Law, and the peasants recruited by the rulers of the Qin Dynasty must arrive as scheduled, and once they miss the date of the recruitment, they will have to worry about their lives. Chen Sheng, Wu Guang, and more than 900 other peasants were forced to launch an uprising in order to survive under the premise of "losing their time, losing their time, and cutting off all the laws."
The Dazexiang Uprising, which occurred at the end of the Qin Dynasty, had both historical contingencies and certain inevitability. The so-called contingency, in fact, mainly refers to Chen Sheng, Wu Guang and others, in the process of being conscripted by the imperial court encountered continuous heavy rain, under this premise it is easy to miss the time, and after the delay, according to the Qin law, it is necessary to be beheaded, which is actually the accident of the Dazexiang uprising.
The reason why the Dazexiang uprising was inevitable actually meant that the tyranny of the Qin Dynasty II at that time made the people complain, coupled with the Qin Dynasty's concept of ruling the country with the Law, and constantly applied severe and cruel laws in the process of rule, especially when repairing the Great Wall of Qin and the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor and the Afang Palace, constantly recruiting the common people to do coolies and causing agricultural production to be affected, and at this stage countless ordinary people starved to death at this stage.
In fact, this also provided the inevitable historical conditions for the Osawaxiang Uprising. On the basis of contingency and inevitability, the Dazexiang Uprising, which was the largest, most organized, and most destructive in the last years of the Qin Dynasty, came into being.
I. The causes and background of the Dazexiang uprising at the end of the Qin Dynasty
"The prince will have a kind of feeling for Xiang Ning?" Are those who call the princes and generals nobler than us? This is a kind of initial sense of resistance that originated in the peasants' minds, and it is this primitive meaning of resistance that laid the first "revolutionary" seeds for Chen Sheng and Wu Guang, the leaders of the Dazexiang Uprising.
Sima Qian, a historian of the Western Han Dynasty, once had such a description in the "Chen Shi Shi Shi Jia", "When Chen Shi was young, he tasted farming with others, quit farming, and hated for a long time, saying: 'Gou is rich and noble, and there is no forgetting'." When Chen Sheng was still a farmer, he was not satisfied with the status quo and hoped that one day he could become rich and help his neighbors. But his idea was immediately teased by his neighbors, "If you are a servant, how rich and noble?" ”。
But this did not discourage Chen Sheng, who had great ambitions, "Oh! Bird Bird Anzhi Honghu Zhi Ya! "How can you little sparrow be compared to a bird like me?"
Chen Sheng and Wu Guang lived during the reign of Former Qin II, and when Qin II ascended the throne, he began to recruit farmers and prisoners from all over the country, the main purpose of which was to build the mausoleum of Qin Shi Huang. According to the laws of the Qin Dynasty at that time, the peasants who were requisitioned and asked for hair could not be delayed, otherwise they would all be executed in accordance with the Qin law. Chen Sheng and Wu Guang were among the hundreds of thousands of peasants who were recruited, but on the way to their destinations, heavy rains suddenly fell and stopped for a long time.
"Fa Lu left suitable for Yuyang, nine hundred people Tun Daze Township", "there will be heavy rain, the road is not clear, the degree has been lost." Lost time, the law is cut. Under this grim situation of natural and man-made disasters, Chen Sheng and Wu Guangnai conspired: "If you die now, you will die, and if you use great plans, you will die. ”。
It probably means that it is better to wait for death than to revolt, although the uprising is also dead but dies well. In this premise and background, the largest peasant uprising at the end of qin began under the organization of Chen Sheng and Wu Guang.
II. Mobilization and Propaganda of the Peasant Revolt at the End of qin
During the reign of Qin II, due to Zhao Gao's abuse of power and Qin II's mixed use of incompetence, the social contradictions of the Qin Dynasty at that time were very fierce, and when the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor had not yet been completed, Qin II had to continue to build the Afang Palace. According to statistics, the population of the Qin state at that time was only 20 million, but there were about 2-3 million people who were successively recruited to build imperial tombs, build the Great Wall, guard Lingnan, and build Afang Palace. Among the many conscripted people, there are many young and old and women. In this social background, not only the people are complaining, but also many anti-Qin forces are gradually brewing.
Before Chen Sheng and Wu Guang launched the Dazexiang Uprising, they had used the natural phenomenon that "there would be heavy rain and the road could not be passed" as the cause of the uprising, and then they used the strict laws of the Qin Dynasty to "lose their time." Lost time, the law was cut" as the basis, and coupled with the resentment of the common people against the tyranny of the Qin Dynasty as a "people" opportunity, coupled with the actual geographical environment of Daze Township at that time, that is, "geographical advantages", as the basis, it laid the public opinion foundation of "heaven, time, location, and people" for the peasant uprising at the end of Qin.
Chen Shengyue: "The world has been suffering for a long time. ...... Jincheng calls himself Gongzi Fusu and Xiang Yan by deceit, singing for the world, and it is advisable to respond to many people. Taking advantage of people's feelings for Prince Fusu of the Qin Dynasty, and Xiang Yan's poisonous oath that "although Chu is a household, the death of Qin will be Chu", "it is a false claim that Gongzi Fusu and Xiang Yan are also from the people's desires." He said that Dachu "created reasonable public opinion propaganda for the Dazexiang uprising." "The general's body was stubborn and sharp, he had no way out, he cursed Qin, he restored the society of the Chu state, and he was the king of merit." From this, it can be seen that the people of the Three Qins all supported Chen Sheng and Wu Guang in launching an uprising.
At the same time, it also made use of the superstitious ideas of the people at that time and used the method of divination to find the ideological basis for the uprising," Wu Guang thought. It's a blessing. The prophet knows his meaning, saying, 'Everything under the feet is accomplished, and there is merit.' However, the ghost of the foot is bu! ’”。“ Chen Sheng and Wu Guangxi, chanting ghosts, said, "This teaches me to first threaten the ears of the people." ’”
In order to make people believe and support the leadership of the two, Chen Sheng wu guang wrote and directed a good play of "Danshu Fish Belly". Placing the Book of Dan with the inscription "King Chen Sheng" in the belly of the fish, "Buy fish to cook, get the book in the belly of the fish", Wu Guanghu shouted: "Great Chu Xing, King Chen Sheng!" ”。 At this point, Chen Sheng and Wu Guang launched the elaborate public opinion propaganda of Daze Township to succeed.
Iii. The Historical Impact of the Dazexiang Uprising at the End of Qin
"And if the strong man does not die, he will raise a big name when he dies, and the prince will have a kind of xiangning!" This bold statement, which has been preached for thousands of years, not only has the simple spirit of the peasant uprising, but also reflects the spiritual strength of the Dazexiang uprising at that time. Why can others be crowned as princes and worships? And the peasants can only cultivate the land and suffer a lot of oppression.
The peasant uprising at the end of Qin was the first large-scale, organized, faith-based and slogan uprising after qin, and throughout the history of our country, only the Dazexiang uprising had both pre-war preparations and reasonable public opinion, although the final result was suppressed by the Qin Dynasty army, but this uprising opened a precedent against the tyranny of the Qin Dynasty, and provided historical experience and war cases for the subsequent Chu Bawang Xiang Yu and Han Gaozu Liu Bang.
The final failure of the peasant uprising at the end of Qin led by Chen Sheng and Wu Guang actually had a lot to do with their own factors. First of all, the two people's political ideology and war experience were insufficient, and at the same time, after the uprising achieved certain achievements, they began to be greedy, and paid attention to enjoyment and did not think of making progress.
This is actually a common feature of the peasant revolt, because they do not have a strong unity of thought and a belief in identification. Coupled with the leaders' own many problems, this peasant uprising at the end of the Qin Dynasty will continue to slide into the abyss of failure. This vigorous peasant uprising at the end of Qin provided a blueprint for subsequent rebel armies to refer to, but Chen Sheng and Wu Guang, when the uprising achieved initial Chen Gong, began to suspect each other until Chen Sheng ordered Wu Guang to be killed, which was actually completely in line with the basic characteristics of the ancient peasant uprising.
IV. Conclusion
The Dazexiang Uprising in the first year of Qin II was the first large-scale peasant uprising in ancient Chinese history. From this point of view, the Osawa Township Uprising can be said to have pioneered the peasant uprising. Under the historical background at that time, Chen Sheng and Wu Guang were able to get enough of the perspective of a peasant to consider the actual problems of society and finally start a "revolution" in the beginning of the "revolution." This spirit is indeed worth learning from future generations. This uprising fundamentally shook the rule of the Qin Dynasty and occupied an unparalleled and important position in the history of China's peasant uprisings.
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