The Gansu section of the splendid Silk Road, after a thousand years of long silence, was mentioned again in the construction of the "Belt and Road", many ancient castles gradually entered people's sight, the dusty thousand-year-old title page finally saw the sun, and the ancient names were reawakened one by one. Wuwei is such an ancient city that has been infiltrated by time and polished by the wind and sand of the years. It was once prosperous and brilliant, it is a model city that is innovative and challenges the etiquette system, and has created a historical precedent in the history of the construction of ancient Chinese capitals.
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More than 2,000 years ago, qilian mountain under the fertile wilderness, green grass, is the ideal pasture for nomads, Qiang, Rong, Wusun, Yueshi, Xiongnu successively lived here, became the early nomadic tribe under the Qilian Mountains. Guzang City is an ancient Xiongnu city in the Hexi Corridor of Gansu Province, and it is also the earliest city in Wuwei. Its origins go back to before the Huns. More than 2,100 years ago, the Hexi Corridor was sparsely populated and was a world of nomadic peoples. On the banks of the Shiyang River, there are nomadic grassland peoples such as Wusun and Yueshi, and the Wusun people first settled here and built the "Chiwu Town", which was originally just a simple and rough earth walled city that could barely shield the wind and rain. The Xiongnu arose in the yin mountains of northern Mobei, migrating after water and grass, and nomadic in all directions. Because the valley is a city, because the water and grass are cangmiao, it was active in the vast area north of Yan, Zhao and Qin during the Warring States period.
In the first year of Qin II (209 BC), the Xiongnu leader Touman was killed by his son Mao Dun, who, after succeeding Da Dan on the throne, took advantage of the dispute between Chu and Han in the Central Plains and quickly moved south to the west. In the fourteenth year of the Han Dynasty (166 BC), the Xiongnu defeated the Yue clan, and the Qianli Fertile Field under the Qilian Mountains belonged to the Xiongnu, and the Qianli Hexi Corridor became a vast pasture for the Xiongnu. The victorious Huns named several mountains: Qilian Mountain, Yanzhi Mountain, and Heli Mountain. The Xiongnu called their king "Plough Alone Tu Shan Yu", "Plough" means "Heaven", and "Lone Tu" means "Son". The queen is called "Fu Shi", that is, "after the earth". "Qilian" is actually "holding the plough",
If "Qilian" is pronounced quickly, it will pronounce "tian", and Qilian Mountain means "Tianshan"; "Yanzhi" is a transliteration of "Fu". In other words, Yanzhi Mountain is the "Queen Mountain"; "Heli Mountain" is the "green mountain". The Xiongnu occupied Hexi and controlled the western region in the west, "submitting to the Qiang", and most of the northwest land was controlled by the Xiongnu. During the Qin and Han dynasties, the Hexi Corridor was inhabited by eight Xiongnu tribes, the most influential of which were the King of Hutu, who controlled the Shiyang River Valley, and the Hun Evil King, who controlled the Zhangye HeiHe River Valley. At that time, Dadan Yu divided the land north of the Qilian Mountains and heli Mountains into the jurisdiction of the Right Xian King, and the Right Xian King, who lived far away in the northern part of the Mongolian steppe, let the King of Hutu and the King of Hun Evil divide the rule.
The Book of Han and Geographical Records records: "Wuwei County, so the Xiongnu Hutu King's Land." "West of the Yellow River to shandan yanzhi mountain, both inside and outside are the fiefdoms of King Xiutu. According to the "Records of History" and the "Book of Han", King Xiu Tu also divided the fiefdoms to the King of Zhelan and the King of Luhou, and built the city as Gaizang City, which the Han people called Guzang according to its pronunciation. The Xiongnu constantly invaded the northern and western borders of the Han Dynasty. In 121 BC during the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, he sent the general Huo Tou out of Longxi and attacked the Hexi Corridor. The brave and warlike hussar general Huo Quyi drove out the Xiongnu, and King XiuTu repented halfway in his act of surrendering to the Han Dynasty, and the Hun Evil King killed King Xiu Tu, gathered the people of King Xiu Tu, and led more than 100,000 people to the Han Dynasty. In the face of the fiasco, the Xiongnu sang miserably: "Kill me in the Qilian Mountains, so that my six animals will not rest!" The loss of self-made mountains has left my women colorless. This elegy-like ballad, like the back of the Huns, gradually precipitated in the long river of history.
Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty established the two counties of Wuwei and Jiuquan in the Hexi Corridor, and later in the sixth year of Yuan Ding (111 BC), the two counties of Zhangye and Dunhuang were divided, which is often referred to as the four counties of Hexi. As a result, Guzang City became the territory of the Han Empire, and Guzang County in the Western Han Dynasty was subordinate to Wuwei County. Judging from some documents, the earliest record of the city of XiuTu was Daoyuan of northern Wei, who said in the "Notes on the Water Classics": "Zeshui flows from the northeast through the east of Macheng, and the city is the ancient city of Xiutu County, and the Xiongnu Xiutu Wangdu is also the capital." The "Zeshui" here is today's Shiyang River. The Eastern Jin Dynasty Yugui's "Records of the West River" says: "Gu Zang, the Xiongnu Gai Zang City also has two wings of head and tail, the name Gai Bird City." "During the Eastern Han Dynasty, it was also the seat of wuwei county. Due to the mixed han, Qiang, and Xiongnu ethnic groups, and located in the main traffic between China and the West, it soon became Hexi Fuyi. During the Three Kingdoms of Cao Wei, Liangzhou was established, with Guzang as the seat of governance, which was the beginning of Guzang's rule of Liangzhou.
In the first year of the Western Jin Dynasty (301), Zhang Rail was the assassin of Liangzhou and set up a prefecture to rule Guzang. After the fall of the Western Jin Dynasty, it was the former Liang capital, and four more cities were built outside the original city, and Guzang City was once a collection of humanities and prospered economy. In the first year of the Eastern Jin Dynasty (376), Former Qin attacked Former Liang, and Guzang was placed in Liangzhou, and more than 7,000 households of Hao right were relocated to Guanzhong. Ten years later, Lü Guang called Liangzhou the History of Liangzhou, and after its establishment the following year, the capital of the state was Yuguzang. In the second year of Jin Yixi (406), the Bald-haired King of Southern Liang, who had been appointed by the Later Qin lord Yao Xing as the Assassin of Liangzhou, entered Guzang, and moved the capital of Southern Liang from Ledu here in four years. Soon, the Northern Liang king Frustrated Qu Mengxun conquered Guzang with 30,000 horses, and in eight years moved the capital of the Northern Liang Kingdom from Zhangye to this place, and built a Buddha statue on Tianti Mountain in the south of the city. The Southern and Northern Dynasties of the Wei and Jin Dynasties were successively Former Liang, Hou Liang, Southern Liang, and Northern Liang were once all here, and at that time, because the city was in the shape of a dragon, it was also known as "Wolong City".
In the last year of the Western Jin Dynasty, the "Yongjia Rebellion" occurred in the Central Plains, and the famous people took refuge in liangzhou in the west, and Guzang became an important stronghold for preserving Han culture, and due to the prosperity of the Silk Road, it also became a key place for the eastern transmission of Buddhism. In the post-Liang period, the western monk Kumarosh preached here and flourished buddhism. In the Northern Liang Dynasty, The Depressed Canal Mengxun honored the Western Regions monk Tan Wuchen as a national teacher, and translated more than a dozen classics such as the Great Nirvana Sutra here. Guzang City has been a bustling place in the Hexi Corridor throughout Chinese history. In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Former Liang, Hou Liang, Southern Liang, and Northern Liang were all built here. In particular, the former Liang Zhang regime, from Zhang Rail, who laid the foundation for the founding of the country, to the last Zhang Tianxi, a total of nine generations, for 76 years, during which the Guzang City Wall was expanded, and "the Palace Pavilion was viewed, and the makeup was collected", making Guzang City magnificent, famous all over the world, and becoming a prosperous place in history.
Locate Guzang
Originally built by the Xiongnu, Gaizang City was later rumored to be "Guzang" between different ethnic groups due to the language barrier between different ethnic groups. The former Lianggu Zang Seven Cities are located in the area of dongcheng district in today's Liangzhou District of Wuwei City and the two villages of Xinxin and Guojiazhai in Jinyang Town. The Ming Yi Tongzhi (明一統志) says: "Guzang Abandoned County is in (Liangzhou) WeiBeibei Erli. Qing Qianlong's "Wuwei County Chronicle" says: "The ancient city is in the northeast of the county. The "Great Qing Dynasty Unified Chronicle" records: "Guzang Ancient City, present-day Wuwei County. That is to say, Guzang City is near the present-day Wuwei City. The 1979 "Song Hua Tomb Table" excavated states that the Song Hua tomb "was buried in the west of the city in november 3012 of the Jianyuan Dynasty, and the Yang tomb was 100 steps east and five zhang deep." In the autumn of the twelfth year of Jianyuan (376), Former Qin Jianjian extinguished Qianliang, "Burial City West Seventeen Miles", which refers to the seventeen miles west of Guzang City that Was expanded by Former Liang. This is consistent with the direction and location of Qing Qianlong's "Wuwei County Chronicle": "The ancient city is in the northeast of the county". With the "Wei (County) Northeast Erli" as the center and spread around, is today's Wuwei City Liangzhou District Jinyang Town Fresh, Guojiazhai Village area, here once had the ruins of Guzang's ancient city, such as the north-south length of 80 meters, east-west width of 50 meters, height of 7 meters "East Ridge", according to legend for Zhang Jun to build the platform training point of the general.
Located in the west of the East Ridge Terrace, there is the "Lama Platform", and the "Ancient City Platform" northwest of the Lama Terrace is part of the ruins of the ancient city of Guzang. In the ancient city of Taixi, there is a Leitai built named after the Lei Zu Temple. Guojiazhai, northeast of Leitai, also has a rammed earthen platform "Zi Tong Tai". In the territory of Fresh and Guojiazhai Village, there are many ancient terrace ruins, after the change of time, the baptism of time, in addition to the relatively complete preservation of Leitai, the rest have been destroyed into arable land, or built houses, but buried in the ground of the ancient tombs, can well reflect the real situation of the ancient city. The elderly can still clearly remember the location of the city wall and the location of the pier at that time, indicating that the former Lianggu Zang's ancient city is correct in the northeast of Wei (County).
The "Liangzhou Reconstruction of the Monument to the Monument of the Huguo Temple" records that during the Western Zhou Dynasty, The Indian Ashoka built 84,000 pagodas in the whole world to place relics, and there were 16 in China and one in Wuwei County. From the Zhou Dynasty to the Jin Dynasty, the stupa was rebuilt several times, and the former Liang Zhang Rail built a palace on top of the ruins of the abandoned stupa, and when his descendant Zhang Tianxi was in power, the "Lingrui" in the palace was counted, and Tianxi was surprised, and people said: "The present palace is the original foundation of the pagoda", and the Tianxi Suishe Palace rebuilt its pagoda. This shows that there are ruins of the former Liang King's palace in Wuwei City, and it is reasonable for Guzang's ancient city to govern in Wuwei County. Ming imitation Tang Jingyun's second year "Monument of Ancient Temple Merit and Virtue of Dayun Temple" records: "Dayun Temple, placed in the year of Jinliang Prefecture Mu Zhang Tianxi Shengping, the real name of Hongzang Temple, later changed to Dayun", Western Xia is the Huguo Temple. The ancient bell tower of Daiunji Temple and the bronze bells upstairs still exist today. In the early years of the Qing Kangxi Dynasty, a stone was excavated in a well, with the words "Chenghua Well" on it, which was written by Zhang Zhili and had an inscription. The "Chenghuajing" stone jie was written by the famous calligrapher Zhang Zhi. Zhang Zhi was the eldest son of Zhang Yi (張奂), and during the reign of Emperor Huan of the Eastern Han Dynasty (162–163), Zhang Yi served as the Taishou of Wuwei. Qing Zhangshu's "Idle Residence Miscellaneous Songs" poem Yun: "The old well of the Nangong is the sweetest, and the anguo Temple is cold in front of it." Unfortunately, the Chenghua Monument has been lost, and it has not been repaired and weighed." The water of the old well of the former Liang Zhang Junnan Palace is clear and clear, which is different from his well. And in the south corner of the city, it is the old well for the Nangong.
In the 22nd year of the Republic of China (1934), when the pagoda of The Shulashi Monastery was rebuilt, a stone stele was excavated in the taji, which read, "The foundation of the Rosh, the fourth to the frontage." Honorable Virtue". "Jingde", that is, the famous general Chi Jingde in the early Tang Dynasty, is enough to show that the Luoshi Temple of the Tang Dynasty was in Liangzhou City, and the ancient city of Guzang was part of Liangzhou City. In 1979, the "Gantongxia Temple" recorded in the "Liangzhou Yushan Stone Buddha Statue Karma" stele excavated in the first year of Tang Tianbao, that is, the Liangzhou Dayun Temple in the Tang Dynasty. Liangzhou Dayun Temple and Zhonggantong Temple in the Imperial Valley are brother temples and have exchanges with each other. During the ming and qing dynasties, when building Liangzhou City, part of the Dayun Temple was divided outside the city wall. The Zizhi Tongjian says: "Outside the east and west gates of Guzang City, the springs merge in the north of the city, which are as large as a river, and flow into the desert from the yu ditch, during which there is no dry land." Therefore there is this edict to dispel doubts." The natural environment around Guzang City depicted in it coincides with the environment around the former site of the present-day ancient city.
In the east, the Yangjiaba River flows from south to north to Guojiazhai Group 6, turns west and connects with the Shiyang River to the north; in the west, the Jinta River forks through the Xiaosha River and flows north into the Shiyang River and enters the Minqin Desert. The site of Guzang's ancient city is located on a wide and flat terrace between the two rivers. The Biography of Zhang Jun of the Book of Jin: "In the third year of Taining (325), Zhang Jun placed four officials around him, and the Southern Palace of Jiannan". "Later LiangLu": "(Lü) usurped Lü Hong's wife and men and women to place them in the Eastern Palace and care for them." The Biography of Zhang Chonghua of the Book of Jin: "In the second year of Yonghe (346), Chonghua ascended the throne, and his mother Yan shi was the empress dowager, Ju Yongxun Palace; the birth mother Ma shi was the empress dowager, Ju Yongshou Palace". Duan Guilong's "Liangzhou Chronicle": "Lü usurped the Mingguang Palace in the west of Gradual Taitai, with gold and jade pearls as curtain foil." Volume II of the "Records of the Three Auxiliaries": "Weiyang Palace gradually has the Gui Palace in the west of Taitai, and there is the Hall of Mingguang, all of which are golden jade and pearls as curtain foils, and everywhere there are bright moon beads, golden majesty jade steps, and day and night light." Its level of luxury and opulence is evident from this. These buildings include palaces, halls, and beds where kings and queens handle government affairs and residence; there are halls and workshops for holding ceremonies, entertaining guests, and serving as study halls; there are temples, temples, and towers for religious belief; and there are pavilions, pools, and platforms for browsing and viewing that pray for peace. The above-mentioned Linyuan Pond, Xianyu Pond, Lingquan Pond, Wanqiu Pavilion, Purple Pavilion and Runaway Garden have now disappeared, but the preserved buildings such as Lingjuntai, Haizang Temple, Luoshi Temple, and Dayun Temple can still be found in the characteristics of the ancient buildings of the past.
Guzang City was once an important political and military town in the northwest, and became a melting pot of economic and cultural convergence between the Central Plains and the western region. Today's Wuwei City still exudes a thick historical atmosphere, greeting a beautiful vision, and brilliant with colorful charm.
(To be continued, please see the next episode)