The kingdom established by the Lanzhou people in the western region,
He was once the greatest patron of Master Xuanzang and was destroyed by Emperor Taizong of Tang
This is a kingdom established by a Lanzhou people in the western region. They advocated the culture of the Central Plains and maintained the customs of the Central Plains, which lasted for two or three hundred years. Xuanzang traveled west, they were the biggest sponsors. Who knows, in the end, it was destroyed by the army led by hou Junji, a famous general of the Tang Dynasty.
This Kingdom of the Western Regions is the Kingdom of Gaochang. In the second half of the fifth century, a Lanzhou Yuzhong man brought the kingdom to the peak. Unexpectedly, the people of Lanzhou were once so powerful that they actually became kings in the Western Regions.
1. The Han army was in tuntian here, and was named Gaochang
Gaochangguo, one of the ancient kingdoms of the Western Regions, was roughly located in the southeast of Gaochang District, Turpan City, Xinjiang. This was once the Cheshi Kingdom, one of the Thirty-Six Kingdoms in the Western Regions. During the Han Dynasty, this was the territory of the former king of cheshiguo.
In the tide of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty's expansion of territory, the Han army marched westward, stationed here, built a barrier, and named it Gaochangbi. Some people say that the meaning of the tall is tall, and the meaning of prosperity is the meaning of prosperity. Gaochang means tall and prosperous, moving forward. In fact, here "the terrain is high and open, and the people are prosperous", called Gaochangbi, also known as Gaochanglei.
In 60 BC, the Han Dynasty set up the Western Regions Capital Protectorate, which was used as the residence of the Lieutenant Of the PengJi and became the important place to guard the Western Regions. During the Western Jin Dynasty, the name gaochang was still used and set up as Gaochang County. During the Sixteen Kingdoms period, the Central Plains were in turmoil, the Western Regions were unstable, and forces from all over the world established themselves as kings. Fortunately, in the Hexi Corridor, although there are five cool changes, the situation is relatively stable, and there is still a relatively strong control over the eastern part of the western region.
At that time, the Wuliang regime in the Hexi Corridor mostly regarded Gaochang and other places as a retreat, and when several regimes fell, those, the princes of the last road, ran to Gaochang to avoid disaster. In 439, The Northern Liang Depression Canal traveled west to Gaochang to re-establish the state, and in 460, Rouran attacked Gaochang, and An Zhou was killed and Northern Liang died. Therefore, there are five emperors in the calendar, sixty-three years.
However, this is the crossroads of the Silk Road, a necessary place for the eastward passage into the Hexi Corridor. When the Han army marched westward, it was a place where various forces competed with each other. Gaochang in the chaotic world is also a place where several forces compete with each other.
2. The people of Dunhuang were once the King of Gaochang
In the sixth year of peace (465) of Emperor Wencheng of Northern Wei, Rouran occupied Gaochang and established Kan Bozhou as the King of Gaochang. This kingdom of the Western Regions thus began his days of struggling to survive in the chaotic world.
Sure enough, in Gao Changguo, between several major forces, life was not good. First, there was constant civil strife, and after Bo Zhou's death, the young son Yicheng succeeded to the throne. The others were naturally dissatisfied, and more than a year later, Kan Shou returned to kill his brother Yicheng and established himself as king. In the twelfth year of the Northern Wei Dynasty (488), Gao Che (Tie Le) sent an army to kill Kan Shou and establish Zhang Mengming, a Dunhuang man, as king. This was the first King of Gansu in Gaochangguo.
Who knows, Zhang Mengmingguo has no side. The little king in the chaotic world is not good. No, everyone is good at left and right. No, if Zhang Mengming wants to curry favor with several major forces, he must take out a large amount of money, and it is inevitable that he will be violently levied. Naturally, it causes dissatisfaction among the Chinese people. Eight years later, Gao Changguo killed Zhang Mengming and made Li Ru king, with Koji Jia as his right long history.
At this point, it finally stopped for a while. However, at this time, Ma Ru, the king of Gaochang, had been in a state of panic. Fear, fear, fear, strong enemies outside covet, internal strife. Ma Ru, the king of Gaochang, was frightened, and he suggested that he write to the Northern Wei court and request that the annex be moved. This is a difficult problem, do not accept it, people are good, ceded 500 miles of place; accepted is not OK, where to find a place, to settle these people?
In desperation, the Northern Wei court sent the general Meng Wei to lead more than a thousand cavalry to meet him. After hearing this news, Ma Ru, the king of Gaochang, was naturally overjoyed and sent envoys and troops to the border to greet him. However, the people of Gaochangguo are not satisfied, Gaochangguo is rich in wine, and on the occasion of the Han and Tang Dynasties, this is a super luxury, and the value is very high. At the end of the Han Dynasty, Meng Da's father, Meng Tuo, exchanged a bottle of wine for a Liangzhou Assassin. In addition, Gao Changguo also has white salt, which is also equivalent to the wealth of money.
Dissatisfied, the Gaochang people killed King Ma Ru and made the right chief Shi Koji Jia king. Therefore, it is concluded that Gaochang had four independent kingdoms, namely Gaochang of the Kan clan, Gaochang of the Zhang clan, Gaochang of the Ma clan, and Gaochang of the Koji clan.
3. The Lanzhou people Koji Jia, established the Koji clan Gaochangguo
Koji Jia, a Lanzhou native in the chaotic world, made a shining appearance. After Koji Became King of Gaochang, he adopted a different policy and Ma Ru. His policy was to favor the Northern Wei regime, while also favoring the nomadic peoples of the North.
During the Northern Wei Dynasty, He awarded Koji Jia the title of CheQi General, Duke Sikong, Military Governor of QinZhou, and Founding Duke of Jincheng County. At this time, the Northern Wei Dynasty had a relatively strong advantage in the north. Gaochang state has a relatively relaxed environment.
Speaking of which, although this Gaochang kingdom is an oasis kingdom on the Silk Road, its territory is relatively large and its products are relatively rich. According to records, the Gaochang area is 200 miles from east to west and 500 miles from north to south, and the territory is mountainous on all sides, the climate is warm, the land is fertile, the cultivated land is nearly 1,000 hectares, the grain and wheat are ripe twice a year, and the national silkworm production silk development and production. At the same time, Gaochang produces red salt, compound white salt, luster like jade. Koji often used this as a pillow as a tribute to the Central Plains. The wines they produce, shipped to the Central Plains, are best-sellers and are deeply favored.
The inhabitants of Gaochangguo were roughly divided into two parts, one part of the original local residents, and the other part of the exiles and merchants on the Silk Road.
Most of the people of Gaochangguo are mainly Long-right immigrants. The Koji clan is one of the representatives, and the Koji clan of gaochang at this time came from Lanzhou. From the third to the fourth century AD, the Koji clan was a large surname in the Lanzhou area, which can be said to be a famous and prestigious family. According to research, the Koji clan of Jincheng was divided into two branches, one in Yuzhong in Jincheng (present-day Lanzhou, Gansu), and this branch was the main trunk. The other part was in Xiping (present-day Xining, Qinghai) and other places, and they belonged to the local side branches.
Because the kings of Gao Changguo of the Zhang clan and Gao Changguo of the Koji clan were both from Gansu. Therefore, gao Changguo's long-right immigrants were many. According to research, most of the people in Gaochangguo were Longyou immigrants, and the Han surnames were mainly zhang, ma, suo, feng, yang, song, zhao and other surnames. In addition, there are many different ethnic groups in Gaochang. Among them were the Xianbei Bald Clan, the Turkic Ashina Clan, the CheShi Clan, the Shanshan Clan, the Guizi Bai Clan, the Yanyu Long Clan, the Tianzhu Zhu Clan, the Yue Clan Branch, the Shi Clan of Shi Guo, and the Kang, An, Cao, Shi, Mi, and He surnames of zhaowu jiu.
4. The ancient state of the Western Regions that imitated the dynastic system of the Central Plains
Although Gao Changguo was regarded by the Central Plains regime as the "Northwest Zhurong", in fact they were mainly Based on Chinese culture. The customs and habits of the Chinese people are slightly the same as those of the Central Plains, and the six ceremonies are also performed in marriage. Costumes, husbands from Hufa, women slightly with Huaxia. Most of the houses are the same as the houses of the people in Yuzhong, due to the dry climate, the houses are civil structures, and the roofs are covered with soil. The official system imitates the Central Plains and has its own characteristics, its central administrative system is designed according to the standards of the feudal state, the local administration is similar to the county system, and there are 4 counties and 18 counties in Gaochang. The cities also followed the model of building in the factories of the inland cities, with centralized industrial and commercial operations, complete fire prevention and anti-theft facilities, the city gates guarded by the Janissaries, and the counties and counties were also guarded by Sima Led Soldiers. The county sheriff and the county guard were held by the central nobles, and the officials were the general of the four towns, Changshi, Sima (司馬), Menxia (門下校郎), Zhongbing (中兵校郎), Tongshi Sheren (通事舍人), Counselor (counselor), lieutenant (尉), and master bookkeeper (主書). In particular, Koji Gaochang basically followed the political system of the Central Plains feudal dynasty. Below the king, there is the equivalent of the prime minister, Ling Yin; below there are many administrative departments such as the official department, the ancestral hall department, the treasury department, the warehouse department, the main guest department, the ceremonial department, the civil department, and the military department.
The text is also the same as that of Huaxia, and the Hushu is used to transmit the Five Classics, the historical books of the dynasties, and the Zhuzi Collection. Disciple of the Scholar, Professor Yi Xiang. Although they are used to reading, they are all nonsense. Gaochang implemented the integration of military and government, soldiers could occupy land, and could intermarry and settle with natives, and its conscription system was very complicated. Religion integrates the beliefs of various ethnic groups in the interior and the western regions, Buddhism and Zoroastrianism coexist, and Buddhism is the most prosperous, there are more than 150 Buddhist temples in the country, and there are several monks and nuns, who often go to the Central Plains to take the scriptures and preach.
After the establishment of the state of Koji Jia, on the one hand, he paid tribute to The Worm (Rouran), and on the other hand, he sent envoys to Luoyang to pay homage to the Wei lord and move east. Later, the creep master Voltu was killed by Gao Che, and he paid tribute to Gao Che. A few years later, gaochang's state was slightly stronger, and when the neighboring yan people were destroyed by disgust, at the request, Koji Jia sent his second son Koji Jian to temporarily preside over the affairs of the country as king.
5, Xuanzang traveled west alone and entered Gaochang at night
In the sixth year of northern Wei Zhengguang (525), Koji Jia died of illness, and King Zhaowu reigned for twenty-four years. Emperor Xiaoming of Wei posthumously presented Zhenxi as the general of Liangzhou. He was made the Prince of Gaochang (高昌王) for five years (525-530), and was the King of Daozhao. After Koji Stands... It can be said that since the establishment of the ancient Gaochang kingdom in the middle of the 5th century AD, there have been que clans, Zhang clans, Ma clans, and Ju clans, of which the Ju clan ruled the Gaochang kingdom for the longest time, and the ninth and tenth kings lasted more than 140 years.
In the first year of Zhenguan (627 AD, in August of the third year of Zhenguan), the 26-year-old Xuanzang set out from Chang'an and began his extraordinary 50,000-mile trip to the Western Regions. The master and the Qinzhou (Tianshui) monk Xiaoda went to Tianshui together. It just so happened that they met people who had arrived in Lanzhou, so Xuanzang came to Lanzhou with them again. The master stayed overnight in Lanzhou, and it is speculated that Xuanzang lived in the Zhuangyan Temple, because it was very close to the Yellow River. According to research, after Xuanzang arrived in Lanzhou, he stayed overnight at the Solemn Temple, which had been transformed by Xue Ju's palace, and went to Liangzhou (Wuwei) with the people who sent the official horse to Hexi. In Wuwei, Xuanzang stopped for more than a month and lectured to the local monks on the Nirvana Sutra and the Prajnaparamita Sutra. For a time, monks from all over the world gathered, and Xuanzang's name also spread to the Western Regions.
At this time, from Liangzhou to Jiuquan, it was strictly forbidden for the people to travel west. Li Daliang, the governor of Liangzhou, forced Xuanzang to return to Chang'an. Fortunately, Hui Wei, the leader of the Hexi monks, was very important to Xuanzang's talents, and with his help, Xuanzang quietly lurked and came to Jiuquan.
At this time, Liangzhou's strict investigation and arrest of Xuanzang arrived again, and the text read: "There is a monk Xuanzang who wants to enter xifan, and when he goes to the prefecture and county, it is advisable to strictly wait for him to be arrested." Master Xuanzang traveled west to seek the Dharma and arrived in Guazhou (in the area of the ruins of Suoyang City in present-day Shuangtabao, Guazhou County). Someone told him that for more than 50 miles north of Guazhou, there is a gourd river, the lower width is narrow, the water is rushing and cannot be crossed, and the upper is the Yumen Pass, which is the only way to go west.
An official named Li Chang in Guazhou suspected that Xuanzang was the one whom Muwen was trying to arrest, so he secretly brought Xuanzang with him. He pointed to the tablet and said, "Master, are you the one in the text?" Xuanzang was taken aback and did not dare to answer. Li Chang said that you have to tell the truth before he can think of a way for you. Xuanzang replied truthfully, and Li Chang, with deep approval, destroyed Muwen, helped him buy a horse, and hired a Hu man, Shi Mutuo, to guide him. When it was almost dark, Xuanzang and Shi Yutuo set out, and at the third time, they saw Yumen Pass (present-day Anxi Twin Pagoda Fort) in the distance. Shi Panda, the real prototype of Sun Xing's life in the legendary novel "Journey to the West".
10 miles above the Yumen Pass, the Hulu River was only the width of the zhang, and Shi Mutuo cut down a few trees, put them on the river, and laid grass and soil to let Xuanzang cross the river. Crossed the river and slept on the grass that night.
When it was almost dawn, Shi Tuotuo tried to kill Xuanzang, and returned the same way, Xuanzang knew that he had a different heart, got up and sat upright, stared at him with both eyes, Shi Tuotuo took a knife and wandered, explaining the reason why he wanted to go home, Xuanzang agreed to let him return to Guazhou, and gave him a horse to express his gratitude, so he had to go west alone, crossing the Han Sea, and arrived at yiwu, the first small country in the western region.
Xuanzang went from Yiwu to Baili City in Gaochang, and the emissaries changed xuanzang's horses, and Xuanzang entered Gaochang all night, and the palace did not sleep, "The king and the attendants left the palace before and after candles, welcomed the mage into the backyard, sat in a heavy cabinet treasure tent, and asked very generously."
6. Xuanzang went on a hunger strike to travel west, and King Gaochang sponsored the expenses for twenty years
Gao Changguo is very religious of Buddhism, from top to bottom are firm believers in Buddhism, there were "the whole city population of 30,000, monks 3,000" "there are more than 150 monasteries", which shows the prosperity of Buddhist incense in Gaochangguo. The reason for this is, on the one hand, the prevalence of Buddhism in Gaochang, and on the other hand, it is directly related to his ancestors from Yuzhong, Lanzhou.
At this time, the king of Gaochangguo was Koji Wentai, who greatly respected Buddhism. In Gaochang, Master Xuanzang devoted all his studies to preaching buddhism and preaching the sutra for three consecutive months, which won the love of the people. Koji Wentai insisted on not letting Xuanzang leave Gaochangguo, and Xuanzang's heart of taking the scriptures was as solid as a rock, and he finally fought against hunger strikes. In the end, King Gaochang had to let him go, and at the same time provided Xuanzang with a letter of introduction and fees.
King Gaochang became Xuanzang's main patron of his westward quest for the Dharma. Gao Changguo shaved four monks as Xuanzang's attendants, and made 30 sets of legal clothes, various face clothes, hand clothes, boots, socks and other objects to protect them from the cold. Sponsored 100 taels of gold, 30,000 pieces of silver money, 500 horses of Aya and silk, etc., for the purpose of round-trip for 20 years, 30 horses were allocated, 25 people were enslaved, and the kings of the 24 countries along the way wrote the national letter, and each book was accompanied by a letter of 1 horse of the great Aya. In order to seek the help of the Western Turkic Tongye Hu Khan, he also offered "five hundred horses of Aya silk and two carts of fruit flavor", and sent Shi Huanxin to escort him to the face.
It can be seen that without the support and sponsorship of King Gaochang, Xuanzang's westward journey would face countless difficulties. After 19 years of traveling more than 50,000 miles, Master Xuanzang traveled to more than 130 countries and regions, and traveled to 110 ancient states in present-day India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal and other countries and regions, almost walking along the triangular land of India. In the end, Xuanzang brought back 657 Buddhist scriptures and returned to Chang'an, the capital of the Tang Dynasty. He taught and translated Sanskrit Buddhist scriptures at Ci'en Monastery, and translated the sutras in Chang'an for 19 years, with 74 translations and 1335 volumes. Eventually became a generation of senior monks.
7. The Tang general Hou Junji led an army to destroy Gao Changguo, and Koji Wentai was scared to death
Ju Wentai, who believed in Buddhism, was in a mess in handling state affairs, and under the oppression of the domestic forces in Gaochang, he fell to the Turks and tried to oppose the Tang Dynasty.
Jiang Xingben Ji Gong Monument
Therefore, Emperor Taizong of Tang used this as an excuse to send the official Shangshu Houjunji as the commander of the Jiaohe Road March in December of the thirteenth year of Zhenguan (639), leading Xue Wanbei, Niu Jinda, Jiang Xingben and other generals to lead an attack on Gaochang.
Koji Wentai and the Western Turk Khans stationed in Futu City agreed that there would be an emergency rescue, and they would be stubbornly resisting. The following year, the Tang army set out from Yiwu and marched forward, with Jiang Xingben going north from Yiwu to the Tianshan Mountains, cutting down trees to create a ladder for the siege, and erecting the Jigong Monument here to record the feats of this expedition to Gaochang; the other branch crossed the Tianshan Mountains through Chigu and attacked the Khan Futu City (in present-day Jimsar County, Xinjiang). The Western Turk Khan fled in the wind and subsequently surrendered to the Tang Dynasty. Gao chang lost the support of the Western Turks, and when he heard that the main force of the Tang army had advanced, Koji Wentai was terrified and frightened, and there was nothing he could do, and he fell ill and died, and he was made the King of Xianwu.
In 640, Hou Junji commanded the Tang army across the Eight Hundred Mile Han Sea and approached the city of Gaochang, and Ju Wentai was frightened to death. Left Xuanzang with an eternal regret.
After Ju Wentai's death, his son Ju Zhisheng surrendered, and Gao Changguo, which lasted for 140 years, finally disappeared into the smoke of history. Koji Gao Chang guo passed on the ninth and tenth kings for 144 years, and thus perished.
Ju Zhisheng, who did not have the title of king, was given the title of General of Zuo Wuwei by the Tang Dynasty and given the title of "Duke of Jincheng County". Ju Zhisheng lived a life of leisure in The Golden City Guangjian Province. When Ju Zhisheng's nephew Ju Chongyu came to power, just in time for Wu Zetian to come to power and needed someone to suppress the troublesome Li clan, Ju Chongyu stood out. In the battle to suppress Li Zhen of the Tang Dynasty, he made great contributions, and was awarded the title of "Great General of Zuo Wu Wei" by Wu Zetian and the title of "King of Jiaohe County", which can be described as a moment of glory.
In 1973, a Tang Dynasty tomb was discovered in Yuzhong, and the owner of the tomb was "Murong Shi, the wife of Ju Chongyu, the king of Jiaohe County". The tomb was found by the staff of the Yuzhong County Cultural Center in Fanjiagou, Zhujiawan Village, two kilometers north of the mouth of Xinglong Mountain, and the tomb is a stone tomb of the Tang Dynasty. The entire burial chamber is hooped with green bricks, and the tomb robbers enter the tomb from the top of the tomb to rob. They broke the stone rafters in the tomb, and the skeleton of the owner, which was supposed to be inside the coffin, was also scattered under the tomb. The cultural relics workers who participated in the clean-up found only a ring inlaid with red and emerald stones and other items in the tomb.
There is a wooden pagoda lane in Lanzhou, and there is a wooden pagoda in the alley, which was built by gaochang wang when he passed by and donated money when he was in Lanzhou. The Gaochang Koji clan that came out of Lanzhou eventually fell to their roots and their souls returned to their hometown!