Du Zexun: The Storage and Fate of the Four Libraries

The four libraries include the provincial governor purchase, private submission, and internal government collection. Among them, the Inner House Collection mainly refers to the Wuying Hall Collection, and a small number of Inner House Collections refer to the Tianlu Linlang Rare Books. These originals, which were used to repair the Siku Quanshu, were called the Siku Caijin.

The four libraries were originally collected in the Hanlin Courtyard, uniformly stamped with the "Hanlin Courtyard Seal" Manchu Han Chinese Dafang Seal, and the provincial purchases and private submissions were all recorded in the book, indicating that a certain governor sent to a certain family in a certain year and month to collect a number of books, such as cadres, so that they could be returned.

Because the Hanlin Courtyard was too small, it was selected to send each book to Wu Yingdian to issue money, and these submissions for banknote writing and inclusion in the "Four Libraries Complete Book" were called "Four Libraries Bottom Book". Later, these original copies were moved back to the Hanlin Courtyard for storage and storage for the scholars, and they were the originals of the seven copies of the "Four Libraries Complete Book", and together they were eight copies of the "Four Libraries Complete Book".

The rest of the books that did not need to be written were mainly bibliographic books, heavy books, and forbidden books, and of course remained in the Hanlin Academy at first. There have always been different accounts of where and where these books were later stored, and this article mainly deals with this issue.

These inventory, heavy copies, and forbidden books were purchased by the governor, the Collection of the Wuying Temple, and the Private Submissions. The Qianlong Emperor had already issued an order for the private submission of the book, and when the whole book was completed, it was returned to the family. In the 42nd year of Qianlong, the Governor purchased and the Wuyingdian Collection decided to hand over to the Wuyingdian for storage (Archives of the Four Libraries of the Four Libraries, p. 683. Hereinafter referred to as the "Archives").

Only 390 kinds of private submissions were decided to be returned, and the rest were still in the same place as the Supervision Purchase Book and the Old Collection of Wu YingDian. On February 16, 1951, Liu Yong and others were instructed to check and report: "When the provinces collect suicide notes and submit books to each family, they should be checked separately to audit the full number." After the Hanlin Academy had detailed the number of books sent by the Ministers, the Hanlin Academy had ascertained the payment: it had received various books from various provinces and submitted by each family, totaling 13,501 kinds. In addition to sending Wu Yingdian to write 3,98 kinds of books, and 272 kinds of reprints, and 390 kinds of books have been returned to each family, there are now 9,416 kinds of books in storage. There are 6,481 kinds of those who should be handed over to the Wu Ying Hall in accordance with the instructions, 2,918 kinds of those who should be returned to each family, and 17 kinds of those who are transferred from the Military Aircraft Department and the Three Pavilions of the Inner Court. (Archives, p. 1930) According to this, the distribution of the collected copies at that time was in the Wuying Hall, and the rest were mainly in the Hanlin Temple. 6481 kinds refer to the old collection of the Supervision Purchase and Wuying Hall, and 2918 kinds refer to the private entry book, a total of 9399 kinds of two items, all of which are uncollected books in the Siku Quanshu, which were still in the Hanlin Academy at that time.

On October 26, 51, Qianlong, Yongwang Rongqu stored the original copy of the Four Libraries of the Whole Book in the Hanlin Courtyard, and purchased the books of the governors of the provinces, and hereby ordered the Hanlin Academy to check and hand them over to the Wuying Hall for separate storage." "According to the will: According to the discussion." (Archives, p. 1953)

It is estimated that shortly thereafter, the non-Four Libraries of the Hanlin Temple, the non-Four Libraries, was moved to the Wuying Temple, and the base copy of the "Four Libraries complete book" written by the Wuying Temple was transferred to the Hanlin Temple.

In addition to the above Yongwang Rongzhang and Qianlong's approval, there is also circumstantial evidence. Ms. Zhu Saihong of the Palace Museum Library found a nineteen-volume "Bibliography of the Wuying Hall of the Eastern Ningdao Hall" in the Beijing Library, with 9,001 kinds of books, and Ms. Zhu believed: "Its quantity and content are in line with the books to be handed over by the Hanlin Academy, which fully proves that the 'should be handed over to the Wuying Hall in accordance with the will' has been implemented." However, this item does not indicate the date of transcription, so the time of transfer from the Hanlin Temple to the Wuying Hall cannot be determined. ("Examination of the Collection of Books in the WuyingDian Shushu Office--Concurrently Exploring the Storage Location of the "Inventory" of the Four Libraries", in Literature, No. 2, 2000) According to the approval time of Yongwang Rong Shangquan and the Qianlong Emperor (both on October 26), this batch of non-Four Libraries was transferred to the Wuying Hall shortly after October 26, 51, Qianlong, and this bibliography should also be compiled during or shortly after the transfer and storage.

Only nine months later, on July 30, 52, Qianlong, Yong Wang Rong and others sang again: "Its section withheld and heavy copies are stored in the Wuying Hall." Although such books are not the original texts, they should also be ordered to transfer all the transfers to the Hanlin Academy and store them as a whole for uniformity. "According to the will: According to the discussion." (Archives 2055 page) Whether the "section withholding and duplicate copies" mentioned here is not the original of the four libraries such as the inventory, it is not clear, but it is speculated from the phrase "although it is not the original base", it should be the inventory and other books. If this speculation is true, then the Bibliography of the Storage of the Wuying Hall of the Eastern Pavilion of the Ningdao Temple was compiled between October 26 and July 30, 52, Qianlong.

After Qianlong, the inventory, heavy books, and forbidden books were stored in the Hanlin Courtyard together with the base of the "Four Libraries of the Whole Book" until the end of the Qing Dynasty. The evidence is as follows:

(1) Jiaqing Twenty Years Manchu Fushen borrowed money from the Hanlin Academy, including the Palm Record, and other four libraries to collect the book. The second volume of the Palm Record, Jiaqing Twenty Years of Fushen Banknotes, The Library of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. There is a Fushen hand: "Xin did not enter the dictionary, and I heard that there was a blueprint for the "Four Libraries Book", and the East and West Library of the Storage Department. Those who have not been included in the "Four Libraries" but only have their eyes, are divided into two halls for lecture reading and compilation and inspection. Envy in the heart, hate not to see. After Yi Hai accepted the post, he handled the affairs of the hospital. The second master of The Second Master, Cao Lisheng and Xiu Chuqiao, had the order to check the books, so they had to read the strange books all over the place, and they felt that they were full of dazzling, and they were not in a hurry. Although it is full of remnants, it is not as good as looking at it in detail, and it is like loving it and letting go of it. Those who borrow only a few volumes, such as "Poetry", "YuGong Tu Notes", "Spring and Autumn Examination", "Distinguishing Differences in Place Names", "Distinguishing Differences in Names of People from The Left Lineage", "Pure Mengqiu", "Ji Shu Class Dolls", "Records of the Same Name", "Similarities and Differences in Scriptures", "Notes on the Withdrawal of Food from Jin Gong", and "Jade Spit Pot". There are friends Xiangyun Zhang's substitutes, such as the "New Nine Classics", "Zihui Collection", and "Etiquette Doubts". This book is also a sweat in the remaining three volts. The original volume, similar to the Li Zhu Suilu, has no order. The aftermath is two volumes, and the dark is similar to the following, so that the ear is read. Book completion, chat and memorize a number of words, in order to see the rest of the slack, do not dare to exaggerate more knowledge of the clouds. Jiaqing Yihai year before the autumn day in the tea half fragrant room, Changbai Fushen. "XiaZhao" Fushen Seal "White Text Square Seal", "Yumen" Zhu Wen Square Seal.

Press: "The Old Examination of the Sun" Volume 64 "Official Office, Hanlin Yuan": "The hall is five, the west of the hall is the reading lecture hall (Zexun Press: Fu Shen Bao as the lecture hall), and the east is the compilation and inspection hall." According to Fu Shenbao, in the twentieth year of Jiaqing, he was ordered to check the books, and at that time, the bottom copy of the "Four Libraries of the Whole Book" was stored in the East and West Library of the Back Hall of the Hanlin Academy, and the books stored in the Second Hall of the Hanlin Academy were stored. The book of Fushen borrowing money has both the base copy of the "Four Libraries Complete Book" and the book of bibliography.

(2) In the tenth year of Tongzhi, Sun Yi rang borrowed from the Hanlin Academy the collection of four inventory bibliographies, "Huang Wen Jian Gong Jie An Collection". Sun Yi rang the Wenzhou Classics, vol. 25: "The Huang wen Introduction collection is rarely circulated in the world,...... Tongzhi Xin Wei, Yu entered the capital with the examination, and pretended to have the small print book stored in the Hanlin Academy, and examined its book mark, that is, the Qianlong Thirty-eighth Year Zhejiang Inspector Sanbao's collection into Wang Qishu's family collection. Both the transcription of the sub-record, the re-examination of the past. Press: The eleven volumes of the "Huang Wen Jian Gong Jie An Collection" collected in the third series of the "Jingxianglou Series" of the Yongjia Huang Clan in the 20th year of the Republic of China are based on the fact that Sun Yirang borrowed a copy from the Hanlin Academy. After this work was submitted, it flowed into the folk and was transferred to Liu Chenggan Jiayetang. Dong Kang, collected in the Jiayetang Collection, is a summary written by the institute: "The book is submitted and sent to the Qingmen Bige of the Hanlin Academy for collection." At the beginning of Guangxu, Qian Guilin was carried out when he was in the Qingmen Pavilion. Dong Kang believed that Qian Guilin had stolen it from the Hanlin Courtyard, because the book had seals such as "Qian Guisen Xin Baifu" and so on. Later, Liu Chenggan sold the Ming edition of the book to the Central Library, and this submission is one of them, which is now in the Taipei Central Library.

(3) In the early years of the Tongzhi Dynasty, Zhou Xingyu witnessed the submission of the Siku jin at the Hanlin Academy. Zhou Xingyi's "Diary of Guanghuang Zhamu" volume Guangxu 10th year of the first four diary of December: "To brother Tian Yunyan: Playing the affairs of the court (original note: commonly known as Qingmen Bitang Hanlin) Every day will go to the Yamen to do things, gathered in the left and right rooms of the Jingshan Pavilion, and pile up books like a mountain. The Ming Dynasty Records of the Dynasties and the Revision of History were collected into the reserve of various things, and the provinces entered the Sikuguan Book, which was originally returned by order and did not receive it, after more than a hundred years of exchange for theft, even the houses were filled. There are two rooms, the walls have collapsed, books and archives are everywhere, bricks and tiles are pressed, fortunately the north is dry and does not cause mildew. After reading for more than twenty years, I don't know what to do. According to Zhou Xingyu's "reading for more than twenty years", his brother Zhou Xingyu (Shu TianYun) witnessed the tragic situation of the books in the Hanlin Academy, and when he was in the early Yuan of tongzhi, he went to Jiaqing for twenty years to investigate the book of Fushen for more than forty years.

(4) In the tenth year of Guangxu, Wang Yirong borrowed from the Hanlin Academy the four inventory bibliographies Qi Jiguang's "Collection of ZhiZhitang". In the fourteenth year of Guangxu, the Shandong Guanshu Bureau published according to Wang's manuscript, and there was Wang Yirong's preface to the fifteenth year of Guangxu: "Guangxu Hedi, Gengchen, Dengzhou Zhi Bureau Fang Yi Wenzhi, ask Qi Wuyi Gong this set can not be." ...... In the last three or four years, Yi Rong nai borrowed from the Hanlin Academy to obtain the five-volume edition of this collection of Ming carvings, that is, the base copy of the Qianlongjian Sikuguan. ...... Therefore, the recruiters made a call to linyi, as it was originally written, and hereby returned it with the official book. ”

(5) Guangxujian Li Wentian borrowed from the Hanlin Academy a copy of the four-stock bibliography "Hami Deeds", the book of which is now in the Taipei Central Library, Yu Yu Yumu, and at the end of which There is Li Wentian's hand: "Copied from the original in the Qing Secret Hall of the Hanlin Academy. Originally, qianlong zhongguan ministers were also recorded in the preface. Guangxu Ding Hai La moon Chinese New Year's Eve three days before the five thousand volumes of the master of the room. "Ding Hai was Guangxu for thirteen years.

(6) GuangxuJian Yang Chen brought out from the Hanlin Academy four inventory bibliographies ,Ye Haifeng Wen," which were manuscripts submitted by Tianyi Gejin. In the twenty-seventh year of Guangxu, Ye Shaomin carved two volumes of Ye Haifeng's Collected Writings, the first of which was the original that Yang Chen brought out. Ye Shaoxuan's preface states that "the family of Lu Mao Cai Xiuzao from the family gave Mr. Yang a volume of the morning testament, which is the original manuscript of the Siming Fan Clan Tianyi Pavilion, that is, the list of the "Four Inventory Catalogues". Yang Chen also wrote the preface to this Ye's engraving, Ziyun: "Xianglang was the secretary of the Shiguan, and obtained a volume of "Mr. Haifeng's Text" in the Yingzhou Pavilion of the Academy, and Gai Qianlongzhong revised the "Four Libraries of the Whole Book", and the zhejiang inspector collected the old manuscript of the Siming Fan's Tianyi Pavilion. Xin Jiao Feng Li Ju, Jiang Yang Ye Xiao Lu... Record by example. Volume 64 of the Old Wen Kao of the Sun: "Yingzhou Pavilion is on the right side of the inner hall of the Hanlin Courtyard." It can be seen that this book was brought back by Yang Chen when Yang Chen returned to his hometown in Huangyan, Zhejiang Province in the seventeenth year of Guangxu. Its source is the Yingzhou Pavilion of Hanlin Temple.

(7) The 18th year of Guangxu Hanlin Academy tried to compile a bibliography, which contained many books in existence. Fu Zengxiang's Bibliography of the Bibliography of the Hidden Garden, Volume VI, Plija: "The Bibliography of the Hanlin Academy, four volumes, edited by Qing Chen Kan, the manuscript, is divided into four parts, but the number of books is recorded, it does not contain the author, does not indicate the banknotes and periodicals, and the classification is also confused. Guangxu Eighteenth Year Ed. The book of the four inventory lists. ”

(8) Guangxu Zhongweng Tonggong tasted and witnessed the collection of books in the Hanlin Academy. The Shanghai Library's collection of Weng Wange's old collection of two HuaiJin presented the Sikuguan Qing banknote "Junzao" at the end of the volume Weng Tonggong's hand: "When the four libraries were opened, the four-party book donors, after being recorded, returned the original books to their homes. Those who have not received it are stored in the Hanlin Academy. The courtyard has five trees in Yingzhou Pavilion, and the shelves are compared to the trees. When Yu Yu Xianfeng was ordered to check the books with the princes of the Qing Secret Hall, he still had six or seven out of ten. After the factory often saw the source of the scattering, the key of the pipe was careless, and it was stolen by the subordinates. When guangxu arrives again, it is empty, and it can be overcome with sighs. Song Zen. Weng Tonggong said that "it was as empty as a wash", and when he arrived at the Hanlin Academy after the eighteenth year of Guangxu, because of the eighteen years of Chen Kan's compilation of many books in the bibliography. The so-called "empty as a wash" is mostly an exaggeration.

(9) In the 29th year of Guangxu, GuiFen purchased Wu Yuqi and Fan Maozhu in the Beijing Street Market to present several kinds of books, which were said to have come out of the Hanlin Courtyard. Tsinghua University has copied four volumes of the Zhou Yi Xiang Li (周易解理) by The Kangxi Of the Qing Dynasty, which is a bibliographic book, with the cover of the Thirty-Eighth Year of Qianlong Wu Yuqi's Book of Books, and the volume contains the "Seal of the Hanlin Academy" of the Manchu Han Dynasty. At the end of the 29th year of Guangxu, On November 16, Gui Fenbao, said that "Guangxu 癸卯 (29 years) came to Beijing at the age of 29, and occasionally bought books in the street market for 500 yuan, as well as books such as "Records of The Legacy of Loyalty", "Records of Li Xian", "Records of Loyalty to Sacrifices", and "Longchuan Beizhi", all of which were in the collection of fan's Maozhu family, and those who entered the Zhejiang Inspectorate were also." At the age of Gengzi, the boxers and bandits caused disaster, and the coalition army entered Beijing, so that the shenjing lu shen, the two palaces of the western hunt, the inner house books, the rate was scattered. It is the book stored in the Hanlin Courtyard, which is based on the Germans, and the stored classics are all thrown into the world, but the books do not know when they are lost to the world, and it is not fortunate that they are not lucky. "The matter went to 1900 only three years after the Gengzi Incident, when credibly followed. According to Gui Fen, at the time of the Gengzi Incident, there were still four libraries collected into the Hanlin Courtyard, which was not "empty" as Weng Tonggong said.

Judging from the above nine pieces of information, after Qianlong and until the Gengzi Incident in 1900, the Four Libraries were collected into the book, including the original copy of the "Four Libraries Complete Book" and the contents, heavy books, and forbidden books, which have been stored in the Hanlin Temple, during which the loss phenomenon is serious, but there is no record of the transfer of the Wuying Hall. Pages 282-283 of Huang Aiping's "Research on the Compilation of the Four Libraries of the Whole Book" advocates that the Wuying Hall had existed since the Qianlong Dynasty, such as the Four Inventory Bibliographies and Heavy Books, and was destroyed by the fire of the Wuying Hall in the eighth year of Tongzhi. Zhu Saihong's article "Examination of the Collection of Books in the Wuying Temple" agrees with Huang Aiping's point of view. According to the above historical facts, the theory that the four inventory bibliographies were destroyed by Wu Yingdian is obviously not valid.

As for the destruction of the books of the Hanlin Academy during the Gengzi Incident, there is a passage in putname Weir's "Record of the Siege of the Gengzi Embassy" of the British Embassy at that time, which can be used for reference: June 24, 1900: "The British Embassy was therefore not directly attacked, and became a weary person, and its position was also good." One day, a fireman, acting like a cat, threw the fire into the Hanlin Courtyard with his dexterous surgery, and at only one o'clock, the British embassy where the ministers lived suddenly fell into danger. The ministers were astonished. ...... As mentioned above, the eastern and southern sides of the British embassy are covered by other embassies and cannot be directly attacked unless the people on the outside line fall and retreat, and the enemy can only reach the ear. Because the west side is protected by the Upper Donkey Courtyard, it does not have to be very fortified, so the enemy can directly attack only two places, one is the narrow north, the other is the southwest corner, in which there are small Chinese houses connected to the wall of the embassy, and the other Chinese strange attack, which can only develop in these two places. Initially attacked from the southwest corner, now it turned its front to the north and set fire to the Hanlin Courtyard. The Hanlin Academy is Oxford, Cambridge, Heidelberg and Sorbonne in the eighteen provinces of China, and the most revered chinese readers. The courtyard is lined up in rows, all of which are painstakingly written by predecessors, all of which are hand-held banknotes, all tens of millions of volumes, and all the works are handed down from generation to generation, and their years are unknown. There are also unpainted wooden shelves, and there are endless wooden planks stacked with inscribed characters. ...... In the midst of the fierce gunfire, a firearm was thrown in, which was not yet known, and this sacred place was already on the flames. ...... Priceless writing was also burned, and the dragon-style pond and the well were all written in disarray and abandoned. No matter how sacrificed, this fire must be extinguished. Dozens more came from the British embassy and were ordered to do things, and this generation also came here at the expense of its peaceful board of directors and quartermaster bureau. The number of people increased, and the two thousand years of writing were saved. There are splendid books with silk faces, all hand-bound, and there are characters written by good books, all of which have been moved at will, and those who study Chinese literature in the embassy have seen so many precious books, all of which can never be seen in ordinary times, and their hearts cannot bear it, and they all want to choose and hug, and they all run all the way from the firelight. But the road had been blocked by sailors, and there was a strict order not to plunder books, and to cover such books as those of gold. However, several people are still stealing. In the future, the lost chinese script may appear in Europe, and it will be the same thing. A fire was extinguished, and another occurred, because when the Chinese setters fled, they fled under the cover of trees and houses, and they fled while abandoning the fire apparatus that poured oil. On the night of June 25, he said: "To the north of the Yingguan, there are now people stationed, with sandbags and other defensive objects to block the enemy." It is desolate and desolate, like a cemetery. (January 2000, Shanghai Bookstore Publishing House rearranged cold ji, Chen Yixian translation of pages 59, 60, 68)

After the Gengzi Incident, precious books and documents such as the four remaining libraries in the Hanlin Courtyard and the fragments of the Yongle Canon were finally scattered. There are a small number of copies of the four libraries that have been collected into the lineage, and there are also many books that have been stolen by officials or borrowed from the unrepaid books, and the embers should also be there, and finally they are scales and half claws.

On January 30, 2001, at the Huai Ying Lou.

Originally published in Library Work and Research, No. 2, 2001