Liu Yongxiang, tenured professor of East China Normal University
In the near-body poems, there are those who do not use verbs and purely use nouns for the battle of the union, which Huang Sheng, a hermenist in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, called it a "real sentence" (see the "Du Gongbu Poetry" Volume 5 "More Title" "Qungong Cang Yu Pei, Tianzi Cuiyun Qiu" comment, when the ancients called nouns real characters and verbs virtual characters). This sentence form can also be seen as omitting the predicate sentence. Five words such as Wang Wei "a night of rain in the mountains, tree branches a hundred heavy springs" ("Send Zizhou Li Lingjun"); Li Bai "ancient temple Wu Huacao, deep palace Jin Qiluo" ("Jinling Three Songs" no. 3); Du Fu "fine grass breeze shore, dangerous lonely night boat" ("Travel Night Book"); Bai Juyi "green ant new wine, red clay small stove" ("Ask Liu Nineteen"),Wen Tingjun "chicken sound Mao shop moon, human footprint Banqiao frost" ("Shangshan Morning Trip"). Seven words such as Wang Wei's "Yunli Imperial City Double Phoenix Que, Spring Trees in the Rain" ("Fenghe Sacred System from Penglai to Xingqing Pavilion Road To Stay in the Spring Rain Spring Hope Works should be made"); Du Fu "Xishan Baixue Three Cities Shu, Nanpu Qingjiang Wanli Bridge" ("Wild Hope"),Bai Juyi", "Wind and Moon On both sides of the Wanjia River, Shengge Yiqu County West Building" ("Night Banquet on the City"),Li Yin "Cold Stream Dutou Fangcao Color, New Meiling Outer Partridge Sound" ("SendIng Liu Ke"),Liu Cang "Weishui Ancient Capital Qin II, Xianyuan Qiucao Han Tombs" ("Xianyang Huaigu"),Cui Tu" Butterfly dreams of thousands of miles, rhododendron branches on the moon three more" ("Spring Eve"),Tan Yongzhi", "Autumn Wind Wanli Furong Country, Twilight Rain Qianjia Xueli Village" ("Autumn Su Xiangjiang Encounters Rain"),Yan Shu "Pear Blossom Courtyard Dissolves the Moon, Willow Pond Light Wind" ("Meaning"),Liu Ziyi "Night Moon Pond TaiWang Fu House, Spring Wind YangLiu Taishi Bridge" ("Bijing Chronicle" No. 5); Land Tour "Lou Boat Night Snow Guazhou Ferry, Iron Horse Autumn Wind Great Scattering Pass" ("Book Anger"). —— The above are all examples of "practical sentences". Zhao Mengfu praised this syntax the most, once said: "The law poems should not use more imaginary words, and it is good to fill in the two pairs." (Lu Youren "Yanbei Magazine" volume) Because of the omission of verbs, the grammatical relationship between the various nouns in the sentence, the logical relationship between the imagery, must rely on the reader to experience the understanding, ancient and modern "psychological unity", it is usually not difficult to understand, the above cited links, although the verbs are different, there is no ambiguity among today's people, that is, enough to explain the problem. However, there are exceptions to everything, and after the time series shifts from star to star and the name is replaced by a new generation, there will also be some confusion or misunderstanding. I noticed that Du Mu's famous poem "Title Xuanzhou Kaiyuan Temple Water Pavilion" has such a situation. Its poetry cloud:
The cultural relics of the Six Dynasties are in the air, and the sky is light and cloudy, and the present and the ancient are the same.
Birds go to the mountains, people sing people cry in the water.
In the late autumn curtain, a thousand homes of rain, the sunset terrace a flute of wind.
Pity for no reason to see Fan Li, jagged smoke tree five lakes east.
—— The Collected Poems of Fan Chuan, Vol. III
In the poem" "Late autumn curtain thousands of rain, sunset terrace a flute wind" a couplet, Mr. Luo Zongqiang analyzed: "The neck joint is a series of superimposed images: late autumn - curtain curtain - thousand homes - rain, sunset - terrace - a flute - wind." Because of the direct overlap, the judgment word is omitted, so that the ambiguity is caused, which can be interpreted in many ways, so that the emotions and realms have multi-layered properties. (A Short History of Tang Poetry, Shaanxi People's Publishing House, 1987, p. 274) As for several explanations, Mr. Luo did not list them.
The idea of overlapping images is very much, but the theory of polysemy is not. Although "poetry has no praise", this is only for the acceptance or quotation of the reader, and the poet must have only one intention when writing, except for a pun. Later generations who want to win the intentions of the ancient talents must find this intention, and in order to achieve this goal, it is far from enough to rely on their words alone, and it is bound to make a great effort to know people, especially to discuss the world.
Let's first sort out the historical interpretation of this union: The Qing Dynasty Feng Jiwu's "Notes on Fan Chuan's Poetry Collection" only notes the provenance of the words, but does not have a meaning of interpretation. "Tang Poems Advocating" selects this poem, and the Ming dynasty Liao Wenbing has a string of lectures, but only says: "Ruofu curtain in late autumn, scattering the rain of thousands of homes; the sunset on the terrace, blowing a flute of wind." (Tang Poems Advocating Notes, Vol. VI) used two sentences of piao, added two verbs, and still did not know what to do after reading it. Turning over the contemporary Tang poems or Du Mu poems, the next sentence is slightly the same, it is said that it is written on the platform under the sunset, the evening wind sends a flute sound, and the difference is only in whether the building in the poem is the poet or the piper, but this is irrelevant. As for what the previous sentence means, what exactly the curtain has to do with the rain, most people avoid talking about it, but there are also people who face difficulties, and I see two explanations:
Mr. Yu Shucheng said: "The dense rain in late autumn is like hanging layers of rain curtains for thousands of households. (Appreciation Dictionary of Tang Poetry, Shanghai Dictionary Publishing House, 2013, p. 1181) Mr. Cao Zhongfu also said: "The autumn rain is thick, as if the curtain covers the thousands of families. ("Ancient Poetry Sea", Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 1992, p. 959) The two kings responded in unison, both interpreted as rain-like curtains. Mr. Liu Xuekai, on the other hand, took a different path, although he also regarded it as a metaphor, but flipped his theory, regarded the body as a metaphor, and regarded the actual writing as a fiction, explaining: "In the late autumn, the weather turned cold, and the people on both sides of the Wanxi River hung down the curtain, which looked like a thousand homes hanging a rain curtain." "When the poet climbed the water pavilion in the late autumn and the sun, he said that the so-called 'Qianjia Rain' was not a real depiction of the rain scene, but a metaphorical description of the low hanging curtains of a thousand houses." (Commentary on Selected Tang Poems, Zhongzhou Ancient Books Publishing House, 2013, 2108 pp.)
Although these two interpretations are different, the ideas are the same. Asami thinks that from the point of view of the body, it is not impossible to say that the rain is like a curtain, and conversely, if the curtain is like rain, it may be somewhere else, and here it is not possible to break. Because the materials of thousands of curtains are different, the colors are not the same, and the shapes are different, they cannot all be the beaded curtains on the "Spring Wind Ten Mile Yangzhou Road", how can they all be intended to be rain? And Yu and Cao Erjun's words seem to be similar, and they feel inappropriate when they think about it carefully. From the perspective of rhetorical sentence-making, the upper link uses the ratio, while the lower link is not used, which is inevitably a disease of partial dryness, and it is not good poetry such as the xiao Du person. Looking at Li Bai's "floating clouds and wandering children's intentions, sunset and old feelings" ("Sending Friends"), Bai Juyi's "duck head new green water, goose teeth small red bridge" ("New Spring River Times") can be realized by comparing up and down. Therefore, whether it is understood as rain-like curtains or curtains like rain, I always feel that there is a disease that Yin Shuyan said.
So, what exactly does the curtain have to do with the rain? Through some climbing and pondering, the blunt root is like me, and the long-term party is like an enlightenment.
I think that in order to correctly understand this sentence, we must first understand where the curtain was hanging in ancient times and what its use was.
Shi Xian seems to have lost sight of the present and the ancient. Mr. Zhou Xijian's Selected Poems of Du Mu interprets the "curtain curtain" as "indoor furnishings such as curtain curtains" (Guangdong People's Publishing House, 1984, p. 69), and so does Mr. Hu Kexian's Selected Poems of Du Mu (Zhonghua Bookstore, 2005, p. 50). Obviously, both monarchs believe that the curtains of ancient times, like modern times, are suspended indoors. If so, it has nothing to do with the rain. For the sake of his position, Zhou Jun's note avoided the "curtain" and only said: "Thousands of households are shrouded in empty autumn rain." Hu Jun simply did not say a word. Of course, there was no shortage of this thing in the ancient people's room, but the poem is very different, and look at the relevant descriptions of other poets:
Half roll cold eaves curtain, diagonally open the door of the warm pavilion.
—— Tang Baijuyi, "Early Cold"
The curtain outside the window is still self-rolling, and the sky is clear.
——Tang Tortoise Meng, "Three Songs of Medicine Name Clutch Summer"
Few moons will fall, and the frost outside the eaves will stain the curtain.
- Tang Tortoise Meng, "Qi Liang Complains"
The cold shadow fell to the high eaves, and a curtain was hooked.
- Song Sun Guangxian, "Bodhisattva Man"
He has let the curtain under the eaves of the wind, but he has passed Xiaoxiang with the smoke boat.
——Song Zhangwei, "Guiyan"
The shadow of the curtain was seen outside the eaves of the moon, and the sound of the horns was heard under the wind.
——Song Luyou, "Drinking Boshan's Family Staying overnight"
Part of Yuanren's "Jiangtian Pavilion Map" (Figure 1)
Illustration of Qing Shuwei's "Bottle Shengguan Xiu Zhen Spectrum Fan Ji Yong Bun" (Figure 2)
It turns out that the curtains of the ancients are hung under the eaves of the window! In addition to the text, the pictures that have been handed down can also be used as evidence (see Figures 1 and 2). Why? This is because the windows of china's living rooms, before being inlaid with glass, have long been paper paste or veiled, until modern times. In the Song Dynasty, translucent open tile windows appeared, also known as oyster windows, windows, shell windows, etc., but they were also adopted by a small number of rich and noble families. Glass windows began to appear in the Qing Dynasty, but they are also rare things, and only Yihong Courtyard is in "Dream of the Red Chamber", and even Xiaoxiang Hall is made of screen paste windows (see the forty-ninth and forty-second times of the book), which can be seen. Paper windows and screens cannot withstand the onslaught of rain and snow, and need to be protected by external curtains. He Zhuziyun: "Laughing twist powder incense returns to the cave household, and more hanging curtains and window screens." (Fifteenth of the Fifteen Songs of the Minus Of Huan Xi Sha) points out its use. Until the popularization of glass windows. The curtain "retreated to the second line" and hung in the window.
Therefore, in order to protect the windows, the curtains are hung whenever it rains, as evidenced by the poem:
The drizzle has not yet become rainy, and the curtain is hanging but it is overcast.
But look at the wetness of the building, do not send into the curtain deep.
—— Tang Baohe, "Pei Duan Minister's Courtyard Endowed with a Curtain to See Spring Rain"
The curtains are draped in the dusk light rain.
——The sixth of the five generations of Zhang Shu's "Huan Xi Sha"
The heavy door is lonely through early summer, and the curtain is drizzling all day long.
- Song Koujun, "In the Rain of Early Summer"
Pillow headlights, rain outside the window, closed curtains.
——Song Zhangxian, "Jiuquanzi", the third
The curtains are hanging down, and the double swallows return in the drizzle.
——Song Ouyang Xiu, "Picking Mulberries"
A few twilight rains under the curtain, and a light cold apricot wind.
——Song Zhangqian's "Four Songs of Spring Day"
The guest hates like a day when he wakes up, full of smoke and rain and meditates during the day.
The curtain was hanging day by day, and the warblers across the leaves sat alone and listened.
——Song Zhangxian, "Listening to the Song of the Neighbor's Waiter in the Rain"
Whoever picks the flowers transfers, watches the rain alone hanging curtains.
—— Yuan Fanghui "Fu Rain"
Pillows may wish to stay in the guests, when the curtain falls in the wind and rain of the building.
——Jin Wang Yuanzhi, "Seven Poems in the Rain of the Building"
It is precisely because the curtain falls when it rains, so the ancients often have sentences describing "curtain rain", "rain outside the curtain", and "rain before the curtain", such as: "The lonely county is falling, and the curtain is slightly rainy and wet pear blossoms" (Tang Lüwen's "Daozhou County's Zhai Lying Disease Sending East Pavilion Zhuxian"),"The curtain spring rain is fine, and the pillow is long" (Tang Liu Zhongyong's "Early Spring in the Courtyard"),"The headlights of the twinkling case, the rain outside the depressed curtain," (Tang Baijuyi's "Autumn Hall Night"), "Several curtains are sad at night, who is afraid of the autumn wind" (Tang Xujie's "Yong Lantern"),"The curtain light rain double flying swallow, Scattered red shades of masonry flowers" (The third of the five generations of Li Xun's "Bodhisattva Man"),"The silent lamp between the windows is still there, and the xiao xiao rain outside the curtain is not endless" (Southern Tang Li Zhong's "Haicheng Autumn Sunset Sending Huai Shedi"),"The rain outside the curtain is babbling, and the spring is like Shan Shan" (Southern Tang Li Yu's "Wave Taosha"),"The rain in front of the curtain late at night, the flowers outside the cold plum window" (Yuan Wang Yi's "Gift to Xiao Shenzhi").
Savoring these verses, can't we understand Xiao Du's "Late Autumn Curtain Thousand Family Rain"? This sentence depicts the scene of a family hanging down when it rains. Rain is the cause, hanging curtain is the effect. Later Lü Ben's "Spring Festival Gala Suburban Residence" "The combination of the depressed curtain home rain, the light garden everywhere flowers" although the poem steals its meaning, but it is true: although the time has changed, as long as the glass window does not appear, the rainproof function of the curtain is still the same.
In the ancient poems, there are not only records of rain curtains, but also descriptions of the end of the sky:
Birds are seen when reflecting the bricks, and the roller blinds are sunny against the mountains.
——Tang Censan, "Honoring Judge Li's Envoy to see the matter at that time"
Printed in The Hugh, the mountain is sunny and the roller blinds are good.
- Tang Zhangbi, "He Li Servant Shoots the West Garden"
The bed is warm for the monk to sit, and the prostitute rolls the curtains.
——Tang Baijuyi, "Shushi Yonghuai"
Yu Yu sat alone with the curtain curtain.
——Tang Liu Yuxi, "Reward Emperor Fu Ten Young Yin Twilight Autumn Long Rain Xi Qing Has a Vision"
After the rain, roll up the curtains to see the mountains, and listen to the waves of the lake.
—— Tang Fanggan, "Gift to Neighbor Yuan Mingfu"
The rain curtain is quite poetic, and it is often used as a poetic material by poets:
The wind and water will come densely, and the rain will sprinkle light on the curtain.
- Song Tian Xi, "Twilight Rain"
The weather is clear and shady, and the rain is wet.
——Song Hezhu, "North Garden Early Summer Ding Wei Zhao Junfu"
Low clouds land on the ground, and the rain wet curtains do not hook.
- Song Zhangqian, "Even Cheng"
Falling plums and rain hitting curtains.
- Song Hanyangu, "Huanxi Sha"
The curtain is soaked by rain, and it is inevitable that water will drip when the sky is clear, and Fan Chengda's "rolling curtain rain foot silver wire hanging" ("The Second Rhyme Xu Jishao Judges the Snow Observation Seat") is such a detail. From this, we can also give an example of three: we can conclude that Wang Bo's "Tengwangge Poem" in the "Pearl Curtain Twilight Roll West Mountain Rain" is written in the rain over the sky rather than the incorruptible late rain, which can be corroborated with the "Tengwang Pavilion Preface" "Rainbow Sale Rain, Caiche District Ming"; it will also be suddenly understood that li Qingzhao after "last night's rain was stormy" ("Like a Dream Order"), why should he "ask the curtain person" Begonia is unharmed, because the curtain curtain has long been lowered when it rains at night, and the curtain does not look real.
However, although Du Mu's poem is a famous work, the Ming Dynasty poet Xie Hao read it but was not very satisfied, commenting:
The three sentences on this sentence are all swallowing their own sounds, and the rhyme is short and short, and there is no inhibition of the magic, because it is easy to be "late autumn curtain thousands of family moons, quiet night terrace a flute wind".
- "The Poet's Straight Talk", vol. 3
The meaning is that the tone of the whole poem is not good: the last words of the three sentences are all on the sound, so the word "rain" is replaced by the sound word "month"; probably because the four inaccessible words of "sunset" and "one flute" are within one sentence, it is easier to "sunset" as "quiet night" (one goes up, the word "jing" is pronounced on the sound), and the Siku Curator is very dismissive of this, and refutes it:
"Birds go to birds to come to the mountains", not a scene in the night; "jagged smoke trees and five lakes east", nor can it be seen under the moon. And just change the sentence, regardless of the whole poem, has there been a poetry law in ancient times?
- The General Catalogue of the Four Libraries, vol. 197
The refutation of the curator seems to be full of reasons, and it seems to be in the middle of Xie Hazel's illness. Unbeknownst to him, he made the mistake of examining the topic and regarded Xiao Dushi's "inscription cabinet" as "ascending the cabinet". If it is "dengge", it is written that "the body is experienced, and the eyes see" is written temporarily, so the words of the pavilion are true; if it is an "inscription pavilion", then why not look down to the ancient times, swallow the mountains and rivers, and write the overall impression of this pavilion, regardless of what you see in a day and a moment. And Xiao Du did exactly that. He has visited the Kaiyuan Temple several times, and the poems are mentioned twice ("The Title Xuanzhou Yuansi Temple was Placed in the Eastern Jin Dynasty" and "Heavy Rain Line Opened into three years xuanzhou Kaiyuan Temple"), which shows that the memory of this temple is here. Most of the courtiers are from the three examinations, writing eight strands of text, test poems are veterans, such texts are the most serious questions, I don't know why when commenting on poetry will be recklessly destroyed so!
However, having said that, Xie Hazel's point of slippage can indeed be attributed to the list of delusions, but its delusion does not lie in the confusion of day and night, but out of the lack of "knowing the philosophy of people", do not understand Du Mu's aesthetic taste. I don't know how deep his fascination with the rain scenery of Jiangnan is, and he has expressed it many times during the chanting, such as "Qiushan Spring Rain Idle, Leaning on the Jiangnan Temple Building" ("Nian Xi You")," "Four Hundred and Eighty Temples in the Southern Dynasty, How Many Buildings in the Smoke and Rain" ("Jiangnan Spring Sentence")," "Leave me a statue of wine, look at the spring rain on the front mountain" ("Title Xuanzhou Kaiyuan Temple Placed in the Eastern Jin Dynasty"), not to mention that he did encounter heavy rain at The Kaiyuan Temple (see above). The soul haunts such a dream, how can it be abandoned when the inscription is written? Change "rain" to "month", that is Xie Hazel's poem, not Du Mu's poem. Xie Hazel built the car behind closed doors, did not consider that the moon night is not a rainy night, even if the same thinking about the moon, some people will "but down the crystal curtain, Linglong look at the autumn moon" (Li Bai's "Jade Ladder Complaint"), and some people will "raise a glass to the curtain to invite the bright moon" (Su Shi's "Youth Tour"), where will there be a scene of a thousand curtains hanging low at the same time?
The last link of this poem, "I feel sorry for no reason to see Fan Li, the jagged smoke tree five lakes east", for a long time, there have been many people who have praised it, and I always feel that Fan Li is not in harmony with Xuanzhou Fengma Niu, neither his hometown nor the place where he travels, so suddenly out of the way, mentioning his people, it is inevitable that there is a suspicion of making up a sentence. It should be noted that although poetry does not waste thinking jumps, it also has certain limits, just as the Prancing Horse can cross tanxi, but the Prancing Horse definitely cannot cross the Three Rivers and Five Lakes.
The "Five Lakes" in the poem, since Feng Jiwu, has been said to be Taihu Lake, and the Siku Guanchen said that "'Jagged Smoke Trees and Five Lakes East' cannot be seen under the moon", it is true; in fact, how can it be seen in the daytime of Xuanzhou? For this reason, I think that this sentence cannot be said to be "off-topic", but it is at least a hundred miles away, right?
Later, after reading the Qing Dynasty Song Bangsui's "Supplementary Notes on the Collection of Talents", his book volume 4 this poem notes the clouds: "According to the "One Unification Chronicle": The Five Lakes are in the north of Ningguo County. "Kaiyuan Temple is in Xuancheng County, while Ningguo County is in the south of Xuancheng County, which also belongs to Xuanzhou. If it is the five lakes, close at hand, it can be overlooked. It is just that the ancient and modern terrain is changeable, the place names are changed, and the Qing Dynasty place names are used to note the Tang Dynasty, "the depression is different from generation to generation", which is not appropriate. Following the inspection of the Great Qing Dynasty Unification Chronicle, its eighty volumes of the Ningguo Fu descended from the clouds: "Five Lakes, Yuanhe County Chronicle: 'In the north of Ningguo County. "Ming [I] Tongzhi": "It originates from the Qianqiu Ridge, flows north into the Ningguo [County] Stream, and flows into the Xuancheng River." In the "Records of Yuanhe County", its book volume 29 "Jiangnan Province, Xuanzhou, Ningguo County" has the phrase "the water of the five lakes is four miles northeast of the county" (see figure 3). If the Tang Dynasty literature is published, the Five Lakes are local scenery, and there is no digression.
Records of Yuanhe County (Figure 3)
Some people may ask: Xuanzhou Five Lakes is just the same name as Fan Li's swimming, how can you move flowers and elder trees like this? GuZha Gao Shu zhi is poetry! As everyone knows, Muzhi himself has done something similar more than once, and his eons-old recitation of "The East Wind Does Not Fight with Zhou Lang Ben, the Copper Bird Spring Deep Lock Erqiao" ("Chibi") is what he wrote on the huangzhou assassination history, and the chant chibi is in Huangzhou, not the puxi where the real war occurred. The same is true of the later Su Shi's popular "Chibi Fu" and "Nian Nu Jiao" (Chibi Huaigu). Poet Xinghui, although he knows that it is not the place, will also think of the ancient humor because of the same name. There are many examples, and we don't need to commit the "examination habit" to kill the scenery.
At this point, I can't help but think of several Tang poems about Xuanzhou that I have read, all of which mention the "Five Lakes":
The five lakes are tens of millions of miles, and the situation is restored to the west of the five lakes.
—— Wang Wei, "Sending Zhang Wuchen back to Xuancheng"
Zidi five lakes neighbors, difficult people.
- Pei Yaoqing, "Reward Zhang Jiuling to Make the Wind See the History of Xuanzhou Assassination"
Also worried about the return of the air, maple leaves and lotuses fishing for the five lakes.
——Xu Hun ,"Xuancheng Cui Dafu Summons Lian Sentence Even Illness Not To Be Presented"
It is quite doubtful that the "Five Lakes" in the poem does not refer to Taihu Lake but to the water of the same name in Xuanzhou, but the literature is insufficient, the context is unclear, and the speculation is just to talk about help. However, I think it is certain that the "Five Lakes" of the "Five Lakes East of the Jagged Smoke Tree" is in Xuanzhou and not in Wuyue.
Editor-in-Charge: Ding Xiongfei
Proofreader: Liu Wei