The ancient well of the Yuan Dynasty is still in use today.
Peaceful village surrounded by ancient buildings. Reporter Shang Yue photographed
Peony flowers embroidered by Li Na. Reporter Shang Yue photographed
Inscribed windward stone.
Beautifully wood lattice windows.
MengMu Ancestral Hall in the village. Reporter Shang Yue photographed
Peony stone carvings under the windows.
Carvings on the piers of the doors.
Core tips
Distant mountains old tree jujube flowers, ancient well stone wall people's homes. Surrounded by mountains, Xiaojiadian Village is a village with a unique ancient charm: there are 20 ancient wells left over from the Mongolian garrison of the Yuan Dynasty, there are old houses engraved with blessings such as "auspicious peace" and flowers, birds, fish and insects, and the most distinctive is the Mengmu Ancestral Hall and the Yuqing Palace built in the late Qing Dynasty. These two buildings are important places for the village to read Confucianism and educate the villagers. Today, the people here are simple and the enthusiastic villagers tell the stories of what happened here.
Village Chronicles
CUNZHI
Xiaojiadian Village, Yangshan Town, Chaoyang County
Located in the southeast of Chaoyang County, about 60 kilometers away from Chaoyang City, it is surrounded by few mountains and steep mountains. The village area is 10.72 square kilometers, and the village contains 6 natural tuns, namely Xiaojiadian, Xiaojiadian Beigou, Chen Canzi, Zhanwugou, Nangou and Xiaosandaoliangzi; the population of the village is 1980 people, the cultivated land is 2300 mu, 80% is planted with corn, and 20% is planted with miscellaneous grains. The main industries are agricultural planting, aquaculture, and labor export. The vegetation between the mountains is dense, forming a natural multi-level landscape belt, and the main plants are oil pine, side cypress, mountain butter, jujube, wattle and so on.
Anti-Japanese Volunteer Army
Lu Deyou told reporters that there is still a story of anti-Japanese resistance in the Yuqing Palace in the village.
According to the historical records of the Chaoyang City History Office: After the "918" incident in 1931, the Great River And Mountain in northeast China was trampled by the iron hooves of the Japanese invaders, and Zhu Jiqing (1892-1955), a native of Beizhen, Liaoning Province, who was then an alternate member of the Kuomintang Central Executive Committee, was so worried that he disregarded Chiang Kai-shek's order not to resist, and in March 1932, he resolutely led some armed forces to Chaoyang County and established the Northeast National Salvation Army Directorate Department, which consisted of eight major departments, including staff officers, quartermasters, combatants, and adjutants, who served as his director and threw himself into contacting the anti-Japanese contingent. Mobilizing and organizing the people to jointly resist Japan.
Zhu Jiqing first defected to his friend Wang Xiaofang at qidaoling damachang, and then moved the director's office to the Yuqing Palace in Xiaojiadian Village, where he met with Song Jiuling, a general of the Northeast Army sent by Zhang Xueliang to western Liaoning, to discuss the great plan of resisting Japan and saving the country. Zhu Jiqing issued a "Letter to Compatriots from All Walks of Life in The Urban and Rural Areas of Northeast China" accusing the Japanese invaders of their crimes, and later held a military-civilian congress at the Yuqing Palace to make a generous statement exposing the ambitions and bestial deeds of the Japanese Kou and calling on the Chinese compatriots, rich or poor, rich or noble, to actively participate in the bloody war against the Japanese Kou to the end. The participants were indignant, and local youth signed up to join the volunteer army. In a short period of time, his footprints traveled through dozens of villages and towns in the south of Chaoyang County, and in less than 2 months, more than 2,000 people joined the Anti-Japanese Volunteer Army. Soon, the Director General's Department founded a mimeographed tabloid "Resistance" in the Yuqing Palace to report on the domestic and international situation, publish anti-Japanese news, and boost morale.
In September 1932, Zhu Jiqing held a military conference to study the situation and countermeasures of the struggle against the enemy, and the leaders of various volunteer armies under his command attended the meeting. On October 19, Zhu Jiqing commanded thousands of nominal brave troops to launch an attack on Yixian County, which was occupied by the Japanese Kou, and the fighting was extremely fierce, with heavy casualties on both the enemy and us. Although the volunteer army did not capture the county seat, it dealt a heavy blow to the enemy's arrogance. On October 25, Song Jiuling commanded the volunteer army to attack Jinzhou City, killing more than 30 enemy soldiers, once again effectively deterring the invaders.
In 1945, the Chaoyang County Brigade of the Jinxi Detachment of the Eighth Route Army also came to the Yuqing Palace to camp. Today, the smoke of gunfire has dissipated, but in the past, the anti-Japanese heroes' fists and hearts were pure and hearty, and they were still constantly preaching among the people of Xiaojiadian Village.
Most of the old houses: blessings are carved on the windward stones, and flowers and grass are carved on the door piers
Surrounded by rolling mountains, Xiaojiadian Village in Yangshan Town, Chaoyang County, is built on the mountain, with lush distant mountains, lush green trees, and cool air. Walking into the quiet village, the eyes are full of neat stone courtyard walls, neat streets show the industriousness of the villagers, and the old stone mills, stone mills and towering ancient trees that have been through the vicissitudes tell the long history of the village.
Most of the traditional houses in Xiaojiadian Village are typical of the "hoarding roof, stone wall" haiqing house in western Liaoning, and the raw materials are local wool, loess, wood, straw and so on. What is unique is that the people of Xiaojiadian Village have carefully decorated and designed the door piers, window grids, windward stones and leg stones of the houses, showing a unique aesthetic charm.
The old mansion of the villagers' Venus family was built in the 1970s. The vegetable garden in the courtyard is lush and neatly picked up by the owner. The reporter found that on the windward stones on both sides of the house, the words "Lucky" and "Fu" were carved respectively, and a close look at the leg stones under the windward stones was also engraved with a couplet: "Mountains and rivers are ancient and beautiful, pine cypress spring", and on the leveling stone between the two, there is a horizontal batch: "The future is like a golden future", which is very interesting.
The old house of the villager An Ximin's family has a similar decoration. The difference is that the windward stone in the corner of his house is carved with the words "Fu" and "Lu", and the leg stone under the windward stone also has a couplet: "The stone in front of the house becomes jade, and the soil behind the house becomes gold", and the leveling stone between the two is engraved with "peace in all seasons", which pins on the owner's most simple wishes. The old house of the villager Cheng Yongjin's family is slightly different, the windward stone in the corner of the house is carved with the words "Ji" and "Xiang", and the couplet on the leg stone is engraved with the words "Labor is the most glorious, thrift is happiness", reflecting the ancestors' sincere teachings to their descendants. The Cheng family's old mansion was built in 1962, and from this couplet, it seems that you can read the simple fighting spirit of the people of that era.
The reporter found that the old houses in the village on both sides of the door piers, under the window wall, etc., are engraved with carp play lotus, peony blooming, pine crane longevity and other auspicious patterns, the window ledge is mostly using plate length, square, lying silkworm and other styles, simple and elegant. Chang Jinlai, secretary of the party branch of Xiaojiadian Village, told reporters that in the early years, the rich family liked to decorate the family home with these traditional cultural elements of cultivation and reading, showing the spiritual outlook of the villagers living and working in peace and contentment.
Yin Zhanwen, a 76-year-old villager, planted jujube trees inside and outside the walls of his residential compound. He smiled and said: "There are more than 40 jujube trees in front of the house and behind the house, and the harvest is good every year." ”
"Xiaojiadian has more than 2,000 acres of hundreds of thousands of jujube trees in the village, which is the largest jujube production base in Chaoyang City." Chang Jinlai proudly told reporters that the leading industry in Xiaojiadian Village is planting, and the fruit is dominated by the jujube industry, which has been developed for more than 20 years, and the annual output of jujube in the village is more than 2 million kilograms.
Lu Deyou, a village accountant who accompanies him, said that every year around the National Day is the peak harvest season for jujubes. There is a jujube market in Xiaojiadian Village, and whenever the golden autumn peak season, the vehicles transporting jujube are constantly coming and going, day and night, showing a busy scene. Jujube can be exported to Jilin, Heilongjiang, Inner Mongolia, Hebei and other places, the annual income of villagers' jujube trees is more than 10,000 yuan, and the annual income of the largest large households can reach 40,000 or 50,000 yuan.
Simple folk customs: The Mengmu Ancestral Hall and the Taoist Hall built a hundred years ago to educate the villagers
"The villagers of Xiaojiadian Village are industrious and simple, harmonious and friendly, and this simple folk custom has a long history. This also starts from the Meng Mu Ancestral Hall in the village. Chang Jinlai explained, "200 years ago, the villagers of Xiaojiadian Village spontaneously raised money to donate money to build an ancestral hall and shape the three virgin statues. ”
In the ancient Mengmu Ancestral Hall, there are three statues of our mother, namely the mother of Confucius, the mother of Mencius, and the mother of Yue Fei. Mother Kong's mother raised her son with hard work, Meng's mother chose to live in three places, and her mother-in-law taught her son to be loyal to the country, these historical stories are accompanied by traditional Chinese culture such as patriotism, self-cultivation, filial piety, etc., and thus subtly penetrate into the hearts of men, women and children in the village. In recent years, villagers have also spontaneously donated money to organize the maintenance of ancestral halls, so that traditional local culture can be continuously passed on in the village and moisturized future generations.
Chang Jin said that historically, the villagers of Xiaojiadian Village have always paid attention to the education and cultivation of future generations. In order to establish and inherit the village style of harmony and friendship, during the Qing Guangxu period (1871-1908), several respected elderly people in the village built three bungalows in the west of the village and opened a "lecture hall", which was taught by an old gentleman to preach Confucian ideas such as benevolence, righteousness, etiquette, wisdom, faith, forgiveness, loyalty, filial piety, and compassion.
According to the village history, one day in 1912, a wealthy merchant named Wang Jialin came from Heilongjiang, who was influenced by the unity, friendliness and integrity among the villagers and was determined to abandon the business and cultivation. Therefore, he stayed behind to join the Lecture Hall, preached to the villagers the principle of abandoning evil and promoting goodness, and then went around soliciting and soliciting, spending huge sums of money on construction, repairing the Church, and then expanding it year by year. In 1915, the complex was completed and renamed "Yuqing Palace". In 2010, Yuqing Palace was listed as a provincial key cultural relics protection unit.
The Yuqing Palace is built on the hillside, with carved beams and paintings, and the architectural style is unique. Liu Zhiyong, director of the Chaoyang County Cultural Relics Management Institute, introduced that the Yuqing Palace not only inherits the traditional techniques of ancient Chinese architecture, but also penetrates into the folk construction methods, and has both the characteristics of the times and the traditional style in the wooden structure, as well as local characteristics. In particular, the lower level of the "Ten Thousand Immortals Temple" and the "Three Heavenly Realms" is a coupon-top niche structure, which is a local feature, and this architectural style is rare in our province.
Influenced by the filial piety culture of MengMu Ancestral Hall, there are endless examples of filial piety to parents and in-laws in the village. The 81-year-old Cao Guizhi is the famous filial piety daughter-in-law in the village. Her mother-in-law was paralyzed in bed, she was carrying and peeing, washing and shabu, carefully caring for her for 3 years, and sending her mother-in-law to her death; her father-in-law was a carpenter, and when she was young, she also participated in the construction of squatter houses around the end of the Yuqing Palace. Wash the feet of the old man, catch lice, shave his head, and Cao Guizhi will not fall. In addition to three meals a day, the old man also has the habit of eating supper, every night at 9:30 pm, to drink some liquor, eat some small dishes, diligent and virtuous Cao Guizhi is always hard at work, trying to make the old man happy, praised by the villagers as a good daughter-in-law who "does not fight back, scolds and does not return the mouth". Li Yaru, Cao Guizhi's daughter, told reporters: "Under the careful care of my mother, my grandfather lived to the age of 99. ”
Duan Hongyu, 43, is the representative of the new generation of filial piety daughters-in-law in the village. Last spring, Duan Hongyu's old father-in-law, Liu Dianwu, suffered from cerebral thrombosis and was bedridden. Duan Hongyu waited in front of the hospital bed, urinated, bathed the old man, not too dirty or too tired, and often whispered to comfort the old man. Three meals a day, always changing patterns, the old man wants to eat what to do. After more than a year of such care, in August this year, 75-year-old Liu Dianwu finally recovered basically and was able to walk on crutches. Villagers told reporters that Duan Hongyu is not only good to her relatives, but also always smiles at the people in the village, who has a family in distress, and she is very willing to help by borrowing some emergency money.
20 ancient wells: left over from the Yuan Dynasty garrison
Under the slope of The Natural Tun of Chen Canzi in Xiaojiadian Village, on the side of the village field, there is an ancient well, a total of about 20 wells, each well is separated by three or four hundred meters, neatly arranged. The origin of these ancient wells is quite mysterious, who dug them and who used them?
According to the old people in the village, these ancient wells existed in the Yuan Dynasty. Look closely at these ancient wells, most of them are well preserved, the wellhead is round, raised on the ground, the well platform part is connected by large bluestone slabs, the bluestone of the internal well wall is clearly visible, and some wells are buried, leaving only the remains. Chang Jinlai told reporters that most of the ancient wells can now be used, originally for people to draft water, and later the residents moved away, and now they are only used to irrigate the fields. Different from ordinary farmhouse wells, ancient wells are supports made of large thin stones, which is more simple and simple.
Zhou Jinghai, dean of the Green and Livable Village Research Institute of Shenyang Jianzhu University, which has planned and designed traditional villages such as Xiaojiadian Village, conducted many field surveys of Xiaojiadian Village and read a large number of materials. He found that in the late Yuan Dynasty, a group of Mongol troops camped in Chen Canzi and needed so much domestic water at the same time, proving that there were many people and horses stationed here at that time. Zhou Jinghai told reporters that a certain staff and a certain battalion, such a place name, represented that this was the location of the Mongolian army stationed in that year. According to the number of troops stationed, it is called a staff and a battalion. Among them, the battalion is a little more numerous than the garrison of the staff. The Manchus, on the other hand, used the titles of zhaizi, thousand households, and hundred households to represent the location of the garrison. Later, this Yuan Dynasty army disappeared, but their descendants remained, and today, there are many Mongolian residents in Xiaojiadian Village.
(In addition to the signature, this photo is provided by Chaoyang County Housing and Urban-Rural Development Bureau)
Journalist's Note
SHOUJI
Li Na, a 35-year-old villager, is a skillful embroidery girl who learned folk embroidery at the age of 13 in Chaoyang. After marrying into Xiaojiadian Village, she brought this craft to the village, whoever needed embroidery on the pillow cover, curtain, and clothes would come to Li Na, and she could embroider a smooth and beautiful flower and bird pattern as required.
This spring, Yangshan Town introduced the intangible cultural heritage of Shengjing Manxiu as a poverty alleviation project, organized more than 100 rural women from surrounding villages to carry out training, and Su Na and Li Lijun of Xiaojiadian Village also joined the ranks of "embroidery girls".
According to the person in charge of the External Propaganda Office of the Propaganda Department of the Chaoyang County Party Committee, full embroidery is simple and easy to learn, zero foundation can be, as long as it can be used after short-term training, the embroidery products are uniformly recycled after completion, there is no worry about sales, and the average annual income of embroidery girls can reach about 20,000 yuan.
Walking in the old streets of the ancient village, the reporter felt that these traditional villages with unique folk customs and customs are the most ecological memories of China's ancient culture, and the protection of traditional villages is not only to retain the past, but also to let the excellent culture inherit today and carry forward in the future.