When it comes to the Turks, many people's first impression is often that Wolbasi led the Turbats to get rid of Tsarist rule and return to China in the east. However, in fact, the Turks who lived in the Volga River Basin before the return to the East were not indigenous people of the Volga River, but migrated to the past. As the turbat of the four parts of The Weilat Mongols, at the end of the Ming Dynasty and the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, like the other three parts of the Weilat Mongols, they all lived in the area of today's Xinjiang and Qinghai.
The green is the land of Veyrat Mongolia and Khalkha Mongolia
However, at the beginning of the 17th century, two successive wars between the Mongol tribes of Velat and the Altan Khan of Eastern Mongolia suffered defeats, and after the defeat, fierce disputes broke out within the Mongol tribes of Velat, which suffered heavy losses. The strength of the Veyrat ministries was once again greatly damaged, and the losses of the Turgut departments involved most deeply were particularly serious.
Therefore, the chief of the Turk tribe and orlk decided to leave this land of right and wrong and lead the army to move west. Of course, he and Orlk did not act blindly, and before that, he had already sent people to the Caspian Sea and the lower Volga River basin to conduct field investigations. The investigators returned to report that the area was an endless savannah at that time, and because the Nogai people who originally lived here had migrated away, there was no strong local force. This is simply the "heavenly land" of the Turks.
Therefore, the Turks, who had lost great strength in the war and were not at peace with the other parts of the Veyrat, decided to leave their homeland in China and move west to the Volga River. Wo Bashi, the leader of the Turbat tribe who later led his troops back to the east, also explained to the Qianlong Emperor the reason for the westward migration of the Turbat tribe: "There is not much harmony within my Four Guards Lat, and because of the pastoral land where I live, it cannot be tolerated."
Lead the troops to the east to return to Wolbasi
In 1628, the first year of the Ming Dynasty, most of the Turbat tribe, some Dulbert, and 50,000 herdsmen of the Turbat tribe, under the leadership of the chief and Orlk, began a great migration to the west. It took nearly two years, in 1630 AD, after a arduous trek, the Turks finally reached the Volga River Valley, which has abundant water and grass and a suitable climate.
He and Orlk built their tents on the banks of the Argonkhba River, a tributary of the Volga River, and at the same time, he led the herders of the ErzhuTe department to graze livestock, "put Otok, set up Zaisang", and from scratch, began the grass-roots creation of the Turgut Khanate. With this vast area, abundant water and grass, and suitable temperature, the Turk special department has developed tremendously, and the population of the tribe alone has increased several times.
Of course, due to the nature of the nomadic peoples, the extremely widely distributed Turk tribe, not all tribes followed the chief and the Orlk to the Volga River Valley. There are still some Turbat herders who remain in Xinjiang and Qinghai and eventually integrate into other tribes.
Migration routes of the Turguts
When the Turks arrived in the Volga River Valley, Tsarist Russia did not have long independence, although at this time Tsarist Russia had shown enough ambition and appetite, but the strength of the newborn Tsarist Russia did not catch up with the ambition, and it did not have enough strength to extend its tentacles to the Volga River Valley. However, this in no way means that the Turks are sitting back and relaxing.
In addition to consolidating internal rule, the erleks who led the westward migration of their troops must also consider the relationship between the Turks and the Mongol tribes of Verat after the westward migration. At the same time, since the Weyrat Mongols were already fully committed to Tibetan Buddhism at this time, or erlk must also fully consider the influence of Tibetan Buddhism on themselves and their tribes. Of course, there is also the opinion of the Qing Dynasty, which has already entered the customs and occupied the world.
More importantly, although the strength of Tsarist Russia at this time had not yet reached the lower volga river, the Tsarist Russia, which had successively overthrown the Kazan Khanate and the Astra Khanate, had begun to set its aggressive eyes on the Volga and Don river valleys, and Tsarist Russia was no longer even a far-sighted, but a threat at hand. Therefore, the Turks must also consider the influence of Tsarist Russia, which has a strong military force.
Turgut Ministry
It was in this complicated situation of internal and external troubles that he and Orlk went hand in hand, on the one hand, he strengthened relations with the Mongol tribes of Veyrat, for example, after moving west, in 1640, he led his son Shudel Daiqing back to the nomadic land of Dzungar and participated in the meeting held by the Khalkha Mongols and the Weilat Mongol tribes, and it was this meeting that the leaders of the eastern and western Mongolian tribes jointly formulated the famous "Mongol-Verat Code", laying the foundation for the great development of Weilat Mongolia.
On the one hand, Healek was also well aware of the influence of Tibetan Buddhism on the Mongol tribes of Veyrat, and he strongly supported the spread of Tibetan Buddhism within the tribe, and at the same time, he has always maintained good relations with the top level of Tibetan Buddhism. It was under the painstaking and lonely management of Heerlek that the Turks, which had moved thousands of kilometers west to the Volga River Valley, not only gained a firm foothold, but also achieved great development, and the Turks gradually had a foundation for the founding of the country.
After the death of Orlk, his son Shu Kurdaiqing succeeded to the throne. Shu Kurdaiqing inherited the foreign policy of his father and Orlek. As a result, the Turks have developed further. Shu KurDaiqing paid particular attention to the relationship with Tibetan Buddhism and the Qing government, and he even personally went to Tibet to live for several years, and also sent envoys to pay tribute to the Qing Dynasty many times, which greatly deepened the connection between the Qing government and the Turks.
Code of Mongolian-Veyrat
Of course, while carrying out an effective foreign policy abroad, consolidating the internal rule of the Turks is the most critical task of Shu kur Daiqing. When they first arrived in the Volga Valley, the rule of the tribe and the Orlks was very loose. By the time of Shu Kurdaiqing, he had gone further, setting up sound political institutions and further strengthening his rule over the clan.
In 1661, Shukur Daiqing passed the Khanship to his son Punchuk. While inheriting his father's policies, Punchuk further weakened the power of rival tribes and strengthened the centralization of power. Under the management of three generations of heelek, Shukurdaiqing, and Pontchuk's ancestors, the once precarious nomadic tribes have formed a nomadic feudal khanate in the Volga River Valley with the Turks as the main body and part of the Heshuot Durbert step.
However, at the same time as the Turks developed, over time, aggressive Tsarist Russia began to extend its tentacles to the Volga Valley. The greedy Tsarist Russia completely ignored the Turks who had moved here earlier, and did not hesitate to regard the Volga Valley as its own territory, and as a result, the contradictions between the two sides became more and more irreconcilable. In 1639, the First Large-Scale Armed Conflict broke out between the Turguts and Tsarist Russia. Subsequently, the Turks had many fierce disputes with Tsarist Russia.
By the time of the reign of Shukur daiqing and Penchuk, the turk khanate had a flexible adjustment to relations between Tsarist Russia, in view of its strong military strength and strong national strength, especially its sharp firearms and fierce Cossack cavalry. Beginning in 1655, the Turks negotiated with the Tsarist government five times, and backed by strength, Tsarist Russia repeatedly demanded that the Turk Khanate submit to Russia. These five negotiations also ended with the Taiji of the Khanate "swearing" to the Tsar.
Migration of the Turguts
In the eyes of the Tsarist government, since the Taiji of the Khanate had taken the oath to the Tsar, it was naturally a victory for Tsarist Russia, because the "oath" meant to guarantee submission and obedience to the Tsar. But in fact, the Turks did not care at all about the so-called oath, and in their understanding, this was just a tactical means of dealing with Russia, just as the so-called "great husband can bend and stretch", the leaders of the Turbats never thought of submitting to Tsarist Russia.
By the time of Punchuk, although the Turgut Khanate still had no intention of submitting to Tsarist Russia, in view of the increasingly powerful force and aggressive posture of Tsarist Russia, Punchuk began to provide limited support for some of Russia's actions, thus exchanging a relatively stable development environment for the Turgut Khanate. After three generations, the Turk Khanate was finally established from a tribal confederation.
In 1670, Ponchuk died of illness, and his son Ayuch became the head of the Turgut Khanate. Ayuqi served as the head of the Turk Khanate for more than 50 years, and it was during Ayuqi's reign that the Turgut Khanate reached its peak. At the beginning of his reign, Ayuqi Khan concentrated all his efforts to defeat the opposition forces within the khanate and firmly controlled the entire khanate. At the same time, he launched successive attacks on the countries and tribes surrounding the Turgut Khanate, constantly expanding the sphere of influence of the Turgut Khanate. After successive military victories, Ayuqi's prestige reached its peak, and the Turgut Khanate became the undisputed hegemon of the region.
The international situation during the Ayutkh Khan period
During the time of Ayuchi Khan, Tsarist Russia was in the era of Peter I's rule, and as one of the most effective Tsars in Tsarist Russia, the momentum of Tsarist Russia's external expansion at this time was even more intense. With the frequent foreign wars of Tsarist Russia, the Turks that occupied the Volga River Valley showed an increasingly important position due to their superior geographical location and fierce nomadic characteristics, and Tsarist Russia was also more and more eager to completely conquer the Turks.
Therefore, the Tsarist government continuously strengthened its control over the Turgut Khanate through diplomatic, military, political, religious and other means. Forced by the strength of Tsarist Russia, Ayuchi Khan was forced to take an oath of submission to the Tsar five times. But, as his father and grandfather had thought, Ayuthi Khan never wanted to truly submit to Tsarist Russia.
Therefore, on the one hand, Ayuqi Khan strengthened his ties with neighboring countries and tribes to jointly resist the aggression of Tsarist Russia, on the other hand, he resisted the influence of the Orthodox Church within the Khanate, purged the Tsarist forces, and insisted on an independent position in both domestic and foreign affairs. At the same time, Ayuqi Khan did not forget the homeland of the Turks, and he sent envoys to contact the Qing government many times.
It was during Ayuqi's reign that the Turk Khanate reached its peak. In 1727, Ayuchi, who had ruled the Turk Khanate for more than fifty years and lived for more than 84 years, died of illness. Due to the weak strength of his designated heir, the sons of Ayuqi Khan competed for the Khan's throne, resulting in fierce infighting within the khanate. Coupled with the obstruction of the Tsarist government at this time, in the midst of infighting, the once-mighty Turk Khanate began to decline.
The Turbat Ministry of The Eastern Return
The Turk Khanate, which was severely injured after the struggle for the throne, experienced the rule of Chelingduan Dob and Tun Lobwangbu successively, and as the aggression and infiltration of the Shahe government further intensified, the situation faced by the Turgut Khanate became worse and worse. Eventually, after Tun Lobulash died of illness and Wolbasi succeeded to the Khan's throne, the young Khan king Wolbasi discovered that the Turbat Khanate had been forced by Tsarist Russia to retreat, and that the Khanate had no choice but to completely submit to Tsarist Russia.
Faced with the persecution of Tsarist Russia and unwilling to surrender to Tsarist Russia, Wolbasi could not bear it, and decided to lead the territory of Erzhu To resist Russian oppression, carry out an uprising, and return to China. On 17 January 1771, the Turks, led by their chief Wolbasi, staged an armed uprising against Russian oppression.
After breaking through the heavy obstruction of the Russian army, in July 2017, Wobasi led most of the territory of ErzhuTe to the Ili River Valley in Xinjiang. At this point, after 8 months, the journey of more than 10,000 miles of Wolbasi Donggui was officially completed. He was nomadic in the Volga River valley of Europe and created the once-mighty Turk Khanate, returning to the embrace of the motherland.
Of course, due to the haste of the uprising, there were still a part of the Turks who failed to catch up with the return to the east and remained in the Volga Valley, that is, the Kalmyks in today's Russia. A considerable number of them still adhere to this belief in Tibetan Buddhism.