It's hard to hunt, it's even harder to hunt a son-in-law! After all, few people can be like Xi Jian, who at a glance picks a young man who is lying on his stomach and on his back--Wang Xizhi as the fast son-in-law of the East Bed. Zeng Guofan was known as a "saint" in the late Qing Dynasty, but in the face of the problem of picking a son-in-law, he repeatedly "lost his hand".
Zeng Guofan
Zeng Guofan had five daughters, and the first four sons-in-law were all personally selected by him, but what Zeng Guofan never expected was that he had all looked away from these four sons-in-law: the eldest son-in-law, Yuan Yusheng, was a playboy who hid from the Zeng family's unmarried and took a concubine first, the second son-in-law, Chen Yuanji, had an impatient personality and died young, the third son-in-law Luo Zhaosheng was "obedient in temperament", and the fourth son-in-law, Guo Gangji, had a short life and died at the age of twenty-one, so that the fate of Zeng Guofan's four daughters was quite miserable. Zeng Jifen was luckier than her four sisters, living to the age of ninety, with many children and many blessings, and was called "The Old Man of Chongde". Zeng Guofan's Manchu son-in-law Nie Jishu was a good official, an inspector, and was also known as a famous national capitalist in early modern China. However, this Manchu son-in-law was not chosen by Zeng Guofan, but by his younger brother Zeng Guoquan. Of the five sons-in-law, only one of them was selected, and this good son-in-law was still picked by his younger brother. Zeng Guofan may have to sigh: How is it so difficult to pick a son-in-law!
Hu Linyi, who was equally famous with Zeng Guofan, was selected by Tao Shu, a major minister of the Daoguang Dynasty, at the age of 8, and later did not live up to his father-in-law's expectations and became a generation of famous courtiers, who were enough to match his father-in-law in terms of character, talent, and merit. Tao Shu has also won the reputation of knowing people.
Hu Linyi had only one daughter, named Duan Yi. Zeng Guofan answered all four questions incorrectly, with an error rate of 100%; as long as Hu Linyi did not answer one question correctly, the error rate was also 100%.
So who will he choose as his son-in-law?
Mei Yingjie's "Annals of Hu Wenzhong" records that in the third year of Xianfeng (1853), "in May, the female Duan Yi was suitable for the Zhou clan of the same county". And quoted Guo Songtao's "Lady HuMu Tao's Funeral Zhiming" Yun: "A daughter, married to inspector Yushi Zhou Kaiming." ”
No scholar has ever discussed Zhou Kaiming in detail before. The author has a more detailed understanding of Zhou Kaiming's life and deeds, and found that Zhou Kaiming is highly similar to Hu Linyi in terms of being a person and an official, and is worthy of being a good son-in-law.
In terms of picking a son-in-law, Hu Linyi defeated Zeng Guofan.
Zhou Kaiming, character Jingdan, number Guiwu, Daoguang Hashinian was born. Daoguang Jihai is the nineteenth year of Daoguang (1839). (The Zhou Family Genealogy says that he was born in the fifteenth year of Daoguang, according to which he would test the Zhu scrolls and resume.) A native of Yiyang County. The Zhou family and the Hu Linyi family are family friends. The Zhou family "Lived in (Yiyang) Twenty-one Li Fenhuzhou, moved to Fourteen Li Apan Village", and Hu Jia "Nineteen Li". Zhou Kaiming's grandfather Zhou Zeheng was Xiucai, his father Zhou Yangzhong Daoguang Yiyou Ke Bagong and Peng Zi Ke Shun Tianxiang Trial Lifter, the official to the head of the Jiangxi Qing Bureau of the Hubu Department, and his uncle Zhou Zhenzhi was Daoguang Peng Zi KeJu Ren and Yi Wei Ke Jinshi, and the official was zhi county in Shangcheng County, Henan.
Zhou Kaiming Tongzhi four years will test the Zhu scroll
Zhou Kaiming has two older brothers: the eldest brother Kaijian and the second brother Kaixi, who passed on to his uncle as his heir. Zhou Kaixi was "famous for his poetry", but the examination was not smooth. After Hu Linyi was appointed as the governor of Hubei, Zhou Kaixi went to defect, "Shangyan officials and military affairs complement each other, the basis of chaos, Mo Xiancha official." Hu Linyi was very appreciative of him, and asked him to stay in Hubei as an official, and to make him a zhizhou and to be in charge of the affairs of The Prefecture of Qiuyang. Zhou Kaixi was "sexually sparse and resolute, resourceful, and able to judge", and became a core figure in the Hulin wing shogunate, counselor secret. Hu Linyi defeated the Taiping army at Jixian Pass, and Zhou Kaixi was guaranteed to be the prefect for his merits and enjoyed the flowers. Hu Linyi once recommended Liu Rong, Shen Baozhen and other ten outstanding talents, and Zhou Kaixi was listed among them. After Hu Lin's death, Zhou Kaixi changed his command to Zuo Zongtang and successively served as a grain road in Zhejiang and Yanshao Jiandao in Fujian, and was appointed as a political envoy in Fujian, and nursed the inspector of Fujian. Later, from Zuo Zongtang to Gansu, "the president of the Gansu South Road army, Pingjin Jibao, Kefu Weiyuan, Di Dao, all have merit." In the tenth year of Tongzhi (1871), he died of illness in the army at the age of forty-six.
Zhou Kaiming was only 15 years old when he married Hu Duanyi. How Hu Linyi chose him, there is no historical record, it is not convenient to speculate.
Zhou Kaiming's path to the imperial examination was very smooth, which is highly similar to that of his father-in-law.
Hu Linyi was 24 years old, 25 years old, the second class of the temple examination, and was selected as a Shu Jishi of the Hanlin Academy, and was taught editing after the dissolution of the museum. Zhou Kaiming Tongzhi first year (1862) in the Hunan Township Examination seventy, also 24 years old, four years of the examination of the Fourteenth Place, the thirteenth place of the second class of the Temple Examination, the sixteenth place of the first class of the Imperial Examination, the hand-picked Hanlin Academy Shu Jishi, seven years of dispersal, awarded the Hanlin Academy editing. Unfortunately, a year before Zhou Kaiming's citation, Hu Linyi had already died of illness.
Hu Linyi's father Hu Dayuan is Hanlin, his father-in-law Tao Shu is Hanlin, he is Hanlin, and his son-in-law is also Hanlin.
After Zhou Kaiming was appointed as the editor of the Hanlin Academy, he was assisted in the revision of the National History Museum and the Compilation of the National History Museum. In September of the twelfth year of Tongzhi, he was ordered to use his name as a royal history. In August of the second year of Guangxu (1876), Chongwu Yingdian was assisted in the repair. In the first month of the third year, the general editor of the Chongguo History Museum, the xuanchong meritorious hall was revised, in February, the enrichment record museum was assisted, and in March, the Chong Ding Ugly Section would be tested with the examiner. In February of the fourth year, the main school of the library was enriched.
Since becoming a Shu Jishi of Hanlin Academy, Zhou Kaiming has spent nearly 13 years in Hanlin Academy.
Yao Jianmin said in the "Epitaph of Zhou Kaiming": "The public is self-indulgent, thirsty for learning, and the old age is not fading." When he was an official, he studied the history of the scriptures, forgot his meals and slept, and fleas kept going on night. After tasting the food and paying for the rest of the food, for a while, such as The Great Sima Zhonglu of Pu and the Scholar of Kong Ti, all performed the disciple ritual and asked for karma from the Gong Kaode. "Pu Da Sima Zhonglu", i.e. Pu Zhen (1849-1920), Zi Zhonglu, Qingzong Room, Official Zhidu Branch Shangshu, Minister of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce, etc." Kong Tixue Envoy Shao Xia", that is, Kong Xianglin (1852-1917), zi Shao Xia, Shandong Qufu people, Confucius seventy-five generations of grandsons, official to Henan Ti Xue envoy.
In May of the fourth year of Guangxu (1878), Zhou Kaiming was ordered to supplement the imperial history of Jiangnan Province, and in August, he acted as the inspector of Shandong Province. In March of the fifth leap year, he was transferred to the post of Inspector of Sichuan Province, and was the deputy examiner of the Gansu Township Examination of nianchong jike. In April of the sixth year, the acting official section was sealed to ShiZhong, in June, the acting official section was given to Shi Zhong, and in August, he was instructed to inspect the affairs of the southern city.
Goshi is a verbal official. Zhou Kaiming "spoke bluntly and righteously, did not take selfishness, and insisted on the general situation in all the arguments he played, and did not try to be honest and straight, and the imperial court was solemn." In September of the fourth year of Guangxu, Zhou Kaiming played "Several SoutheastErn Provinces Are Flooded, Please Prepare for Salvation" and reported to the imperial court that "Jiangxi, Fujian, Hubei, Hunan and other provinces have too much rain, and there are many flooded places", and asked the imperial court to order the governors of the provinces to check the disaster situation in the prefectures and counties, prepare rescue strategies, and seek to be prepared for any trouble, and to check the armor and the bandits, to prevent the bandits from taking advantage of the opportunity to cause trouble, so as to reassure the people. In November of the same year, Zhou Kaiming played "Hunan Bandits Are Becoming Increasingly Blazing, Hidden Dangers Are Deepening, Please Order Secret Handling" in one fold, saying that bandits in Yiyang and other places will be rampant, and ask the imperial court to order Li Hanzhang, governor of Huguang, and Shao Hengyu, governor of Hunan, to strictly inspect baojia, rectify the arrests, and severely punish the famous head of the association.
In the first month of the sixth year of Guangxu, Zhou Kaiming made a fold, and the spearhead pointed directly at the Chongwen gate tax pass. Chongwen Gate (commonly known as "Hade Gate") is one of the nine gates of the Beijing Division, which is the hub for boat and car merchants to enter and leave the capital, and the Qing government set up customs to collect taxes here. This year is the year of the examination, and the disciples from all over the world go to Beijing to catch the examination, passing through Chongwenmen. The officials were so dim that they withheld the luggage of the soldiers and extorted money. Zhou Kaiming, who was also a reader, was indignant and played impeachment.
To this end, the imperial court issued a decree to prohibit:
"Yushi Zhou Kai Ming, please ban Chongwen Gate need to be detained and so on." When the township association tries to go to Beijing, if there is no prohibited cargo with luggage, it should be inspected with it and released immediately. According to the imperial history, this year's meeting will try to go to Beijing, and it is rumored that Chongwenmen has detained luggage, and it is necessary to ask for tax regulations, which is not a matter of course. Chongwen Men affirmed the old chapters, strictly enforced the prohibition, and the scribes and servants found that there was a need to leave embarrassing things, that is, they were punished severely, without leniency. ”
In the seventh year of Guangxu (1881), when Zhou Kaiming was 43 years old, he ended his career as a Beijing official and was released as the prefect of Sinan Province in Guizhou. Arrived in Guizhou in February of the following year, transferred to the prefect of Liping Province in April, and took over the printing and television affairs on the first day of June. In the following years, Zhou Kaiming was transferred between the ben ren of Sinan Province and the prefect of Liping Province.
Interestingly, Hu Linyi's first stop as a magistrate was also Guizhou. In June of the twenty-sixth year (1846), Hu Lin Yi Daoguang reported to the prefect and distributed it to Guizhou. In the 27th year of Daoguang, Hu Linyi arrived in Guizhou and successively served as the prefect of Anshun Province, Zhenyuan Province, and Sinan Province. In December of the 30th year, he was appointed prefect of Liping Province. Xianfeng arrived in Liping Province in July of the first year of xianfeng (1851) and was appointed as a minister of Printing, and was handed over in October of the following year, serving in The prefect of Liping for more than a year.
Hu Linyi said in a letter to Zuo Zongtang: "In the second year of Li Ping, he worked hard and suffered well. Its local people are pure and modest, not cunning, not deceitful, not obscene, and it is actually the crown of the counties in Qianzhong, but it is slightly weak. In the past year, I have trained in martial arts and changed my old habits. "I am quite proud of what I did in Liping.
Hu Linyi's words were not boastful, he practiced bravely catching thieves in Liping, building forts and storing grain, and indeed his political achievements were outstanding. Li Yuandu's "Guo Dynasty First Zheng shi luo Hu Linyi" said:
"Xianfeng first year, supplement Liping Province." The territory of the province is adjacent to Hunan and western Guangdong, and the mountains are deep and dense, and they are pirated and plundered, and the catches cross the border. On the day of the common good, the gentry and the vertebral knot left the canals, led the wine and food, inquired about the people's situation and terrain, ordered the connection to be a fort, and selected the township chief, the regiment leader, and the card chief, audited each other, and arrested all the lawbreakers. At that time, thieves in Guangxi were rising, and Yongning, Huaiyuan, Rongxian, and the southwestern border of Rim Liping were all thieves. The public recruited brave and brave to prevent blockades, organized regiments to train more than 1,500 villages, built more than 450 pillboxes, looked at each other with their own tuns, said to supervise, asked for a pass around the border, built a fort to guard the palace, thinking that it was better to fight than to defend by words, it was better to use soldiers than to use the people, it was better to use the people for self-defense, it was better to use the land to defend the people first. The county city has no reserves, and the rich people are advised to donate grain to buy warehouses for the city defense. Since Li Pingdi was attacked, the city pawns could not be extricated, and all of them practiced bravely to save Su Liye. ”
"He said that he would guard zhenyuan and Liping drama counties, control the arrest of thieves, and eliminate harm for the benefit of the people, all of them silently taught themselves, lest the big officials hear about it and get involved." And You Ji ji to reward talents as a matter, belongs to the good deeds of the officials, with the recommendation of Deng, handwritten praise, in order to spoil the difference. ”
Hulin Wing
More than ten years later, Hu Changxin, a gentleman of Liping, and others requested the Guizhou Xuezheng to enshrine Hu Linyi in the Famous Eunuch Ancestral Hall of Liping Province, and the "Draft of the Famous Eunuch Academy", which detailed the political achievements of Hu Linyi in the areas of Liping supervision of regimental training, construction of bunkers, emphasis on education, establishment of righteous warehouses, promotion of silkworm breeding, maintenance of weathering, and attention to talents. It is precisely because Hu Linyi has promoted talents for the benefit of the people, rewarded talents, and implemented many long-term strategies that can be followed for a long time, "still practicing his law", li Ping's people and gentry are grateful to him and have not forgotten him for more than ten years.
When Zhou Kaiming became the prefect of Liping, it was exactly thirty years before the handover of Hu Linyi. My father-in-law has done a good job, how to do it, others are watching, and Zhou Kaiming's pressure is self-evident.
Liping has many thieves and backward education, and this is a key issue for local officials to solve. Like his father-in-law, Zhou Kaiming arrested and stole anthem and rewarded talents. According to records, he was "especially good at catching thieves and anmin", "entering the Doshi with a public leisure, fighting with literature and art, and the textbooks were all self-lit." The scholar was so grateful that he contended for himself, and the flourishing of the literary style afterwards was in Ta Yi." Li Ping had the Yintai Academy, and Zhou Kaiming gave the plaque of "Yintai Academy" and wrote a couplet: "The article of the Yintian Xingdou is written, and the name of Taigun Gong is Yamazawaduo." "In this way, I encourage the students of the College."
The Guizhou Tongzhi Eunuch Chronicle established a biography for him, praising him as a "good official": "Zhou Kaiming, zi guiwu, Hunan Yiyang jinshi." Since the ninth year of Guangxu (1883 AD), the three guards of Liping, cultivating Shilin, loving talents as destined, every inch of progress, non-warm words of praise, that is, handwriting praise, for a while Shizi was happy to be educated, and was awarded the Book of Dengxian, and so on. To his government is simple and clean, and he is at peace with the people, and he really has the style of an ancient official. ”
Loved by the people, the boss is also very important. Successive governors of Guizhou praised Zhou Kaiming, with Lin Zhaoyuan calling him "a well-organized instrument and a good example", "being honest and honest, and diligently seeking the people", and Pan Xia calling him "peaceful and accessible, letting the facts be hearted", "meticulous and steady, and exemplary". In the twelfth year of Guangxu, Zhou Kaiming was sponsored by the inspector as a great plan. The system of evaluating foreign officials in the Ming and Qing dynasties was held every three years. Outstanding political achievements, excellent talent is called outstanding.
Later, Zhou Kaiming served as the prefect of Duyun Province and Tongren Province. In October of the fifteenth year of Guangxu, due to the anxiety of Ding's mother Ren, he was absent and returned home. Eighteen years of service, in the capital petition revival. On May 15, 1919, he was instructed to make up for the missing prefect of Chaozhou in Guangdong, to go to Guangzhou in October, and to supplement the prefect of Qiongzhou in December. During Zhou Kaiming's tenure as the prefect of Qiongzhou, "pay attention to the school, take the soldiers and get them, and treat the soldiers like children." Sexual humility is as lovely as winter" (Guangxu Qiongshan Rural Chronicles, vol. 1).
In the twentieth year of Guangxu, Li Hanzhang, the governor of Liangguang and the governor of Guangdong, played the role of Supplementing Zhou Kaiming as the prefect of Chaozhou Prefecture. In the following year, he also played with Ma Piyao, the governor of Guangdong, and transferred Zhou to the prefect of Guangzhou Prefecture: "Guangzhou Prefecture is the capital county, with jurisdiction over fourteen counties, the local area is vast, the government affairs are complicated, and there are urgent cases that are issued and examined, and the provincial city is a treaty port, and everything must be properly manipulated, and it is not familiar with the situation and is a person with outstanding talent, and it is not enough to govern", "The person who investigates the staff is sincere and clear-sighted, knows The Hongtong, and uses it to supplement the prefect of Guangzhou Province, and he is competent."
Yao Jianmin said: "Guangzhou Huayi miscellaneous places, complicated dramas and other districts, public day to receive guests, night magistrates, calm and elegant, there are no many revealing colors. ”
In October of the 24th year of Guangxu, the imperial court Jian Fang Zhou Kaiming was appointed as the governor of Guangdong. In the following year, he acted as the envoy of the two Guangdong salt transporters. In 27 years, Guangdong Governor Deshou sponsored eight outstanding officials of the Zhengyin Grand Plan, and Zhou Kaiming ranked first. Twenty-nine years later, he signed two more salt envoys.
Officials with outstanding plans generally go to Beijing to see the emperor and be promoted by the emperor. In the same year, Deshou, the acting governor of Liangguang, and Li Xingrui, the acting governor of Guangdong, asked zhou Kaiming to be introduced to the ministry, saying that "Zhou Kaiming, the salt transport envoy of liangguang and the governor of Guangdong, is a senior and trained, a good-looking person, a meticulous and meticulous administrator, and a righteous will, and is indeed a rare member of the supervision department", "I hereby introduce himself to the Consultation Department according to the usual practice, and how to preferentially recruit him comes from The Holy Mercy."
From the prefect of a remote place (from Sipin) to the prefect of the capital of Guangdong, to the actual Daoist (Zheng Sipin) and the acting salt transport envoy (from Sanpin), Zhou Kaiming's promotion all the way, there are others to see the "face" factor of his father-in-law Hu Linyi, but mainly because he himself is shrewd and capable, integrity and integrity.
In April of the 30th year of Guangxu, Zhou Kaiming went to Beijing to introduce him and reassigned the Shandong Governor's Grain Road. On April 11 and 18, the Guangxu Emperor summoned Zhou Kaiming twice.
When Zhou Kaiming was appointed as the governor of Shandong Province, he not only did his own work well, but also determined to promote learning, which had a far-reaching impact. "The value of the grain is folded, the exhaustion is abnormal, the public is sparing, the support is bare, and the pawn is correct." When the imperial court implemented the new policy, the gong made the rest of its efforts to raise funds and set up several teacher training and Mongolian education schools. The opening of shandong has also been since the beginning of the public. "Whether in Liping, Qiongzhou, or Shandong, Zhou Kaiming always attaches importance to cultural education and spares no effort.
He was also very concerned about the family's cultural education, "donating a number of school fields to teach the children of the clan; setting up a poor public to help the orphans and the poor among the clan." The revival of learning to help the poor has changed the fate of many poor children.
Mr. Zhou Gucheng (1898-1996), a famous historian and educator and former vice chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, was a member of Zhou Kaiming's ethnic group. Zhou Gucheng was a peasant boy, but he was able to enter the new-style school founded by Zhou Kaiming and laid a good foundation. Mo Zhibin's "Biography of Zhou Gucheng" records:
"In 1900, the Eight-Nation Alliance invaded Beijing, and Empress Dowager Cixi and the Guangxu Emperor fled to Xi'an. The following year, the humiliating Treaty of Xinugu was signed with imperialism. Stimulated by this, the Qing court issued an edict in 1905 to abolish the imperial examination, build schools, and implement a new policy. Shi Zhou clan member Hanlin Zhou Kaiming (1835-1907), the governor of Shandong Province, was the final chapter of fundraising, the establishment of teachers, Mongolian yang school and other institutions, advocating new learning sparing no effort, for Shandong to open up the trend. Zhou Kaiming and very concerned about the education of the children of the laojia people, in order to cultivate talents, so in this year for the clan to donate funds to build a new school, choose Fengzi Village to create the Zhou's Jiguang Library, found the Zhou's Jiguang Second Class Primary School, the school system is 8 years, the selection of promising teenagers in the clan is free to enroll, Zhou Gucheng was selected to enter the school with the best results, and studied for 8 years. This laid the initial foundation for further study. ”
On November 27, the 33rd year of Guangxu (1907), Zhou Kaiming died of illness and served as the governor of Shandong Province. Yao Jianmin's "Epitaph" said that others recognized that "his virtue, political affairs, and literature are enough to compete with the ancients."