Ten years after Emperor Shenzong of Song, Zhang Zai dismissed his official and went into hiding, and when he passed through Luoyang, he sat in the same room with Ercheng and made comments. Zhang Zai said privately: "In the past, Bo Chun was better than Uncle Zheng, but now I see it. The so-called "Bo Chun" is Cheng Hao, and "Uncle Zheng" is Cheng Yi. Like Zhang Zai, Shao Yong, as an elder, also preferred Cheng Hao, and he often praised Cheng Hao's talents to Fu Bi, Sima Guang, and others; Shao Bowen said of his impression of Ercheng: "Zong Cheng (Cheng Hao) is a qinghe, and the waiter is a stern person (Cheng Yi). ”
It is said that Ercheng once stayed in a monk's room, and cheng Hao walked to the right after entering the gate, and many people followed him; Cheng Yi walked to the left alone, but there was no one behind. Finally, they met in the Dharma Hall, and Cheng Yi sighed and said, "This is a certain brother's place", which means that he is too serious to make people dare to get close, and it is not as approachable as his brother. The disciples also believed that Da Cheng would occasionally tell jokes and jokes, while Xiao Cheng was strict, as long as he was present, he did not ask whether he was respectful or inferior.
In terms of handling things, the two journeys are not the same. When Cheng Hao discussed with the doorman, if there was a different opinion, he would say "more discussative", and Cheng Yi directly said that the other party's point of view was wrong. Every time Shao Yong talked to Ercheng, Dacheng didn't say a word, as if they were in tune with each other, and Xiaocheng repeatedly debated back and forth. From the perspective of personality, Da Cheng is an educator who follows the rules and temptations, and Xiao Cheng has a master's style, so Cheng Hao once said to Cheng Yi:
"The Other Day Noble Master Dao is the second brother. If you learn after introduction and achieve it with talents, you dare not let it go. ”
Cheng Hao (1032~1085) and Cheng Yi (1033~1107)
<h1>Five-star Jukui, a famous family</h1>
The Northern Song Dynasty had three five-star gatherings, the first in the five years of Qiande, the zhan said "the fortune of enlightenment civilization", when Song Taizu had just raised an army to sweep the world, the Song Dynasty had just been established; the second and third occurred in the fourth year of Jingde and the third year of the Qing calendar, respectively, between these two five-star Jukui, Shao Yong (biography), Zhou Dunyi (biography), Zhang Zai (biography), Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi were born one after another, and they were collectively known as the "Five Sons of the Northern Song Dynasty" by posterity. From the perspective of generations, Shao Yong, Zhou Dunyi and Zhang Zai are the same generation, and Ercheng is the younger generation, but the most influential on future generations is Ercheng.
According to Cheng Yi's "Family Biography of The First Gong Taizhong", his father Cheng Jue had six sons, the first two and the last two died in infancy, and only he and Cheng Hao survived. Cheng Shi was known as a famous man, and Gao Zu Cheng Yu had the merit of supporting Song Taizu, and the official was a soldier. Therefore, Shao Yong said to his son: Cheng Bochun and Uncle Zheng "went out of your family." Cheng Men's tutors are known for their harshness, and Ercheng's mother, Hou Shi, often said: "The reason why the son is not good is that the mother hides him and the father does not know it." Whenever the children fell and the family wanted to come forward to help them, she scolded and said, "Ru Ruo'an Xu, would you rather be restless?" When the children are picky eaters, she will say: "How about young people ask for praise, how about long?" Cheng Yi said that under the education of Yan Mother, their brothers had no choice in eating, eating, and dressing all their lives, and they could not export insults, which was the result of education. ”
After Cheng Hao's death, Cheng Yi recalled the life of his brother in "Mr. Ming Dao's Behavior". Saying that he was "beautiful and unusual" since he was a child, his uncle and grandmother once carried him to walk, but the gold noodle fell off, and he did not notice it at the time, and it took a few days to start looking. Cheng Hao couldn't speak at that time, just pointed to a certain place, and as a result, the family was surprised that he had successfully found the golden noodle with his pointing.
At the age of ten, Cheng Hao had learned to compose poetry, and he wrote in "Drinking Greedy Springs":
"If the center is self-reinforcing, how can external objects be moved?"
Has a strong philosophical rationality. At thirteen o'clock, he was studying in school, and he seemed to be very old-fashioned, and everyone who saw him loved him. At that time, Peng Siyong, a servant of the household department, came to visit and appreciated Cheng Hao very much, and decided on the spot to marry his daughter Xu to him.
Fifth son of the Northern Song Dynasty
<h1>He studied under Lianxi and was on the official side</h1>
Cheng Jue also attached great importance to the education of his children, and when he was an official in Xingguo County, Qianzhou, he met a small prison guard named Zhou Xiaoshi. This person was "very young and not known to Shou", but Cheng Jue found that he was extraordinary, and after a few words of conversation, he knew that he was indeed "a learner", so he asked Ercheng to worship Zhou Huanshi as a teacher. Zhou Washishi was later renamed Zhou Dunyi, known as Mr. Lianxi, and was the author of the Taiji Tushu and the Tongshu.
At that time, Cheng Hao was only fifteen or sixteen years old, and after listening to Zhou Dunyi's discourse, he was tired of the business of examination and had the ambition to seek the Tao. Later, Cheng Hao also recalled this study experience and said:
"In the past, I was educated by Uncle Zhou Mao, and every time I ordered Zhongni and Yan Zi to be happy, I was happy about everything."
Zhou Dunyi asked Cheng Hao to think about this question: Yan Hui was poor, living in a dark alley, people were worried, but he did not change his happiness, the so-called "peaceful and poor happy way", what is he enjoying? This question had a profound impact on Cheng Hao, making him eager to learn the kind of "Tao" that Yan Hui was happy with. Later, he even said that "if you want to learn from the saints, you must learn yanzi", and Yan Hui became his lifelong example.
Cheng Hao used to like Tian Hunting very much, and he told Zhou Dunyi that he no longer had this hobby. Zhou Dunyi said disapprovingly, "What a word is easy!" But this heart is hidden. One day, it is as good as ever. "It is not easy to warn Cheng Hao to refrain from self-denial. After twelve years, Cheng Hao accidentally saw the hunter hunting, and unconsciously triggered the heart of a good hunter, which made him understand Zhou Dunyi's good intentions.
After becoming an adult, Cheng Hao still seems to have a connection with Zhou Dunyi, who once said: "Since seeing Uncle Zhou Mao again, YinFeng has made the moon return, which means 'I and Dianye'. It shows that after many years, the master and disciple still have the same aspirations as Confucius and Zeng dian.
In the second year of Song Renzong's Jiayou, Cheng Hao passed the jinshi examination, and the names of Zhang Zai, Su Shi and Zeng Gong were also on the list that year. Cheng Hao was awarded the official position of chief of The County of Jingzhao Province, when he was only twenty-four years old. It is said that during his tenure of public office, he often wrote the four words "treat the people as wounds" to exhort himself, and said that "Hao often ashamed of these four words".
Cheng Hao attaches great importance to the role of education, believing that "governing the world is based on correct customs and talents", and governing the country requires education. When he was an official in Jincheng, the local customs were simple and ugly, the people did not know how to learn, and no one took the examination for hundreds of years. After Cheng Hao took office, he set up a school and lectured with good scholars all day long, and after more than ten years, there were as many as ten local people who had enrolled in the subject.
Cheng Hao, Zi Bo Chun, Mr. Ming Dao
<h1>Oppose the new law and retire to lecture</h1>
In the second year of Xi Ning,, on the recommendation of Lü Gongzhu, Cheng Hao entered the imperial court to serve as the crown prince Zhongyun. Song Shenzong admired his talent very much, and at the end of each summons, he would say, "Come to the right person frequently, and want to see each other often." ”
Later, Wang Anshi was gradually reused, and Cheng Hao warned The Divine Sect to be benevolent and love the people, and not to pursue utilitarian interests. Although Song Shenzong hated him for being too pedantic, he still respected him. After Wang Anshi successively introduced new laws such as taking interest from young seedlings and selling ancestral halls, the ministers surrendered one after another and left, and the momentum of party struggle was already brewing, which made Cheng Hao feel uneasy. He expounded his political thought in "On the Ten Things", holding that "the creation of the law by the saints is based on the human feelings of all people and is extremely physical", as long as the principles of the living people are poor, then the law of the first kings can also be changed. He believes that it should not be muddled and discarded in name only, and denounces conservatives as "ugly Confucian views." But the conservatives of the time had been repudiated, and the real danger was the adventurous change of everything.
Cheng Hao believes that in the process of changing the law, "only the heavenly principle is not easy", the so-called "heavenly reason" is what people rely on for life, the near is for clothes, diet, palace utensils and the like, far away is some institutional laws. For example, if you want the people to survive, you must have permanent property. The Tang Dynasty still had a system of oral land granting, "now it is impossible, the rich can not stop across the prefectures and counties, the poor are displaced from hunger and death and mo is compassionate", this is the problem that needs to be solved by changing the law, rather than trying to enrich the people; Cheng Hao believes that making the people have permanent property is an unchangeable truth for eternity. The purpose of Wang Anshi's change of law is only to enrich the country and strengthen the army, without considering the many social problems brought about. In order to replenish the national treasury and deal with the "three redundancies," the result is that the people's hearts and minds are boiling and the world is in turmoil, and what is more serious is that it will cause party strife in the DPRK and China, and the consequences will be endless.
From a standpoint, Cheng Hao was in the middle of Wang Anshi and Sima Guang, and did not favor either side, but it was only at that time that Wang Anshi was in power and Sima Guang was in opposition, so he criticized Wang Anshi a lot. Wang Anshi also had great respect for Cheng Hao and praised him for his "faithfulness". Once Wang Anshi argued with the speaker in a loud voice, Cheng Hao exhorted and explained: "The affairs of the world are not a private discussion, and I am willing to listen to it calmly." An Shi was ashamed of it.
What eventually led to Cheng Hao's break with Wang Anshi was Wang Yan's sinister nature, and the Shao Records record that one day in the middle of the summer, Wang Anshi was talking to Cheng Hao, but his son Wang Yun came out barefoot, holding a woman's hat in his hand, and asked Wang Anshi, "What did he say?" ”
Wang Anshi replied, "With the new law numbers as a person frustrated, discuss with Cheng Jun." ”
Wang Yun said arrogantly: "If Han Qi and Fu Bi are in the city, then the new law will be implemented." ”
Wang Anshi hurriedly stopped and said, "Er's mistake." ”
Cheng Hao immediately straightened up at the side: "Fang and the participation in politics and state affairs, the children are unpredictable, and they retire." Wang Yun was not happy to go away.
This incident had a great impact on Cheng Hao, he saw that Wang Anshi's son treated dissidents so viciously, and then contacted Wang Anshi to exclude the ministers and use words to benefit villains, and since then he has become more and more at odds with Wang Anshi and aroused the hostility of the speakers. The continuous advancement of the change of law caused Cheng Hao to worry, and he said: "The ministers of Xingli are advancing day by day, and the wind of Shangde is weakening, especially the blessing of the imperial court." Because of this recital, he offended the Reformers and was eventually deposed and sentenced to Jingxiti. At that time, all the ministers who opposed the new law were included in the list of derogatory channels, and Song Shenzong personally removed Cheng Hao's name by hand, and finally, at the suggestion of Wang Anshi, he was changed to the judge of Zhenning Junjie.
After serving as a judge for several years, coinciding with the retirement of his father Cheng Jue, Cheng Hao asked for adoption and was given an idle post to supervise the bamboo forest of Luohe. Since then, he has lectured with Cheng Yi in Luoyang. At that time, Luoyang gathered celebrities such as Fu Bi, Shao Yong, and Sima Guang, and was known as the "Scholar District Xue". Ercheng founded "Luo Xue", which attracted disciples such as Xie Liangzuo, Yang Shi, You Shu, Zhang Xuan, and Su Xun to get started. The bachelors are all masters, and even the tourists who come and go to Luoyang will pay special visits to ask for the unification of the Tao. Although Cheng Hao resigned from the government and went into hiding, his reputation became even greater.
<h1>Fate is like a face, and the Tao is absolutely broken</h1>
Ten years after lecturing in Luoyang, Emperor Shenzong of Song died. The bad news spread from Luoyang, and Cheng Hao lamented to Master Han that although he had suffered a depravity, "Remembering the grace of the former emperor to see the knowledge, there is no way to repay it." ”
Grandmaster Han asked him, "What is going on in the imperial court today?" ”
Cheng Hao replied, "Sima Junshi and Uncle Lü Han did the same thing." ”
Master Han asked again, "What should I do when the second duke acts as a portrait?" ”
Cheng Hao said, "When you are with Minister Yuanfeng." If the party is divided first, he will be worried about it. ”
This shows that Cheng Hao is not partial to either side of the law-changing faction or the conservative faction, but is only worried that the two sides are at odds with each other and persecute each other, and eventually the party struggle will drag down the state government and cause endless troubles. Later, the party struggle in the Northern Song Dynasty intensified, and even Cheng Yi was involved in it and was deeply persecuted.
After Emperor Zhezong of Song succeeded to the throne, he summoned Cheng Hao as Zongzheng Temple's servant and wanted to reuse him. Unexpectedly, Cheng Hao fell ill before he could get off, and Yuanfeng died at home on June 15, 2008, at the age of fifty-four. Among the "Five Sons of the Northern Song Dynasty", he is the one with the shortest lifespan. Cheng Yi lamented in the "Tomb Table of Mr. Ming Dao": "The heavens are not abandoned, and the philosophers died early." "Sir, he will enter the book of the People of The Awakening, and retire from the Book of The Ming; unfortunately, the early life has not yet reached."
Cheng Hao once said:
"Mencius was highly talented, and there was no basis for learning. Scholars should learn from Yanzi, enter the saints as close, and have strength. ”
Later generations often compared Cheng Hao to Yan Hui, believing that his thoughts were pure and uncomplicated. Cheng Hao taught people to always maintain a sincere and respectful heart, to use it for perseverance, and then to know Ren, to understand the unity of things and self from the understanding of Ren, and then to discover the "Heavenly Truth". His article on sincerity and respect is the "Book of Characterization", the "Zhiren Chapter" is said to be Zhiren, and the discussion on "Heavenly Reason" is scattered in the "Quotations". The term "Tianli" is found only in the Book of Music, and Cheng Hao deduced this category into the principles of a philosophical system, in which he claimed:
"Although I have learned something, the word 'Tianli' comes out of my own home."
The "heavenly reason" is also the principle of nature and the principle of heaven and earth. People live in the world, there are always many things that cannot be escaped, and they always have to fulfill their responsibilities as human beings. Cheng Yi once stood with his disciples in front of Cheng Hao's tomb, and he pointed to the tomb wall and said, "Wu Ru did it from the inside, is it not possible to see it?" Foshi only saw it from outside the wall, but refused to come in and do it. "Confucians do not know the hardships of life, and how they do not know that the fathers and sons of the monarchs and their sons are a drag in a certain sense. But Confucians understand that being born as human beings and living in social ethics, we must fulfill our responsibilities; instead of being like monks and Taoists, seeing through it from the outside, abandoning their flesh and bones, hiding in the mountains and forests, and escaping from the social ethics of the monarch and the father, son, and son, this is an attitude of life and a philosophical orientation.
From qualitative, zhiren to "heavenly reason" is our way of thinking about Cheng Hao's philosophical system.