In the history of China, there is a dynasty that can never be bypassed, that is, the famous Great Qin Empire, which is the first unified central empire in China's history, which has had a profound impact on future generations, and Qin Shi Huang is a rare emperor in Chinese history. Although the Great Qin Empire existed for a short time, it still fascinated future generations, and this short-lived dynasty left many relics such as the Great Wall and the Mausoleum of the First Emperor of Qin, as well as many problems that future generations speculated. How the Qin state rose, how it swept through the six kingdoms to unify the world, and how it died twice, these questions have made posterity think for many years. So where did the Qin Kingdom come from?
After the mole
The ancestors of the Qin state can be traced back to the ancient Emperor Huan, who was also known as gaoyang, the grandson of the Yellow Emperor, and also one of the five emperors of the ancients, and there were two very famous things in his tenure, one was to compete with the gonggong for the throne, and after the failure of the gonggong, he knocked down the Buzhou Mountain; the other was that after the emperor sat on the position of the heavenly emperor, let his grandson Chong and Li take charge of heaven and earth respectively, and block the passage between heaven and earth, which is the famous isolation of heaven and earth in ancient mythology, and since then the gods and humans have been separated. We can no longer interact with each other.
The story of the State of Qin has little to do with Emperor Huan himself, but with one of his descendants named Nu Huan. The story of the female is also quite mythical, which is also one of the characteristics of historical figures in ancient times. According to legend, the weaver is very good at weaving cloth like the weaver girl in the mythological story, but she did not attract any old cattle, only a swallow. This swallow did not know what kind of consideration, actually planted an egg on the female body, and what was even more strange was that the female spleen actually ate the egg in one bite. This was a terrible moment, and the female concubine actually became pregnant directly, and waited until ten months later to give birth to a son, called Daye.
After Daye grew up, he was very talented, and even married the daughter of another tribe, The Shaodian clan, Nuhua, and the two had a son, named Dafei. Speaking of the name Dafei, many people may not have heard of it, and he has another name, called Boyi. Bo Yi is a very talented person, not only has a prominent hand in digging wells, but also is good at domesticating birds and beasts. He lived in the era of Emperor Shun, when the land of ancient China was full of floods. Boyi, who had a first-hand excavation technique, was naturally reused during this period, and he participated in a huge water control project as Dayu's assistant, and even Dayu believed that a large part of the credit for his success in controlling water came from Yu Boyi. Legend has it that in the process of controlling the water, Boyi wrote down the geography of the mountains and rivers and the pictures and texts of birds and beasts encountered along the way, and this book is the famous "Classic of Mountains and Seas" in later generations.
Because of his merits in controlling the water, Emperor Shun not only married the women of his clan to Bo Yi, but also appointed him to the post of Shu Yu (an official in charge of the geography of mountains and rivers in ancient times) and gave him a clan name, the Yin clan. In the era of Emperor Shun and Dayu, Boyi was very much valued, and even Dayu once wanted to pass the throne to Boyi. This caused the dissatisfaction of one person, that is, Dayu's son Qi. Kai himself also had the intention of inheriting his father's position, and Boyi naturally became a thorn in his eye, so Boyi had to die. Qi did not treat Bo Yi's descendants badly, and after he established the Xia Dynasty, he divided Bo Yi's two sons into the Huang Kingdom and the Xu Kingdom.
In the last years of the Xia Dynasty, the brutal rule of Xia Jie finally provoked a crusade by another tribal merchant. At this time, Bo Yi had a descendant named Fei Chang, who probably remembered the hatred of his ancestors, and left the Xia Dynasty and went all the way to Shang Tang, the leader of the Shang tribe. Fei Chang has a unique skill, that is, he is good at driving, so he became a full-time driver of Shang Tang. In the Battle of Mingtiao, it was Fei Chang who drove for Shang Tang, which caused the Shang army to defeat the Xia army and successfully unify the world.
After the establishment of the Shang Dynasty, Fei Chang's descendants served the kings of the Shang Dynasty and guarded the western border for the Shang Dynasty until the end of the Shang Dynasty. During the Shang Dynasty, Fei Chang's descendants were called Cockroaches, and the best skill of the Cockroaches was to be good at walking, and the Cockroaches had a son named Evil Lai, who was a Hercules, and both of them were close associates of the King of Shang. After King Wu of Zhou cut down the Shang, the Shang army was completely destroyed at the Battle of Makino, and the King of Shang was forced to set himself on fire in Lutai, and evil Lai naturally participated in the battle as a Hercules, and was killed in battle.
At this time, the cockroach was not in Yindu, but in the north digging stones for the king of Shang, and by the time he received the news, the Shang Dynasty had already perished. The cockroaches had nowhere to go for a while, so they ran all the way to the northern Mount Taiyue to build an altar to worship the King of Shang. As a result, not only did the altar be built, but also a coffin made of stone was dug out very obscurely, and the cockroaches were angry. After carefully inspecting the coffin, he was happy again, because there was a line written on the coffin: "God bless you that you did not die at the hands of the Zhou people, so I specially gave you a coffin so that you can develop and grow in the future." Cockroaches also couldn't understand how a coffin could develop and grow its descendants, so he had to live on Mount Taiyue to study this coffin. After decades of this, the coffin did not come out of research, but the cockroach was going to die, and his descendants put him in the coffin and buried him on Mount Taiyue.
Princes of the Zhou Dynasty
In addition to evil coming, cockroaches have another son, named Ji Sheng. Because Ji Sheng was not a member of the Shang Dynasty, King Wu of Zhou did not liquidate him later, and the Yin tribe still guarded the frontier in the western town for the Zhou Dynasty. When Ji Sheng's grandson made his father, the Yin tribe finally ushered in another opportunity for development. At that time, the king of the Zhou Dynasty was the King of Zhou Mu, who had no other hobbies, that is, he liked to travel, and the legend said that he went all the way west to kunlun mountain, and also left a lingering love story with the Queen Mother of the West. Like to travel around naturally need to find a good driver, just happened to be good at driving, naturally got the Zhou Mu King's reuse.
After King Mu of Zhou toured the west, the garrison in the east suddenly became empty, and the state of Xu in the east, led by the king Xu Yan, raised an army to attack Chengzhou, seriously threatening the rule of the Zhou Dynasty. At this time, King Mu of Zhou was far away in the west and could not return at all. Once there was no monarch to preside over the overall situation, the Zhou Dynasty was likely to be unable to resist Xu Guo's attack. At the critical moment, it was still the father who made a threat, and he drove thousands of miles a day and rushed back to Haojing with King Mu of Zhou. After King Mu of Zhou returned, the Zhou Dynasty suddenly had the backbone of the heart and soon defeated Xu Guo. Because of the miraculous feats of the father-maker this time, King Mu of Zhou sealed Zhao Cheng to the father, and the father-making family moved to Zhao City from then on, and his descendants called themselves the Zhao clan, which was also the origin of the later Zhao state.
Although Evil Lai died, he left behind a son named Female Defense, this branch followed his uncle Ji Sheng, and it was also passed down, because of the relationship between the fathers, this branch also followed the surname Zhao. By the time of King Xiao of Zhou, a man named Feizi had emerged from this branch, who, like his ancestor Boyi, was very good at taming birds and beasts, so he left the family and went to Inuyasha alone to raise horses and various livestock in Inuyasha.
Feizi's breeding techniques were very clever, and the livestock multiplied quickly, which immediately alarmed the magistrate of Inuyasha. When the magistrate saw that such a talent had appeared on his territory, of course he wanted to ask for credit, so he quickly reported it to King Xiao of Zhou. At that time, the Zhou Dynasty often needed to fight with the surrounding Yidi tribes, and the demand for warhorses was very large, and as soon as King Xiao of Zhou heard that someone was good at raising horses, he immediately brought Feizi to him and deliberately opened up a large area of land at the junction of the Wei River and the tributary Wanghe River, so that Feizi could raise horses for him here. Fei Zi did not live up to the expectations of King Xiao of Zhou, and within a few years, he raised a large number of war horses, which greatly solved the demand for war horses in the Zhou Dynasty.
When King Xiao of Zhou saw that Fei Zi had made such a great contribution, he wanted to give Fei Zi some gifts. At that time, Feizi's father Da Luo took the tribal town to guard against the invasion of the Rong clan in Xi'an, and King Xiao of Zhou wanted Da Luo to make Fei Zi his heir. After this news came out, some people immediately jumped out to oppose, this person is no one else, it is Shen Hou. Naturally, there was a reason for Shen Hou to stand up against it, because his daughter was also one of Da Luo's wives, and Da Luo's current heir was no one else, it was the son cheng born to Shen Hou's daughter, and Shen Hou naturally wanted his grandson to fight for the right to inherit.
However, Marquis Shen naturally could not directly say that he wanted to seize the position for his grandson, so he told King Xiao of Zhou: "In the past, the daughter of the Lishan clan married Rong Xuxuan and gave birth to a son named Zhongxiao, and Because of the relationship between his in-laws, Zhongzhuo guarded the western part of the central plains for many years and maintained the peace and stability of the western region. Now that we have married our daughter to Da Luo, and have also given birth to a concubine named Cheng, when we grow up, we will definitely guard the western border for us because of the relationship between in-laws like Zhongzhuo, and if we are replaced by other people who do not have in-laws now, I am afraid that it will not be so stable. King Xiao of Zhou also felt that there was some truth when he heard it, and he was not convenient to directly refute Shen Hou, so he had to say: "When Emperor Shun was emperor, Boyi was rewarded because he was good at breeding livestock, and now his descendant Feizi has meritorious service in raising horses for me, if it is really impossible to say that it is not rewarded, and what you say has some truth, then I will change the title of Feizi to another place." When Shen Hou saw that FeiZi would not rob his grandson of his position, he did not object again. In the end, King Xiao of Zhou sealed Feizi in qin, which was the beginning of the qin state.
By the time of Qin Feizi's grandson Qin Zhong, it coincided with the period of King Li of Zhou. At the instigation of his favorite minister Rong Yigong, King Li of Zhou ruled in a very chaotic manner, and everyone did not dare to speak when they met on the road. In the end, the princes and commoners could not bear it any longer, and finally stood up against King Li of Zhou, which was the famous rebellion of the people. After the fall of King Li of Zhou, the Zhou Dynasty did not have a monarch for fourteen years, and the Rong clan in the west also took the opportunity to jump out and make waves. At that time, the town guarding the west was still a descendant of Da Luo's son Cheng, and this tribe was quickly destroyed by the Rong clan, and the land of the Zhou Dynasty in the west was also lost.
After King Xuan of Zhou ascended the throne, he thought of defeating Xi Rong and recovering his former homeland, so he found Qin Zhong and asked him to take people to fight Xi Rong. Unfortunately, Qin Zhong himself did not argue with each other, and soon died in battle with the Rong clan. In desperation, King Xuan of Zhou had no choice but to find Qin Zhong's five sons and give them seven thousand soldiers and horses to avenge them. In the end, Qin Zhong's sons were angry, and soon defeated Xi Rong and snatched back all the original western fiefdoms. King Xuan of Zhou simply made Qin Zhong's eldest son the Grand Master of xi and put him in charge of the land to the west, including the former fief of Da Luo, which was the Duke of Qinzhuang.
During the reign of Duke Zhuang of Qin's son Duke Xiang of Qin, the king of the Zhou Dynasty was King You of Zhou. The most famous deed of this King of Zhou You was to spoil the beautiful woman, and as a result, a joke of the princes of the Beacon Theatre was made. King You of Zhou, because he favored Qiu Jiao, wanted to make Bofu, the son of Qiu Ji, the crown prince, and Shen Hou was not happy because the original prince was his nephew Yi Usu. Enraged, Shen Hou simply joined forces with the State of Eun and drew inuyasha in the west to join forces against King Zhou You. King Youwang of Zhou had already lost the hearts of the people because of the previous uproar, and there was no support from any princes at all, and soon Hojing fell, and King You himself was killed under Mount Li.
After the death of King You of Zhou, the former crown prince Ji Yiusu succeeded to the throne with the support of Marquis Shen and others, which was the famous King of Zhouping. King Ping of Zhou had to face a mess, after the invasion of the Inuyasha, the capital was destroyed, the national treasury was also plundered, the Rong people in the west took the opportunity to occupy a large area of land in the western part of the Zhou Dynasty, even the birthplace of the Zhou Dynasty was robbed, and the Rong people would occasionally attack the capital of the city. To make matters worse, King Zhou Ping's uncle Yu Chen, with the support of the State of Zhou, also established himself as king, which was king of Zhou. The two-week rivalry made it more difficult for the Zhou Dynasty to deal with enemies in the west, and in desperation, king Ping of Zhou had to decide to move east to Luoyi in the east.
In 770 BC, King Ping of Zhou, escorted by Duke Wu of Wei, Marquis Wen of Jin, Duke Xiang of Qin, and Duke Wu of Zheng, officially moved the capital to Luoyi and began the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. Although King Zhou Ping had run away, there had to be someone to guard the west, so he set his sights on Qin Xianggong. It was certainly impossible for others to guard the border in vain, so King Ping of Zhou formally crowned Qin Xianggong as a princely state, and at the same time drew him a big cake: "Now that Xi Rong has occupied all the land west of my Zhou Room, I will now give you all these lands, so that you Qin State can drive away the Rong people and recover the lost land, then these lands are yours." Since then, the State of Qin has officially become a princely state, and I am afraid that King Ping of Zhou did not dream that the State of Qin would actually be able to drive away Xi Rong and regain the lost land.
Qin Jin is good
After Qin Xianggong was enthroned, he began the journey of the Qin state to fight against Xi rong, and he and subsequent monarchs finally gradually recovered the lost land of the Zhou Dynasty in the west and occupied a large area of territory in the Guanzhong region through step-by-step efforts and nearly a hundred years of war. In 677 BC, Qin De moved the capital to Yongcheng, heralding the rise of a new power from the west. After the death of Duke Degong of Qin, his three sons and brothers eventually passed the throne to the time of Duke Mu of Qin. It was also under the rule of Qin Mugong that the Qin state began to enter its first prosperous period.
Soon after Duke Mu of Qin ascended the throne, he was determined to make peace with the powerful state of Jin in the east, so he married Mu Ji, the daughter of the king of the State of Jin, and thus established a relationship with the State of Jin. There was also an unexpected gain in this marriage, that is, The Duke of Jin Xian sent his doctor Bai Lixi of the Yu Kingdom to the Qin State as a dowry slave, so that Qin Mugong got the sage, and Bai Li Xi even recommended an uncle later. It was under the rule of Bai Lixi and Uncle Jian that the Qin state became stronger and stronger.
Compared with the State of Qin, the State of Jin was in decline, and in his later years, duke Xian of Jin caused a rebellion against Li Ji because he favored Li Ji, and eventually the crown prince Shen Sheng committed suicide, and the other two sons of The Duke of Jin, Yi Wu and Zhong'er, were forced to flee abroad. Li Ji's son Xi Qi did not last long, and Jin Xiangong was killed by Shen Sheng's supporter Rick just after his death, and then Li Ji's nephew Zhuo Zi, who was enthroned, was also killed soon. Because of the original move of the Jin Dynasty to eliminate the office, the Jin Dynasty could not find anyone to be the monarch in the country for a while, and Rick had to focus on the two fugitive princes abroad. Heavy Ear was worried about the instability of the country and was reluctant to return to China, leaving only one Yiwu. Of course, Yiwu was willing to return, but he was afraid of being killed by Rick, so he had to seek foreign aid, and the best foreign aid was naturally the powerful Qin state.
In order to gain the support of the Qin State, Yi Wu can be said to have made a bloody contribution, directly promising: "If I can return to China to inherit the position of monarch, I will cede all eight cities west of the Yellow River to the Qin State." Qin Mugong was originally Yi Wu's brother-in-law, and he had benefits to take, so he was naturally happy to support Yi Wu's return to China, so he asked Bai Li Xi to lead an army to escort Yi Wu back to China. Yiwu, with the support of the State of Qin, soon killed Rick and succeeded him as monarch, which was the Duke Hui of Jin.
Although he said very well before returning to China, after he really became the monarch, The Duke hui of Jin was unwilling to give land, so he asked Qin Mugong to tell him: "I originally wanted to cede the land to the Qin state, but the helpless ministers all said that the land was left by the ancestors and could not be ceded to other countries, and I really couldn't go against them." "What else can Qin Mugong say?" It can only be regarded as a dumb loss.
The Jin Huigong, who broke his promise, was soon retaliated against by the Lord of Heaven, and the Jin state soon suffered a serious drought, and the grain harvest failed, so he had no choice but to ask the Qin state for grain. Although there was opposition in the Qin state led by the old jin minister Pi Bao, Mugong of Qin still decided to save the people of the Jin state first, and sold the grain to the Jin state with the support of Bai Lixi and others. Because the fleet of ships transporting grain from the Qin to the Jin state was as large as a war, it was also called the "Battle of Pan boating".
Interestingly, the following year there was also a famine in the Qin state, so Qin Mugong also sent people to ask Jin Huigong for grain. It's just a pity that Jin Huigong is really a white-eyed wolf, and he is not willing to help Qin at all, and his uncle Yu She thinks that Qin guo is a stupid hat, and actually sells grain to neighboring countries, Jin guo can't be a fool, and should take advantage of the famine in Qin to destroy Qin.
The next year, the enraged State of Qin finally could not bear to go to war with the State of Jin, and the two sides fought a great battle in Han yuan, this time it was the turn of The Duke of Jin huigong to be unlucky. In the pre-Qin period, it was more popular to carry out divination before the war, to see how auspicious, the result of divination on the side of the Jin State was that the doctor Qingzheng did the right side of the car (the guard on the car) was more auspicious, but because of the matter of buying grain in the Qin State before, Qingzheng accused him of shooting, and Jin Huigong was unwilling to let Qingzheng do the right of the car, but let the servants of the doctor do the right of the car, and the doctor Buyang did the royal rong (responsible for driving). Soon after the start of the war, Jin Huigong was unlucky, because he used to drive Zheng Guo's pony, and as a result, he fell into the mud during the war. At this time, the Jin soldiers around Jin Huigong only had the Qingzheng branch, but Qingzheng was unwilling to save people because of the previous events, and Jin Huigong became a prisoner of the Qin state.
In fact, just when Jin Huigong was captured, Qin Mugong also encountered a crisis, and was almost captured by the Jin army's main general Han Jian, but was saved by a group of civilians who rushed to the scene at a critical moment. The reason why this group of civilians spontaneously participated in the war was because they had received the favor of Qin Mugong before, Qin Mugong had lost a good horse before, and as a result, he was eaten by this group of people, according to the law, these people should be arrested and punished, Qin Mugong did not blame these people, but gave these people fine wine, which made them grateful to Dade, and only then did they have the life-saving merit of the Battle of Hanyuan.
Although he captured Duke Hui of Jin, Duke Mu of Qin had no intention of destroying the State of Jin, and his own family was not at peace, so Mu Ji directly took his children in mourning clothes to prepare for martyrdom. In desperation, Duke Mu of Qin had no choice but to release Huigong of Jin, only to cede the promised land west of the Yellow River, and to send his son Gongzi Yuan to qin as a hostage. Duke Mu of Qin did not treat Gongzi Yuan badly, and soon after he married his daughter Huaiwei to him, and returned the land of the Jin state east of the Yellow River that the Qin state had previously occupied to the Jin Dynasty.
Gongzi did not learn anything else, but he had a virtue with his father, and he did not know gratitude at all. In 638 BC, Duke Hui of Jin was seriously ill, and Gongzi Yuan, fearing that other brothers would seize the position and did not greet the State of Qin, fled back to the State of Jin privately, leaving even his wife Huai Wei behind. The following year, Duke Hui of Jin fell ill and died, and Gongzi Yuan succeeded to the throne of the country, which was the Duke of Jinhuai.
The escape of Duke Huai of Jin finally angered the State of Qin, and it was also coincidental that at that time, Gongzi Zhong'er happened to be in the State of Chu, and Duke Mu of Qin simply sent someone to the State of Chu to greet Him, planning to send him back to the throne. At that time, the heavy ear was already quite famous among the countries, and the king of the Chu state, King Chu Cheng, had also intended to send the heavy ear back to the throne, but because the State of Chu was too far away from the State of Jin to make the trip, it happened that the Duke of Qin Mu sent someone to greet him, and the King of Chu Cheng sent someone to send the heavy ear to the State of Qin.
After all, Duke Huai of Jin was a nephew of Zhong'er, and he really did not want to compete with his nephew for the throne, so he rejected Duke Mu of Qin. At the critical moment, Jin Huaigong lit a fire, he killed the grandfather of heavy ear Fox, and wantonly hunted down the family of those who fled with heavy ears, which forced heavy ears to fight for the throne.
In 636 BC, the Qin army escorted Chong'er back to China, and the unpopular Duke Huai of Jin was forced to flee, and Chong'er was enthroned as a king, which was the Duke wen of Jin. After Duke Wen of Jin ascended the throne, the relationship between Qin and Jin entered a honeymoon period, because Duke Wen of Jin also married the daughter of Duke Mu of Qin, and this period was called the good of Qin and Jin.
Shortly after Duke Wen of Jin ascended the throne, something major happened to the Zhou royal family in the east, and King Xiang of Zhou's younger brother Prince Xiang had an affair with the Queen Kui clan, and was discovered by King Xiang of Zhou. In desperation, the prince had to unite with Uncle Decadence and others to launch a rebellion, and join forces with the Di people to attack Luoyi, resulting in a major defeat of the Zhou army and forced king Xiang of Zhou to flee. Soon after, King Xiang of Zhou asked the princes of the world for help, hoping that they could lead an army to serve the king.
For the State of Qin, which was remote in the western frontier, this was undoubtedly the best time to expand its power to the Central Plains, so Qin Mugong soon personally led the army on the road. Unexpectedly, when the Qin army reached the Yellow River, Jin Wengong had already led the army to wait for a long time, and he was also ready to lead the army to Qin Wang, so he found an excuse to let the Qin army retreat, but he led the army to run to qin wang. At this time, the relationship between Qin and Jin was just right, and Qin Mugong did not argue with Jin Wengong, and as a result, Jin Wengong won the great merit of King Qin.
Soon after, Jin and Chu went to war, and Qin Mugong once again sent troops to help, breaking the Chu army at the Battle of Chengpu, and later sending people to participate in the alliance of jiantu and help Jin Wengong to ascend to the position of overlord. Unfortunately, Qin Mugong did not expect that he was actually cultivating a great enemy. With the subsequent rupture of Qin-Jin relations, the Jin State has been firmly blocking the way for the Qin State to advance eastward for nearly two hundred years, making the Qin State unable to continue to expand eastward.