Abstract: Gao Qi was a short-lived official, but his poems were not because of his official name; he called him "Bohai Gao Qi" as a descendant of Emperor Gao Huan of Northern Qi, but in fact he was only "a citizen under the rule of Zhang Shicheng who used Suzhou as a base" in his early years, but in the end, after he resigned as an official after entering the Ming Dynasty, he was cursed, folded his wings in the clouds, died in Jinling, and became a tragic example of a "grassroots" poet who almost counterattacked successfully at the time of the Yuan and Ming Dynasties; he was killed at the age of 39, and yue Fei was wronged. His life journey, from his youth and "ten years of guest rao", "five years of Zhang Wu", "Shi in Nanjing" two years, and finally "returned to the hidden and killed" five acts of the calendar can be counted, but there are many mysteries to be solved. His poems have a wide range of themes, all kinds of bodies are available, no body is not worked, and it is recognized as the "generation of poets" of Youming, or the three representatives of Song Yuanming. We should fully understand the significance of mao zedong, a great man of a generation who personally wrote his poem "Plum Blossom" and praised it as "the greatest poet of the Ming Dynasty.". At that time, there was a theory that Gao Qi was "famous Qi Li Du", but it was necessary to form a consensus in the study of ancient poetry today.
Keywords: Gao Qi; Life; Shi Zong; Li Du
About author:Du Guichen (1950-), male, from Ningyang, Shandong, is a professor and doctoral supervisor of the College of Literature of Shandong Normal University, mainly engaged in the study of ancient Chinese literature.
In the history of Chinese poetry, Gao Qi is recognized as "a generation of poets"; or "genius is super easy, really above the Poets of the Ming Generation" ("Outline of the General Catalogue of the Four Libraries"),or "The genius is extraordinary, allowing the Ming poets to be the first in the three hundred years, not only for a while". In my opinion, this is a more appropriate evaluation. However, few people have noticed that when Gao Qi's bones were killed in the seventh year of Ming Hongwu (1374), there was a voice of a poet who was also one of the "Ten Friends of Northern Guo" and "Four Masters of Wu Zhong", Zhang Yu said that he "had no reputation to fade, and Han Jia Le Fu Sheng Tang poetry"; Xu Ben even more praised him as "famous Qi Li Du, Quanxia Xi Taixi", pushing it to the status of "Shi Xian" and "Shi Sheng". It is necessary to know that "the literati are light on each other and have been so from ancient times", and at the sensitive moment when Gao Qi was just executed as a Qin criminal, these two friends of Gao Qi should not easily allow people or false reputations to be involved in the danger of committing crimes, but should really push and deplore his talents. Moreover, later, in the sixth year of Qing Yongzheng (1728), Chen Zhang's preface to Jin Tan compiled the "Collection of Gao Qingqiu", still calling his poems "crowned in the Ming, better than the Yuan, higher than the Song, both Jin and Tang, and chased after the Han and Wei, and this is probably the same as its ancient and modern body". It can be seen that Gao Qi's poem "Famous Qi Li Du" is an influential thesis in the poetry circle for more than 200 years after his death, which is worthy of the attention of today's people. Of course, this still needs to be comprehensively examined and analyzed in depth to determine whether this statement can become the consensus of today's academic circles.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="14" >, family lineage and rank</h1>
Gao Qi was born in the second year of the Yuan Shun Emperor (1336) and was killed in the seventh year of Ming Hongwu (1374), just like Yue Fei, who hanged himself with the verse "A Thousand Years of Hate and Weeping Heroes" ("The Tomb of the King of Yue"), he died at the age of 39.
Qiheng signed himself "Bohai Gao qi" or "Qiren Gao Qi", which is said to be after Gao Huan, emperor of Northern Qi. Gao Huan was a native of Bohai (present-day Jing County, Hebei). Shi Ben Han, but "the north of the world, so learn its customs, so the same xianbei." Jin Tan's "Gao Qingqiu Collection" is attached to the "Gao Qingqiu Annals" (hereinafter referred to as the "Golden Spectrum") Yun: "Mr. Is from the Bohai Sea, the world is a Bian person, the southern crossing follows the family Lin'an, and then to Wu, the north of Ju County, so he is a Wu person." That is, a native of Wu County (present-day Wuzhong District, Suzhou, Jiangsu). It is in Wudi "County's North Guo", "Temporary Return to the Old House of Mingkeli" poem Yun "Gulu in Dongli".
Traced back to the fifth generation of unknown people. Grandfather Ben Ning, father one yuan. His protégé Lü Mian wrote the "Biography of Cha Xuan" (hereinafter referred to as "Lü Chuan") Yun: "Kao Shun Weng above ju Yu Rao. There are more than 100 acres of land, in the east of Shahu Lake. "ShunWeng", that is, the word of Gao Qifu, or the number. There is a brother named Counselor, which is often called "brother" in the poem. Nephew TWO: Mediocre, often. There is one sister and two nephews. His poem "Sending The Two Nephews of the Qian Clan to The Ridge" says: "Sending the east to the wilderness should be returned to the Sete camp." A family of ten scattered, ten miles in two lines. "Three daughters, one son." The second daughter died in the siege of Suzhou in October at the end of the Yuan Dynasty, and zizu zhi also died early before Gao Qi's death. Therefore, Xu Ben's "Sacrifice Text" cloud "left two weak breaths". According to his poem "Joy from Brother Far Away", there is a brother from brother.
Word Jidi. Because he once lived in the Qingqiu of Fuli, he was called Qingqiuzi. "Yuan he Wei Ting Zhi": "Hubu Shilang former Hanlin Guoshi Academy edited Gao Qidi: In Qingqiupu Dashu Village. "Fuli, Ming belongs to Cheung Chau. Therefore, it is true to say that Gao Qi is a Cheung Chau native. Also known as Cha Xuan. Gao Qi's "Records of Cha Xuan" Yun: "Cha, driftwood also." To taste the song river above, the wood of the riverside when the autumn is destroyed by the wind, with the waves, care and feeling, because of the name of the dwelling of xuan. and You Jingshi, Hanlin scholar Jinhua Song Gong, for the seal of the two big characters, from is or Shi or retired, east and west travel apartment, so to the plaque in the room. "Blowing the stage again. Blowing Tai, the pó (pó) of 汴 (present-day Kaifeng, Henan), to Ji Qi's "shi as a bian person". Because he had participated in the revision of the "History of the Yuan", he retired from qingqiu in the evening.
In the eighteenth year, he married the daughter of Zhou Zhongda, a giant chamber of Qingqiu. The Zhou clan is very wise, and Gao Qi has a poem: "The wife can keep the way with the king, and the wife does not know the poetry of Zheng Xuan." ("Autumn River Residence Writes Seven Songs of Huai", six of which) Noh poem, Gao Qi's "Answer To The Inner Mail": "The wind comes from the hometown, blowing poetry to Jing County." Soon, the family fell in the middle of the road. "Lü Chuan" Yun: "Slightly longer, the brother consulted Huai Right, followed by the loss of shame, that is, comprehensive housekeeping, to and from Jiangcheng to live." "The old mansion was destroyed after chaos, "after the chaos of the scenery, the view is a pity" ("Temporary Return to the Old House of Mingkeli"). As for "hard work in middle age, there is no lulu" ("Moving to the South of the City"), "No Lu and no land are the most pathetic".
As a result, it is a fact that the Japanese scholar Kojiro Yoshikawa called Gao Qi "a citizen of his youth under Zhang Shicheng, who was based in Suzhou." Even after entering the Ming Dynasty, he was once summoned to revise the "History of the Yuan", taught the princes, although he gave the official Hubu the Right Attendant, he was also considered to have ascended to the top of society, but in the end, after he was cursed by the resignation of the official because he had been an official, he folded his wings in the clouds and died in Jinling, in fact, he was only a "grassroots" who almost succeeded in counterattacking, but in the end, like "the wood of the riverside was destroyed by the wind in autumn", becoming the earliest and most tragic tragic example of Ariake's "generation of literati and erration" (Wu Jingzi's "Ru Lin Wai Shi Wedge").
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="86" > two, five acts of life</h1>
In the first year of Ming Hongwu (1368), the first 32 years of Gao Qi's life were in the Yuan Dynasty, and he lived for only seven years after entering the Ming Dynasty. But after all, he became an official of the Ming Dynasty, so he did not have the opportunity to be the last poet of the Yuan Dynasty, but became the "greatest poet of the Ming Dynasty". However, his 39-year-old chaotic life has twists and turns, like a five-act scene of a meta-drama with four folds and wedges.
(1) Talented teenager (1-15 years old)
Gao Qi has been smart since childhood, "Unvalled, with Ying Sensitive Smell." The confession was a thousand words: 'Can the Son remember?' 'The king recites at a glance, and all the people are impressed."' Hi Talk Soldiers. His "Cursive Song Gift zhang Xuan" poem is called "Yu Yu Shao Ben Good Sword Dance". "Lü Chuan" Yun "is especially good at power and strategy, and among the thick people, the words are not complicated and pertinent." Have big ambitions. The poem "Feeling the Old Reward Song Jun's Consultation And Sending" says: "Although Gu Yu was corrupt and Confucian, he was also Zhengrong in those years. The young general said princes, holding the hammer to determine the alliance. Great desire to multiply, offer to climb the Pengying. "Gift to Xue Xiangshi" also said: "I am less fond of fame, light and brave and crazy." Gu Ying was seven feet long. It is necessary to make two or three strategies for the sake of junzhi Shikang. Gong Qing can be overlooked, is there shang shu lang? "Good Ranger. The poem "The Second Rhyme Bag with the ZhiKe Huai" says: "Make friends with the original giant ancestors, and make a slow and urgent investment together." "Send money to the old people of Qiantang" said: "The young guest name is all, and the wild tour is called every time." "The negativity is so strong. The poem "Sending Ni Ya Preface" says: "Yu Shao has not tasted qualor, and he is full of negative anger and argumentative, and he will want to bend the seat." There is also Yan Yun" who "does not read books without books, but especially in history." However, gao qi's own and other records do not mention his teacher's inheritance. To be a teacher of impermanence is to be self-taught.
(2) Ten years of Kerao (16-26 years old)
Gao Qimei Fengyi, "seven feet long, with literary and martial talents", "full of temperament, magnificent clothes, speech recitation, sound like a bell", famous in the township. There are four main acts that can be described during the period:
First, he was informed by Raosuke. Lü Chuan Yun: "In the sixteenth year, the governor of Huainan Province, Linchuan Raojie, was divided into Wuzhong ... Smell the name of The Gentleman, so that the messenger summons him... Strong and then backwards. All the seats are giant Ru Shuoqing, with Ni Yunlin's "Bamboo and Wood Diagram" proposition, the real test is also. And rhymes with the sub-original poem 'wood, green, song'. Mr. Shi... The servant li shaoqing replied: "The master was not a dry wood, and a scoop poured xiaoxiang green." Yueyuan is sorry for the wine in the bottle, and the drink is self-drumming without strings. 'I was amazed... The elders were restrained by this, and they were heavy on the gentry, and the elders were afraid of them. "This record of the Golden Spectrum is identified as the 21st year of the sixteenth year of the Yuan Dynasty (1356). But "Lü Chuan" is passed on as an apprentice, when it is more believable. Moreover, if you can enter the age of the jinshi zhongzhuangyuan at the age of 21 for this poem, you may not be "surprised" by rao's high-ranking official and literary alliance status. Therefore, Rao Jie was executed, and Gao Qi wept in a poem: "If there is no reason to build on the river, it should be known for ten years." The number of "ten years" should begin at the age of 16 in the eleventh year of the Yuan dynasty (1351) and end at the age of 26 in the twenty-first year of the Yuan dynasty (1361).
Second, the status of the guest. Zhang Shi's "Orderly Lamentations" contains that its initial "Rao Jie ... Yan zhizhi taught the sons", that is, to be a privately hired master of Raosuke, and later as a "record room" or "writing", he became a shogun of Rao's house. In addition, Gao Qi's "Introduction to the Song of Kuangshan Qiao", "Accompanying Linchuan Gongyu Tianchi Thirty Rhymes", "Gifting Drunken Trees", etc., all talk about the exchange of travel and poetry and wine with Yang Ji and other guests, which shows that the guests and hosts are very close.
Third, Wu Yue's tour. Gao Qi's "Fifteen Parallel Sequences of Wu Yue Ji Tour" called "Zhizheng Pengshu and Gengzijian", that is, the "Wuyue Tour" that lasted more than a year in the spring of the eighteenth year of the Yuan to Zheng (1358) winter solstice (1360), it seems that the "free travel" of sightseeing in the mountains and rivers is actually a "march" with a mission. This begins with his first poem, "In the Late Path of the South Gate", which says, "The twilight of the year is also good, and there is a constant period for recruiting people." Resign my hometown music, suitable for the other road is dangerous", and the third poem "Ciqian Qingjiang Gurudwara Liu Pet Temple" has a sentence cloud "Our eastern crusade is urgent", etc., all of which cannot help but be confirmed; a few years later, there is a poem "In the past years, I lost my way and was bound to the horses." These memories further prove that his "Wu Yue Tour" was a "march" related to the conquest of "Rong Ma" at that time, and it was a "lost road" that made him depressed and unforgettable, that is, he did not expect anything and gained nothing. As for the specific situation, the poet has secreted it, and it is difficult to examine it today. However, after returning to Pingjiang after returning to Pingjiang after the end of the "Wu Yue Tour" in the spring of the 20th year of the Yuan Dynasty (1360), he left his post from Rao Jie and "violated the group to live in the deserted river Cen Lonely Shore" ("The Order of Giving Hu Life"), and went to Qingqiu with his family and his maternal uncle. After that, although he traveled back and forth in Jiangcheng and had contacts with Rao Jie and even some generals and officials of the Yuan Dynasty and Zhang Shicheng in Wu, he neither became an official of the Yuan Dynasty nor Zhang Shicheng, nor did he return to Rao Jie's curtain.
Fourth, "Ten Friends of Beiguo", or "Ten Talents". During the ten years of Gao Qike Rao's reign, in addition to being able to make friends with Rao Jie and other gentry and celebrities, he also "lived in the north of guo, next to Wang Xing, and then Xu Ben, Gao Xunzhi, Tang Su, Song Ke, Yu Yaochen, Zhang Yu, Lü Min, and Chen Ze were all close to each other, and the number of Northern Guo Ten Friends was extremely popular in poetry and wine, and the name of the ten sons was the beginning of several years" (Jin Spectrum). Press: The "Ten Friends" of Gao Qi's "Ten Friends poems of Spring Day Huai" include monks Daoyan (Yao Guangxiao), Wang Yi, and Gao Xunzhi and Tang Su. However, it should be pointed out that this is actually a group of poets with Rao Jie as the backstage force. Therefore, after Raosuke was killed by Ming Taizu, the fate of the "Ten Friends" was also tragic. However, the monk Daoyan later became Zhu Di's "black-clad chancellor", crushing Zhu Yuanzhang's legacy of passing the throne to Emperor Jianwen, and his experience as a foreign friend of Rao Jie and the "Ten Friends of Northern Guo" may not have no psychological potential connection. In addition, Gao Qi, Together with Yang Ji, Zhang Yu, and Xu Ben, was compared to the "Four Masters of the Early Tang Dynasty" as "Wang, Yang, Lu, and Luo", and called them "Wuzhong Four Jies", which should also be based on the prestige accumulated by all people in this period.
The above events occurred at the same time, sequentially, or intricately, which profoundly influenced Gao Qi's "Ten Years of Kerao" and his later poetry creation.
(3) Zhang Wu five years old (27-32 years old)
In the sixteenth year of the Yuan Dynasty (1356), Zhang Shicheng attacked Pingjiang, Gao Qi was "repeatedly politely recruited", and Rao Jie was asked by Zhang to accept the post of Right Hand. Gao Qi lived in Qingqiu and traveled to and from Jiangcheng, still in contact with Rao and Zhang Wu officials, but without formal affiliation. However, Gao Qi's poems regard the Yuan court as the "national dynasty" and the suppression of the peasant uprising as the "suppression of the rebellion" ("Send Cai to join the army"), praising Zhang Shicheng, who once demoted the Yuan dynasty to the rank of lieutenant, for "seven years of zhen Wu, political internal negotiation, benevolent voice bystanders" ("Sending Rao to participate in the government and return to the province"), but he did not mention Zhang Shicheng as "King of Wu", which shows that he always adhered to the "righteousness of the monarch" to the Yuan Dynasty, and held a non-cooperative stance against the anti-Yuan forces, including Zhang Shicheng's failure to follow the Yuan Dynasty Zhengshuo. However, by the end of the Yuan Dynasty (1341), the general trend of the Yuan Dynasty had gone, Zhang Shicheng and Zhu Yuanzhang successively called wu wang, and between the two wu kings, Gao Qi obviously chose Zhang Wu. This is prominently reflected in November of the 26th year of the Yuan Dynasty (1366), and in September of the following year, Zhu Yuanzhang's army besieged Pingjiang, and Gao Qi, who usually lived in Qingqiu outside the city, somehow returned to the besieged city. Moreover, his second daughter Gao Shu unfortunately fell ill and died of panic in the besieged city. However, after the destruction of the city, it was quite a fluke that his engong Rao Jie was arrested and executed, and his brother Gao Zhi and many friends such as Yang Ji, Zhang Shuo, Zhang Xian, Yu Yaochen, etc. were all exiled and hidden because of rao or zhang, or were arrested and relocated, while Gao Qi was spared and still returned to Qingqiu to live in seclusion, probably because he withdrew from the Rao clan curtain early.
It is worth noting that in the twenty-seven years since the Yuan Dynasty and the Zheng Dynasty, the imperial court and Zhang Wu have had many imperial examinations, and from the end of the poem "Sending Zhang GongShixiang to Test the Beijing Division" written by Gao Qi in the eighteenth year of the Yuan to Zheng (1358), it is said that "I have ambitions to fail to go now, and I am dazed to correct my head", which shows that he did not intend to take the imperial examination, but did not see any record that he had participated in the imperial examination or had a meritorious name. On the contrary, Zhang Yu should have written in the "Five Poems of Continuing Huaiyou" before Zhang Wu's death and before Gao Qi was summoned to revise the "History of Yuan", saying that all the friends referred to Gao Qi as "Gao Zhengjun" ("Jingju Collection", "Four Series" book) because of his old position or identity in yuan. So, before Gao Qi entered the Ming Dynasty, had he been recruited by the Yuan court and did not have to participate in the imperial examination? To be tested.
(4) Shi in Nanjing (34-35 years old)
In the second year of Ming Hongwu (1369), Gao Qi was 34 years old and was called to revise the History of the Yuan. In February, he arrived and lived in Nanjing Tianjie Temple. In August, the "History of the Yuan" was completed. "He was appointed as an editor of the history of the Hanlin Academy, and was reinstated to teach the kings." Three years of autumn... The Right Attendant of the Kaihu Department... Qi Zi was too young to take on heavy responsibilities... Give the platinum back" (Ming Shi Gao Qi Biography). In August of the third year (1370), it was returned to Qingqiu. Ji Qishi was in Nanjing, including "Last year's return to his hometown for a heavy afternoon" ("Beijing Shi Noon Has Huai Yan Zheng Youwen"), about a year and a half ago. Gao Qiben did not want to be a soldier, so he disdained to drill the camp in Nanjing, "the sleeves are not thrown at each other, and there are poems sent to the monks" ("Jingshi Yuyu Three Poems · Three"), but from time to time he was favored by Zhu Yuanzhang in the attendants, and successively promoted him to the position of Editor of hanlin Academy and Right Attendant of Hubu (正三品). This was the so-called "Imperial Grace" at that time, but Gao Qi refused. The reason for his refusal, the "History of Ming" is said to be "since the old age did not dare to take on a heavy responsibility", Zhang Shi's "Lamentations and Orderly Words" said that "I thought I could not take care of the world's wealth". The former is an obvious pretext (detailed later), and the latter seems to be a private opinion of Gao Qi, that is, if he is an official, he is also "Mo Zhangguan Qiangu" ("The True Daughter and The Order"). However, looking at his poems about Shi Yin, the deep reasons are first, his fear of the tragedy of the historical figure "DingShi Fu Ding Cooking" ("Gift to Xue Xiangshi"); second, he is intoxicated with poetry and extremely tired of the dynastic career of "the chickens in the leaky house chirping wet smoke, and it is difficult for donkeys to borrow strong chaotian" ("Wind and Rain Early Dynasty"); the third is related to his desire to be a poet, and it is that he is also indulging in the memory of "ten years of chaos as if you don't know, the daily fee gold travel drama" ("Remembering Yesterday's Trip to Wu Zhong's Ancestors"). It did not ignite the enthusiasm for the real recognition and cooperation of the Zhu Ming New Dynasty.
(5) Murdered in hiding (36-39 years old)
In the autumn and August of the third year of Ming Hongwu (1370), Gao Qi resigned from the government and returned to Qingqiu, although he was physically and mentally liberated, but "no lu and no land", so he still had to teach for a living. In his early years, he suffered from eye diseases ("Sick Eyes", "Sick Eyes Do Not Drink"), and later from some point on, "poets are also thirsty" ("Gift to Physician Wang Lifang"), that is, diabetes. The other biggest problem is that there is no fixed place to live, and it moves from time to time. Wei Guan, the Guozi supervisor whom he had met in Beijing, was transferred to the prefect of Suzhou, xingwenshi, and took the initiative to "migrate to Xiahouqiao in the city for Gao Qi, so that he could be intimate with him at dawn and night" (Lü Chuan). Gao Qi gave birth to a son, and Wei Guan also personally went to Daohe; Wei Guan buried his mother, and asked Gao Qi to write an inscription ("Epitaph of Lady Song of Wei"), which was frequently followed. Therefore, when Wei Guan moved to repair the Shangliang, he asked Gao Qi to compose the Shangliang Wen. Unexpectedly, Wei Guan's relocation of the county rule was newly built on the foundation of Zhang Shicheng's old palace, and it was falsely accused of "the foundation of the rise and destruction ... Thus he was cursed" (Ming Shi Wei Guan Biography). And "Emperor Jian Qi's Shangliang Wen, because of his anger, was beheaded in the city" (Ming Shi Gao Qi Biography). It can be seen that Gao Qi's death directly originated from the Shangliang Wen. However, the "Biography of Ming Shi Gao Qi" said that it was also because "tasted the poetry, there was some irony, and the emperor did not develop it", which had no evidence, but was influenced by the rumors of wild history. Zhu Yanzun and others have already debated this in detail. In fact, it is conceivable that Zhu Yuanzhang is a man of males, "the golden bottle drinks together, and the white blade does not spare each other" ("Ming Shi Ru Taisu Biography"), if he has a poetic satire, why should he be mentioned to his official position? But there are two more things to add to this question:
First, although there will be no one who "did not develop" because of the poem before Zhu Yuanzhang gave the official Gao Qi, Zhu Yuanzhang is 8 years older than Gao Qi, and he will not believe Gao Qi's excuse of "young" Yunyun, but after all, the twisted melon is not sweet, so it is still "see xu ... Put it back". Gao Qi was happy at that time, but he did not know that in Zhu Yuanzhang's view, he actually gave Gao Qi face instead of not, so that he touched the (soft) nail, lost face, and almost broke off friendship among ordinary people, and the nature of the monarch and his subjects was "a will", thus laying the foundation for his later murder. Therefore, of all the other hidden accounts about the cause of Gao Qi's death, only Zhang Shi's "Orderly Lamentations" said that "forcefully resigned, and still gave Platinum a yoke to reward the work of teaching", which is the most credible. The reason is that Zhang Shi was a fellow villager of Gao Qi, and from childhood to before Gao Qi was killed, he "circled for a long time, and knew each other deeply". From his reluctance to say that Zhu Yuanzhang "still gives", it seems to have been obtained from Gao Qi's previous life, and it was announced because of "to solve the doubts of the world". Otherwise, Gao Qicai died, and as Zhang Shi retired from the position of Shuibu Langzhong, if he was not sure, he would not dare to invent things involving the emperor, and he was not afraid of beheading? Therefore, the author is very strange that the princes who revised the "History of Ming" actually did not take Zhang Shi's statement, but believed in the rootless talk such as the "History of Wu Zhongye" based by Qian Qianyi's generation.
Second, although Zhu Yuanzhang may have old regrets about Gao Qi's resignation, if he had not been implicated in the Wei Guan case, he would not have taken the initiative to turn over the old accounts and kill him. As for the previous reason for Gao Qi's involvement in the case, it was Wei Guan who "migrated to Xiahou Bridge in the city". And if Gao Qi had not been "wulu" and "wulu and no land", then Wei Guan naturally would not have had to move for him, and Gao Qi would not have had to accept it, so that he would not have been killed because of the Shangliang Wen. Therefore, although Gao Qi was tired of Wei Guan and killed by Zhu Yuanzhang, the deeper reason was the difficult situation of his life, which made him "had to be a Wei Guanke", thus stepping onto the road of death. Zhang Yu mourned the deep meaning of his "Wulu Wutian is the most pathetic", which may lie in this.
Although the above biography of Gao Qi is generally clear, his experience of being a guest, the journey of Wu Yue, the rejection of Zhang Wu, the beginning and end of the murder, and the identity of the "conquest of the jun" are still suspicious and need to be deeply examined.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="87" >3, name Qi Li Du</h1>
It can be seen from Gao Qi's "Cong Bamboo Diagram Gift to Brother Zhou Sijing on the Title" that Gao Qi is good at painting, but no paintings have been handed down. The most complete collection of his written works is the "Gao Qingqiu Collection" compiled by Qing Jintan, which has 119 articles in each body in five volumes, 32 words in the "Collection of Buckles", eighteen volumes of poems in various bodies and 2011 poems in "Supplements". Recently, some scholars have collected 29 poems from "Shiyuan", a total of 2040 poems. There may be mis-collection, but it may still be discovered. However, in general, it is still called "more than 2,000 poems" ("Collection of Poetry of the Lie Dynasty, Gao Taishi Qi") compiled by Xu Yong (Yong Li) in Jingtaizhong(s) and "Gao Taishi Complete Collection". Although it is like Wang Duanyun," "The Complete Works of Qingqiu is not a manual, there are self-added and deleted works, and the composers have two copies of their manuscripts, so they have many repetitions", this is the misfortune of the poet, not the fault of the poet. Moreover, the big alcohol and small flaws are not harmful, and they are dazzling and beautiful. Its main achievements and characteristics are as follows:
First, the subject matter is extensive. When Gao Qisheng was in turmoil at the end of the Yuan Dynasty, he once had a poem cloud: "Lying on the past thirty years, half of the time has been locked up in chaos." ("Two Songs of Feeling in the Night, One of Them") And after two dynasties, he was hidden from time to time as a cloth-clad soldier, and once placed himself in the political whirlpool of Zhang Wuhe as an official of the Ming Dynasty, traveling widely, and disdaining to drill camps, "living without any compulsion, hard work for poetry" ("Linton Li Ten Songs · Four"). Therefore, his poems have a wide range of themes and rich content. Not only in the mountains and water stations, but also in the treatment of people and things, sleeping and living. You can't have it all the time, and you can't get in without anything. Wang Duanyue: "Qingqiu poems... It is suitable for mountains, rivers and lakes, terraces, and border plugs. "Now consider the views of the sages, which are divided into the following ten categories:
Feelings: All kinds of things are related to the origin of life and death, and the ultimate reflection of life. Such as "Lamentation Song", "Twenty Pieces of Allegorical Feeling", "Twelve Songs of Pseudo-Ancient", "Ten Songs of Autumn Huai" and so on.
Self-description: A variety of self-experienced works. Such as "Qingqiu Zi Song Orderly", "Ten Songs of Lindunli", "Former Residence on the River", "After the Chaos, Through the Loujiang Old Museum", "Yong Meng" and so on.
Yongshi: All kinds of works of reading history, discussing people, and hanging ancient works. For example, "Twenty-two Songs of Reading History", "Sixteen Songs of Yong Yin", "Sword Pond", "Yong Jing Ke", "Zhang", "Ten Palace Words" and so on.
Ji You: A lyrical work of various landscape and water scenic spots. Such as "Wu Yue Ji Tour Fifteen Songs", "Tianping Mountain", "Dragon Gate", "Taihu Lake", "Tianchi", "Boat Returns to the Rain", "Crossing the Wusong River", "Dengjinling Rain Flower Terrace Looking at the River" and so on.
Genres: A variety of works based on customs, scenery, and objects. Such as "Tea Picking Words", "Fighting Duck Chapter", "Cooking Tea", "Six Bamboo Branch Songs", "Nine Plum Blossom Songs", "Duanyang Ten Songs", "Twelve Songs of Military Uniform", "Autumn Willow" and so on.
Sound Painting: A variety of paintings related to music. For example, "Listening to the Pipa at night drinking Ding Erkan's house", "Listening to the old prostitute Guo Fangqing's disciple Chen Shige", "Listening to Jiang Qing blowing the flute in the rain of the guest house", "Ming Emperor Bing candle night tour map", "Yixing landscape map painted by Ni Yunlin", "Palace girl map" and so on.
Affection: A variety of works related to family and relatives. Such as "Ancient Farewell", "Happy Family to Beijing", "Answering The Inner Mail", "Dream Bell Leaving Two Brothers", "Mourning Daughter", "Zizu Zhisheng" and so on.
Dating: all kinds of friends, colleagues, subordinates singing and, gifting, nostalgic friends, mourning works. For example, "Spring Day With Ten Friends Poems", "Crying Linchuan Gong", "In the Rain, Chen Qing Drank and Returned to Ding Er's Sick Guest House to Give This Comfort", "Idle Li Zhi
Pastoral: All kinds of works related to farmland, farmers, and agricultural affairs. For example, "Sixteen Songs of Suburban Villa Miscellaneous Endowments", "Look at the Grass", "Grow vegetables in the East Garden", "Plant melons", "Pastoral Calligraphy" and so on.
Current Affairs: Various works involving war, current situation, government and social conditions. For example, "Sai Xia Qu", "Wen Zhu General Battle Death", "Wu Cheng's Sense of the Old", "Fengtian Temple Jinyuan History", "Feudal Prince's Banquet for Hundred Officials", "Seeing the Fleeing People's Family on the River" and so on.
In view of the fact that the content of each poem's subject matter cannot be pure, the above classification is inevitably cut enough or can be one or the other, it seems to be separable and difficult to divide, but it has to be divided, and it may even be further subdivided, because gao Qi's poems are thousands of households, and even if the same topic (material) is different, it is also colorful and colorful, there is no similarity, and it can be set aside as a special reading study. For example, not only its inscriptions, yongshi, pastoral, jiyou and other types of poems can be studied as special topics, but also its writing of send-offs, plum blossoms, drinking, traditional Chinese medicine, etc., and even its frequently moved migration poems, all have outstanding characteristics of category characteristics, which can be analyzed to see its ingenuity and unique creation.
Second, all bodies work. The genre of ancient Chinese poetry is not only due to the characteristics of Chinese ideographic meaning, but also because the narrative lyrical content has different requirements for volume, complexity and simplicity of form, and degree of wholeness, including the simplicity or complexity of the poet's intentions. Poets do things according to each other, because of events, feelings, and intentions, so that poetry has various bodies, and Jewish novelists are either good at writing or short, and often have their own strengths. In this regard, Gao Qi had already discovered and set the goal of reaching the peak of the combination of various bodies. Its "Du'an Collection Sequence" Cloud:
Fu descended from the Han, Wei, Jin, and Tang dynasties, and apart from du Fu's clan, the authors were each famous for their own strengths, and could not combine them. Scholars praise one and the other, and the teachers love it, for example, the Judas bury the wheel of one town, and if they want to see the greatness of Kyushu, they will not be able to do it. Gai tasted it, the goodness of Yuanming could not praise the light of the imperial court, and the work of Changji was strange and not enough to be the cause of Yongqiu Garden, but it was not complete. Therefore, he must also be the master of the teachers, imitate the things as he pleases, and when the time comes, he will be at ease, and he will be self-contained, and he will be generous in his name, and he will not be free from the drawbacks of paranoia.
To this end, Gao Qi painstakingly "combined" in order to seek "generosity". Zhang Shi's "Lamentations" Yun:
Jun is strong in learning, especially poetry. The gentleness of the poet, the poignancy of the troublesome, the quaintness of the Han and Wei, the harmony of the Jin and Tang Dynasties, and the mellow xinyi, are selected into an episode called "Ancient Effects", and the Day Tsui Yongzhi. Because it is for the poem, the direction of the vote, the recklessness is not satisfactory, the old man is born for a while, the salty instrument is heavy, and he thinks that it is universal.
His painstaking and lonely intentions are completely self-contained, just as Li Zhiguang's "Biography of the Collected Collections of Algae" is clouded:
Gao Qi... Poetry, peeping at Jian'an, catching Kaiyuan below, and flouting it after the calendar. Talented and sensitive, so its hair is more and more extraordinary. Bao and Xie are similar, and Fa Li and Du are similar. Cu Ding xie cattle, Ken Qi ying blade, thousands of categories, the scale of the same track. Mountain dragon Hua worm, such as its Guiye; like rhinoceros jade, such as its rich also; autumn moon curling, such as its Qingye; Xia Ji, Wang Yan, such as Qiliye; Tian Wen, Zhao Sheng, such as Its Haoye; Minghe Xiangyun, such as its Yiye. Still with the taste of Tao and Wei Da Tang Yuan wine, not idle two Song Subu signs. The so-called anterior tooth ancients in the Kuang Dynasty, the post-crown to learn from the time.
And all three, four, five, six, seven words, long and short sentences, palindromes are not prepared; music, piano exercises, words, ancient poems, near body rhythms, almost no body is not prepared, there are all work. His fellow county people studied the "History of the Yuan" and Xie Hui, a friend of the same resignation official Guili, prefaced his poems:
The poetry of Ji Di, fate and affection, because of the shape of things, vertical and horizontal, opening and closing changes, and not limited to the length of one body.
Wang Duan, a famous female poet of the Qing Dynasty, said in "Selected Poems of the Thirty Houses of the Ming Dynasty:
Le Fu, Gao Qingqiu Qinghua Langrun, Xiu Bone Tiancheng, Tang Dynasty Victory Realm also. The five words of the ancient Chai Sang are true and simple, and the elegance of the River. The Seven Words of Ancient Depression and Distance, as well as the length of Taibai, Du and Han. The Law of Five Words, the Right Son of the Upper Law, and the Ten Sons of the Lower Calendar. The Seven Laws of Speech are super wonderful. The five words are absolutely the essence of the king and Wei. Seven words have a Tang demeanor.
As for the "Outline of the General Catalogue of the Four Libraries", it is said that "its poetry, quasi-Han Wei is like Han Wei, quasi-six dynasties are like six dynasties, quasi-Tang is like Tang, quasi-Song is like Song, all the strengths of the ancients are all mixed, but the world is too early, the collapse is too fast, it has not been able to melt and change into its own family, so it has the personality of the ancients, but it can not be named What Ge, this is the limit of heaven and reality" Yunyun, then Qing Qianjia poetry is obsessed with five colors, look at Zhu Chengbi's view. In fact, Gao Qishi's so-called "concurrently mastering the teachers" is Du Fuzhi's "turning to many teachers"; the so-called "time to the heart", is bound to be its own style. Therefore, the so-called "can not be named to enlighten what is the character" is actually its "self-contained", such as Du Shizhi's "combination", "hun" a variety of personalities of the predecessors and "become" by itself. This is also the main reason why later generations compiled the title of his poems " " , which is a peculiar phenomenon in the history of ancient Chinese poetry.
Third, it can be called "poetic history". Li Bai's poem "Mourning and Complaining about the Rioters" ("Fifty-Nine Ancient Winds, One of them"), Gao Qishi wrote more works of chaos, such as "Passing the Fengkou Battlefield", "Feng Xiaolian After the Soldiers", "After the Soldiers Came Out of Guo", etc.; more as a narrative lyrical background or interjection, such as writing the chaotic order at the end of the Yuan: "The golden mirror occasionally fell into the light, and the quarrels arose." The Central Plains did not lose deer, and the East China Sea side crossed the whale. ("Feeling the Old Reward Song Army Consultation Letter") writes about the death and injury of soldiers and civilians: "Thousands of villages kill chickens and dogs, and there are no flesh and bones whose families are protected together." ("Guangling Sun Xiaozi Ai Ri Tang") "Quite heard that the wilderness was killed and injured, and the wind and snow groaned bitterly. ("Answer to Yu Zuosi Shen Bei driving on new year's eve will drink the work of chengnan in the siege") writes that the urban and rural areas are broken: "After the chaos, the flowers in the south of the city have been empty, and the locks of the abandoned garden gate are in the sound of birds." ("Remembering Yesterday's Trip to send wuzhong to the deceased") "After the turmoil in the old garden, the vines and grass days have become thick. ("Xu Xijia Vegetable Map Hidden by Yin MingFu") even wrote that in the Ming Dynasty, there were still displaced people everywhere: "In the Qing Dynasty, there was no abuse of government, and what was the matter was abandoned." ...... Where is the four seas? Return early to plant hemp. Reading these poems, it can be seen that there are still chaotic worlds in the late Yuan and early Ming dynasties, and deeply appreciate the sadness of authors such as Du Shi' "poor years and worries about Li Yuan, sighing intestinal heat". In particular, a number of long articles involving the siege of Suzhou in October have been personally experienced and have the value of recording.
Fourth, the "anti-war" consciousness. Li Bai's "Battle City South" said: "Those who know that soldiers are murderous weapons, and saints have no choice but to use them." Du Fu's "After Washing soldiers and horses and collecting Beijing" said: "Ande's strong soldiers hold the Heavenly River, and the clean washing armor commander does not need it." Gao Qi witnessed the huge damage caused by the war to people's lives and property, and the poem inherited and carried forward Li Dushi's "anti-war" tradition in many ways. For example, "there has been no truce in the past few years, and the strong and weak have been annexed." Whoever makes a name for himself kills people everywhere. Shame on the chaos, standing in the air and hurting the soul. Another example is, "Whoever wields the heavens for me, it is difficult to survey everything." For this reason, he wanted to come out when he was waiting: "Therefore, if you do not go out, you should be flat when you come out." ("Feeling old and presenting song army consultation letter"). Although its "anti-war" appeal is also like Li Du's inability to change the reality of the catastrophe, it is also like the candlelight of the long night, reflecting the resistance of the human conscience to the dark forces.
Fifth, the inner connotation is deep and eternal. Gao Qi is knowledgeable, meticulous, with a mysterious pen, metaphorical in many ways, so his poems have many meanings, or the meaning is deep and eternal, often seems shallow and deep, like straight and curved, most of them need to be repeated, before they can see the meaning. In addition, since he entered the political and cultural circle of Suzhou at the age of 16, he spent most of his life in the political whirlpool of Suzhou and Nanjing, the situation was reversed, the world situation changed, and there were many crises. In order to protect the poet, the background of the poetry is often obscure, and a large number of works cannot be chronicled, which also increases the difficulty of interpretation. For example, the above-mentioned "Fifteen Poems of Wu YueJi's Travels", as well as the poem's repeated use of Su Qinyue's "Let me have Luoyang Negative Guo Tian Erqing" classic, as well as many times written and "abandoned houses" and "former generals" are not general works, but when there is a personal experience of the sigh of the allegory, thus forming the rich connotation of the work, intriguing characteristics.
Sixth, the pursuit of "self-adaptation". Although Gao Qi had great ambitions and wanted to achieve something, some of his secretive experiences in the ten years of Kerao seemed to be efforts in this regard, but none of them were successful. Although he later adhered to the "righteousness of the monarch" in the Yuan Dynasty, maintained a political distance from Zhang Wu but was close in heart, and even sang praises for the Zhu Ming regime after entering the Ming Dynasty, in short, since he did not want to be an official, and he pursued and preappointed himself as a poet all his life, his various political statements could not be taken seriously. For example, he always respected the Yuan before entering the Ming Dynasty, and there was no concept of "the difference between Huayi and Yi", which seemed incomprehensible. In fact, even Zhu Yuanzhang said that "the Yuan Lord has been in China for a hundred years, and the parents of Yuan and Qing have relied on him to be born and raised" (Ming Shi Taizu Benji). And Gao Qi, who is proud of "tying out of the Bohai Sea", may not fail to pay attention to the tradition of "Sui Tong Xianbei" in his ancestors, so he seems to only care about the "righteousness of the king" with the Yuan Dynasty, and rarely has the idea of "the difference between Huayi and Yi". For another example, although he once cheered for the establishment of the Ming Dynasty that "from now on the four seas will always be a home" ("Dengjin Ling Yuhuatai Looking at the Great River"), in the situation of "hard work and middle age", he did not know that the "Four Seas Family" was only the emperor's home, and there was no share of his high qi. On the contrary, "when the country is victorious, the legal net is wide, and people do not have to be eunuchs." He did not accept Yuan or even Zhang Shicheng's "courtesy offer" and could still live freely, and after "fortunately the saints lived in the southern country" to calm the disaster, he even had the freedom not to be an official, so that his life was deprived. Therefore, compared with the historical situation in which Gao Qi did not have a choice, it is no longer of much significance to discuss and evaluate his political position and attitude today. Moreover, from Gao Qi's fearful view of "Ding food and fu Ding cooking" from time to time, he had long seen through the essence of the imperial power system's meat grinder-like "eating people" (Lu Xun's "Diary of a Madman"), and in the second half of his life he has been seeking to avoid the officialdom and act arbitrarily and be the best version of himself. Li Zhiguang's "Biography of the Collected Works of The Algae" records that he did not attach Zhang Shicheng to the book: "The Duqi family lived on the Wusong River according to his maternal uncle Zhou Zhongda, and sang all day long to be self-sufficient. If the phrase "self-adaptation" is inadvertent, it is the finishing touch, breaking through the final perception and pursuit of Gao Qi's life. This is said in Li Bai: "An can destroy the eyebrows and bend the waist of the magnates, so that I can't be happy!" ("Sleepwalking heavenly grandmother yin left goodbye") and Gao Qi said: "An energy efficiency group of women, relying on the city dou yan miao." It can be seen that Gao Qi's pursuit of individual freedom, although not li bai's pride, still has Li Bai's gang. The essence of its "self-adaptation" is in line with Li Bai's spirit of pursuing individual liberation.
Seventh, the pioneer and model of "Ming poetry and the lord of truth". The author once said in the "Foreword to the Selected Poems of The Ming Dynasty": "Yang Shen's "Sheng'an Poetry" is called 'the main sentiment of Tang poetry' and 'the main reason of Song poetry', and we can add a sentence to say 'Mingren poetry is the main truth'. Gao Qi was the first to realize and open the atmosphere of "Mingren Poetry Lord Truth". Its "Preface to the Mingming Collection" cloud:
The ancients were not preoccupied with poetry. The work of "National Style" originates from the inability of temperament, and it is not a matter of business. In the hereafter, there were famous masters, who did not do anything about it, and they were tired of their hearts and minds, and they were scraping everything in order to work between words. If there is pride, it is singing and dancing, and the cokes of the world are not enough to be easy, and they are deeply fond of it, although they take it for disaster, and they are trapped and cannot bear to be abandoned, which is called confusion or not? Yu is unfortunate and rare is good, with a little stretch, a groan, and a constant tone. Or lose your mind as a waste... On the old days, he sang and sang harmony at the top of the mountain and the end of the water to do what he liked. Although his work did not dare to compare with the famous masters of the past, he enjoyed himself, although the eloquents did not know whether they were different or not. Therefore, I have been writing a lot since I have been tired of years... All the changes of the years, the history of the mountains and rivers, the period of the harmony of relatives and friends, the traces of current events, in the past ten years, the gratifying and sad, are all in the examination.
And its "Lou Jiang Yin Manuscript Preface" Yun:
Therefore, he stalks on the shore of the Lou River, in order to be self-satisfied, to climb the hill, to look at the east of the river, to the sea of a hundred miles and to note, to the place where the waves are raging, where the smoke and clouds are misty, to the rise and fall of the grass and trees, to swim with fish and birds, and to those who can feel the heart and move their eyes, and to start in poetry; so Gai sent his sorrow and anger to forget, and he lost his life in a smile, and he did not count work or did not work at first.
The above quotation of Gao Qi's second preface to his poems is "all in the present and can be examined" and "the beginning does not count the work and does not work" shows that the "Outline of the General Catalogue of the Four Libraries" says that "its poetry, imitating Han Wei is like Han Wei" Yunyun, which is actually the voice of the Seven Sons of Ming, which is completely inconsistent with the reality of Gao Qi's poems of "concurrently teaching the masters and the masters, imitating as they are". In fact, poetry has no ancient or modern, but only authenticity. Although Gao Qi taught the fa ancients, in the specific creation, he all got sentences from the real scene, in addition to the form of "learning from the ancient and not muddying its traces", his personality, meaning, and interest were all self-obtained, and after the Tang and Song dynasties, he created a "Mingren poetry main truth" style. Try to compare the two sentences of his "Village Residence" poem, "Hu Tong Mo Xu Fence Edge, Leave the Qing Yin Cover and The Four Neighbors" ("Testament Poems"), and compare it with Du Shi's poem "Ande Guangsha Ten Million Rooms", you can see the same meaning of "Hui ren" ("Analects and Xian Qing"), Gao Qi only starts from where he can do it, and how different it is from Du Fu's expression. Therefore, it is known that Gao Qi has the reputation of "famous Qi Li Du", but it is because of his hard practice of Li and Du's predecessors such as "concurrently teaching and mastering, imitating things as they are, waiting for the time to melt into their hearts, and becoming self-contained", but the fundamental lies in the fact that they get sentences from facts, real scenes, and facts everywhere, so they can have the poetic achievements and status of "Famous Qi Li Du" more than six hundred years after Li and Du.
Although the achievements and status of Gao Qi's poem "Mingqi Li Du" were not fully recognized or ignored by the predecessors in the Ming Dynasty and the middle of the Qing Dynasty, after all, some people advocated this in the past, and there were also echoers after that. However, from the Compendium of the General Catalogue of the Four Libraries, "Its poetry ... Failed to melt and change as a family, so it has the personality of the ancients, but can not be named Qi He Ge" said, so far rarely mentioned that Gao Qi had such a reputation in the history of poetry for a long time, of course, there will be no relevant discussion. Therefore, the examination theory says that his people and his poems are as above, and they lead the jade with bricks.
Editor's note: This article was published in Hebei Academic Journal, No. 4, 2021, pp. 131-138. In order to facilitate mobile phone reading, the WeChat version has deleted the annotations, if you want to quote the original text, please consult the "Hebei Academic Journal" magazine. ）
![There are poets of the Ming Generation, but there is no one who can reach it--from the "Commentary on Gao Qi's Poetry" to see Gao Qi's people and poems[fig]](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///wAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs=)