Tomorrow will go to Sanxingdui for examination and research, and then go to Nanning to give lectures, go back to Hubei for a while, today will be the spring and autumn Warring States period of the last chapter written, because the biggest problem of the business trip is the collection and collation of information is relatively difficult, many books can not be carried, when the time to consult will be very troublesome, and the network above a lot are forwarded and excerpted by the crowd, again copied there is nothing new, so the follow-up text may wait for a while.
From 770 BC to 476 BC, known in history as the Spring and Autumn Period; Eastern Zhou also began with the annexation and conquest of eight hundred princely states, in these two hundred and ninety years, the society was full of smoke and war; after a strong shuffling and elimination of mergers, in the end only Qi Huan, Jin Wengong, Chu Zhuang Wang, Wu Wang Lu and Yue Wang Gou practiced the "Five Hegemons" to become kings. After entering the Warring States period, competition further intensified, and after a new round of reshuffling, only the "Seven Heroes" of the State of Qi, the State of Chu, the State of Yan, the State of Korea, the State of Zhao, the State of Wei, and the State of Qin were finally left to face each other.
1. Historical and cultural background and artistic characteristics
The ancient city of Qufu Luguo was the capital of the Lu state of the Zhou Dynasty.
It is also the hometown of our first "sage" Confucius, and in the previous article introducing Confucius I have detailed the life of Confucius, as a descendant of the nobility of the Lu kingdom, he had the opportunity to touch and touch jade. It is precisely because of these special identities and experiences that he finally effectively unified the physical characteristics of jade with the words and deeds of gentlemen, and created a Confucian culture that has been passed down through the ages.
"There is Fu in the city of Lu, and the song is seven or eight miles long, so it is called Qufu", and the city is named after the mountain.
The jade excavated here not only preserves some of the shapes and decorations of the Spring and Autumn Period, but also creates a new artistic style.
It should be said that these are the contemporaneous products that really affected Confucius's jade speech, and it is precisely because of their appearance that they brought Confucius the standard of "precious jade and lowly", and it is precisely because of these types of jade worn that more people understand the principle of "gentleman without reason, jade does not go to the body" and "gentleman is like jade", the jade that appears at this stage is the source of Confucius's inspiration and creation, and it is also an important material evidence that Confucian culture and jade culture can be passed down to this day.
As the popular saying on the Internet is "I have blown the wind you blow, I have seen the moon you have seen..."
Here, it should be the piece of unearthed jade that we saw, perhaps it was the jade that Old Master Kong was playing with in his hand or wearing around his waist.
It is more worthwhile for us to carefully analyze and grasp his artistic style to appreciate the source of Mr. Kong's wisdom.
At this stage of Eastern Zhou rule is actually in the point of extinction in name only, the control and restriction of the various princely states is basically in the empty name, in the "Spring and Autumn" can find an interesting record, the middle of the introduction in 651 BC, because the Zhou King's power is not up to reach, by the Qi Hou came forward, called the relevant princes to meet, discuss the people's livelihood contract, and finally in the form of mutual alliance, it was determined that it is not allowed to build water conservancy facilities that hinder neighboring countries, and cannot hinder the circulation of grain during natural disasters and droughts, known in history as "The Alliance of Kuiqiu". At this time, it has been seen that the mastery of the Princes of the Zhou Dynasty is actually basically out of control, and the princes of various countries are no longer using jade as the main function of the ceremonial system, as the only means of using the ceremonial control, the concept of ceremonial ware has tended to be thin, and the concept of jade as a decoration has begun to strengthen, and an independent Warring States jade style has begun to form.
Second, the background and cultural connotation of the jade hook
Today we come to introduce to you is a few pieces of jade belt hook unearthed in the ancient city of Luguo, a similar jade belt hook once created a surprising price, introduced in the previous text, the main function of this jade is practical and decorative use, from the Neolithic Liangzhu culture has seen the emergence of such items.
At the beginning of the Warring States, the wrong gold and silver hook began to prevail, and in the Western Han Dynasty, the development of the jade belt hook was pushed to the peak period.
At this stage, the jade belt hook not only has a novel shape design, but also the user is colorful according to the function and pattern decoration.
It has become a typical practical utensil, but also a rich decorative item.
Whether it is the choice of materials or the design of ornaments, the selection of materials, many patterns, ornamentation, craftsmanship, the characteristics of the art of the times are very obvious.
I personally also collected one of these unearthed jade belt hooks, and later it was also "miserable", because the excavation traces were too obvious to participate in the regular auction sales channels, but it was really pressed for funds, it was difficult to sell, and this kind of item, generally there are not many people who have the ability to take over, and finally they all become the ones in the cabinet that are not touched.
3. The basic characteristics of the Warring States jade excavated from the ancient city of QufuLuguo
The jade artifacts unearthed from the ancient city of Qufu Lu include jade bi, jade ring, jade hook, jade horse, dragon ornament, jade pendant, jade group pendant, arch ridge ornament and various pendants, jade pieces, etc.
The main decorative patterns are grain pattern, dragon pattern, animal face pattern, cockroach pattern, bird head snake body animal pattern, cirrus cloud pattern, curly grass pattern and so on.
There are three-dimensional circular carvings, there are also hollow through carvings, and there are reliefs and flat thin yin line carvings.
Among them, three with hooks are the most typical and distinctive, one wide, one narrow, one inlay, which is not only a summary of the previous generation, but also lays the foundation for future development.
Fourth, the types of hooks and appreciation points excavated from the ancient city of QufuLuguo
A mosaic refers to a body with gold and silver as a hook, and a complete hook is inlaid with jade.
Such as gilded town jade copper belt hook, instrument such as winged flying beast, the middle of the hook body embedded jade bird and turquoise round bubble.
A narrow refers to a multi-section jade belt hook, the body is long, generally 19-20 cm, composed of 7 to 10 knots of jade, with an iron bar running through the middle, and the hook head is carved into the shape of the dragon head.
The body is decorated with dense engraved cirrus or hooked thunder patterns.
We only find a physical picture of the middle and late Western Han Dynasty, although it is already later than the Warring States, but this jade hook system began to appear from the Warring States period, especially illustrated.
The most special is a wide. The wide-body animal face pattern jade belt hook pictured in the figure is made of a single piece of topaz material, and the whole is shovel-shaped.
The hook head is made of an animal head, and the eyebrows are clear. The hook body is wide, decorated with animal faces, the eyes are protruding as hidden vines, and the long eyebrows are rolled up, supplemented by thin lines of cirrus, curly patterns, and patterns that are opposite to each other.
The back of the round button surface is decorated with grid patterns and hook cloud patterns.
This hook has a peculiar shape, set of through carving, relief, line carving in one, carving process is exquisite.
This wide-body animal face pattern jade belt hook was only popular during the Warring States period.