In the autumn of 1935, Mao Zedong led the main force of the Central Red Army to northern Shaanxi.
In late November, the Red Army, which had just undergone the baptism of the Long March, won the Battle of Zhiluo Town, and at the same time corrected the mistake of suppressing and expanding northern Shaanxi and gained a firm foothold in northern Shaanxi. Since then, in the land of northern Shaanxi, the Chinese Communists, who have initially shaken off their predicament, have begun to stand at a higher historical starting point and consider the future of the Chinese revolution with an overall strategic vision.
01
In October 1935, after the Red Army arrived in northern Shaanxi, the Red Second and Fourth Fronts were still on the way to the Long March. At that time, Zhang Guotao established a separate "Central Committee" in Zhuo Mu Diao, and the Communist Party of China and the Red Army faced a serious crisis of division. At the crucial moment, a thin black man who called himself "Zhang Hao" found the Dingbian County Party organization and asked to meet with the leaders of the Party Central Committee.
The person under the pseudonym Zhang Hao was Lin Yuying, a commissioner sent by the CHINESE delegation to the Communist International to liaise with the CPC Central Committee.
At that time, communication between the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the Comintern was mainly through radio. However, during the Long March of the Red Army, the radio was accidentally damaged, and the communication between the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the Communist International was interrupted.
During the period when the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the Comintern broke off contact, the Comintern convened the Seventh Congress and formulated the strategic principle of building a worldwide anti-fascist united front.
On August 1, 1935, the CPC delegation to the Comintern drafted the "Letter from the Chinese Soviet Government and the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China to All Compatriots for Resisting Japan and Saving the Country", the famous "August 1st Declaration", calling for the cessation of the civil war in order to concentrate all national strength to fight for the sacred cause of resisting Japan and saving the country.
In order to convey the spirit of the Seven Congresses of the Communist International and the contents of the August 1st Declaration, as well as to establish contacts with the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the Comintern decided to send Zhang Hao back to China. For safety reasons, Zhang Hao cannot carry a word or paper on this trip. So he spent half a month reciting and engraving in his mind the spirit of the Seventh Congress of the Communist International, the contents of the August 1st Declaration, and the boring and monotonous codebook.
In September 1935, Zhang Hao set out from Moscow, and after more than two months of long journeys, in mid-November, Zhang Hao finally arrived in Dingbian County, Shaanxi. Subsequently, Zhang Hao was taken to Wayao Fort, the seat of the central government, and met with Zhang Wentian, Mao Zedong and others.
● Military history expert Wang Xiaojian:
Zhang Hao conveyed the change in the seven strategic tactics of the Communist International and the clear attitude of the CPC delegation to the Comintern, which played a positive role in promoting the formulation of the CPC's anti-Japanese national united front tactics and guidelines. He also played an important role in promoting the CPC Central Committee's persuasion of Zhang Guotao to abolish the Second "Central Committee."
02
From December 17 to 25, 1935, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China held a meeting of the Politburo in Wayaobao to discuss the political situation of the whole country and the issue of the Party's strategic line and military tactics.
At the meeting, Mao Zedong and Bogu discussed the question of whether it was possible for the national bourgeoisie to resist Japan, and Mao Zedong proposed that the Chinese nation was facing a critical juncture of peril, and that the national bourgeoisie also had the possibility of participating in the war of resistance against Japan, and that we should unite with them to resist Japan. Zhang Wentian and most others agreed with Mao Zedong's ideas.
This meeting resolved the zunyi meeting without conditions to solve the problem of the political line of the time, and the Chinese Communist Party determined a new strategy for building the broadest anti-Japanese national united front.
03
In 1935, the whole situation in China underwent tremendous changes. After occupying the three northeastern provinces, the Japanese invaders crossed the Great Wall and went south, seizing most of the sovereignty of Hebei and Chahar provinces, including Beiping and Tianjin, at almost no cost.
At the critical juncture of the chinese nation's life and death, Chiang Kai-shek still stubbornly adhered to the policy of "taking care of the outside world before at home." As soon as the Central Red Army landed in northern Shaanxi, Chiang Kai-shek deployed more than 200,000 troops, including the Northeast Army led by Zhang Xueliang and the Seventeenth Route Army led by Yang Hucheng, to carry out military "encirclement and suppression" with all their might.
Shortly after the End of the Wayaobao Conference, Mao Zedong calmly saw in his analysis of the situation in the base areas that although there were many Kuomintang troops gathered around the Shaanxi-Gansu Region, more than half of them were not Chiang Kai-shek's concubines.
Although the sixty regiments of the Northeast Army were the main force of the "encirclement and suppression" army, they left their hometowns after the fall of the northeast and went into exile in Guannei, unwilling to fight a civil war again, but strongly demanded that the anti-Japanese forces regain their homeland; Zhang Xueliang, commander of the Northeast Army, and the Japanese invaders had a family hatred and hatred for the country, and they were inseparable.
The twenty regiments of the Seventeenth Route Army were commanded by Yang Hucheng, who had anti-Japanese requirements and certain progressive ideas, and had friendly relations with the Communist Party and some party members, all of which were favorable factors for uniting against Japan and opposing Chiang Kai-shek.
Therefore, the CPC Central Committee quickly set up the Northeast Army Working Committee, and Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai, and others first focused the united front work on the Northeast Army and the Seventeenth Route Army.
Beginning in the first half of 1936, hostilities between the Red Army and the Northeast Army and the Seventeenth Route Army actually ceased. In the winter of that year, the situation of the great alliance in the northwest initially took shape.
04
On February 20, 1936, under the command of Mao Zedong and Peng Dehuai, the Red Army soldiers divided into two routes, forcibly crossed the Yellow River, broke through the Yanxishan defense line in one fell swoop, and occupied the areas of Sanjiao, Liuyu, and Yimu.
In 75 days, the Red Army of the Eastern Crusade moved to many places in Shanxi, recruited more than 8,000 young people from Shanxi to join the Red Army, carried out mass work in more than 20 counties, publicized the party's anti-Japanese ideas, and strengthened the flesh-and-blood ties between the Red Army and the fathers and elders of the Three Jins.
Later, in order to win and unite all anti-Japanese patriotic forces, Mao Zedong and the CPC Central Committee did a lot of united front work against Yan Xishan, a local powerful faction in Shanxi, through various channels, and made the strategic decision of "forcing Chiang Kai-shek to resist Japan and return to the west."
By April 25, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China issued the "Declaration on the Anti-Japanese People's Front for the Establishment of All Parties and Factions in the Country", which for the first time publicly listed the Kuomintang as the target of the anti-Japanese national united front. On May 2, 1936, Mao Zedong commanded the main force of the Red Army to cross the Yellow River in the west, and the Eastern Crusade, which lasted more than two months, ended in victory.
From May to July, the Red Army and other units successfully carried out a western expedition, opening up more than 400 miles of new base areas, which were connected with the old base areas in Shaanxi and Gansu. Shaanxi-Gansu Su District, thus developing and expanding into Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Su District.
In early July, under the efforts of Zhu De, Liu Bocheng, Ren Bishi, He Long, and others, the Red Second and Red Fourth Fronts jointly marched north. The headquarters of the Red Fourth Front arrived in Huining, Gansu province on October 9 to meet the Red Army Division. On October 22, the Red Second Front met the Red Army division in the Taibao area. The three main forces of the Red Army met in the northwest, marking the end of the victory of the Long March.
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