Chen Duxiu's eldest son, Chen Yannian, and second son, Chen Qiaonian, were also early leaders of the Chinese Communist Party.
Text | Hexi
Recently, the "Centennial Banner of National Rejuvenation - Exhibition of Rare Documents of the Chinese Communist Party Collected by the Chinese Academy of History" has received widespread attention. In this exhibition, the resume of the revolutionary martyr Chen Qiaonian is publicly displayed.
Chen Qiaonian was the second son of Chen Duxiu, and his brother Chen Yannian was arrested in 1927, preferring to die rather than kneel, standing and being hacked to death by an executioner, at the age of 29. A year later, the 26-year-old Chen QiaoNian would rather die unyieldingly and be brutally killed, and before the righteousness, he generously declared, "Let our children and grandchildren enjoy the happiness of our predecessors." "Blood-stained words are mighty mountains and rivers!
For Chen Duxiu, we pay more attention to him, and for his sons, we know less.
Chen Duxiu's eldest son, Chen Yannian, and second son, Chen Qiaonian, were also early leaders of the Chinese Communist Party. Chen Yannian was born in 1898 in Chen Duxiu's hometown of Huaining County, Anhui Province, in Chengcheng Township (now part of Anqing City), chen Qiao Nian was 4 years younger than him.
When they were young, the two studied together in their hometown and studied diligently. In 1915, the brothers left their hometown to study in Shanghai and lived with their father, Chen Duxiu, who was editing the magazine New Youth, and was deeply influenced by his father's revolutionary pursuits.
In 1917, Chen Duxiu was recruited to Peking University as the dean of liberal arts, and Chen Yannian and Chen Qiaonian began an independent life in Shanghai. Soon, both were admitted to Aurora University.
In December 1919, in order to seek the truth of saving the country and the people, Chen Yannian and Qiao Nian went to France to work and study together. In France, the brothers, who were once passionate about anarchism, eventually chose Marxism as their lifelong belief. At the same time, here, they also got to know Zhou Enlai, Zhao Shiyan and other people who also went to France to work and study, and became like-minded comrades.
Chen Yannian
At the end of 1921, Zhao Shiyan, who had taken refuge in the French military and police in northern France, had close contact with Zhou Enlai, Li Weihan, Liu Bojian, and others in France, Germany, and Belgium through letters to discuss the organization of the "Chinese Young Communist Party" in Europe. In early 1922, they reached a consensus.
In June 1922, Chen Yannian, together with Zhou Enlai and Zhao Shiyan, founded the Communist Organization in Europe, the Young Communist Party of China. Its first congress was held in the Brony Forest on the outskirts of Paris. The congress lasted for three days and was attended by 18 delegates from France, Germany and Belgium. They are: Zhou Enlai, Zhao Shiyan, Chen Yannian, Li Weihan, Wang Ruofei, Xiao Pusheng, Liu Bojian, Yuan Qingyun, Ren Zhuoxuan, Yin Kuan, Li Weinong, Zheng Chaolin, etc.
The venue was set up in a small open field in the forest, and they rented eighteen chairs from an old French lady who opened an open-air café, one for each of them, and so on. Zhao Shiyan presided over the meeting, and the meeting elected Zhao Shiyan as secretary, Zhou Enlai in charge of propaganda, and Li Weihan in charge of organization. On August 1, he founded the monthly magazine "Teenager", with Chen Yannian as the editor-in-chief. It was in this journal that there was a stereotyped editor named Deng Xixian (deng xiaoping, deng xiaoping was his pseudonym for revolutionary work).
Deng Xiaoping in France
At that time, the office of the Young Communist Committee was located in a small hotel at 17 Rue Godefroix, near place d'Italie in the 13th arrondissement of Paris, where Zhao Shiyan lived, where Li Weihan and Chen Yannian often worked. And the monthly magazine "Teenager" is also edited and printed here. Cai Chang, who was in France at the time, later recalled: "The publication "Teenagers" was edited in turn, and Comrades Deng Xiaoping and Li Dazhang carved wax plates and comrade Li Fuchun issued them. Later, the journal was renamed Red Light. In 1974, when Deng Xiaoping was passing through Paris on his way to the United Nations General Assembly in New York, he told his comrades in his entourage that he and his comrades-in-arms had lived in Place d'Italie and often went to a small café for coffee. He asked someone from the Chinese Embassy in France to take him to the Italian Square for a look, and after reading it, he said: "The face is completely different." ”
In October 1922, the Young Communist Party of China in Europe held a meeting and decided to join the Chinese Socialist Youth League and re-elect the Central Executive Committee, with Zhao Shiyan, Wang Ruofei, Zhou Enlai, Yin Kuan, and Chen Yannian as members.
From February 17 to 19, 1923, the Provisional Congress of the Communist Party of China was held in the auditorium of a police substation in a small town on the western outskirts of Paris, attended by 12 delegates, and in addition to those who had attended the inaugural meeting, Deng Xiaoping, Nie Rongzhen, Chen Qiaonian and others were added. It was at this meeting that the Young Communist Party of China in Europe was renamed the Chinese Communist Youth League in Europe. In accordance with the instructions of the CPC Central Committee, Chen Yannian and Chen Qiaonian and 12 other people were transferred from France to the Soviet Union and entered the Communist University of Eastern Workers in Moscow to systematically study Marxism and the experience of the Soviet revolution.
In October 1924, after returning to China, Chen Yannian was sent to Guangzhou by the Party Central Committee and successively served as the special commissioner of the Central Committee of the Socialist Youth League in Guangdong, the secretary of the Cpc Guangdong District Committee and the director of the organization. Soon, he succeeded Zhou Enlai as the secretary of the Guangdong District Committee of the Communist Party of China, and by March 1927, the Guangdong Party organization had more than 9,000 party members, which was one of the local party organizations with the largest number of party members in the country, the most sound organizational structure, and a high degree of cohesion and combat effectiveness.
In November 1924, Chen Yannian assisted Zhou Enlai in establishing the IronClad Convoy of the Grand Marshal's Office of the Navy and Army. In November 1925, on the basis of the ironclad convoy, Zhou Enlai, Chen Yannian, and others agreed to draw another group of Communist Party members and members of the Communist Youth League from the graduates of the Whampoa Military Academy as the backbone, and established the famous Ye Ting Independent Regiment.
In June 1925, Chen Yannian, Su Zhaozheng, Deng Zhongxia and others led a general strike in the provinces and hong Kongs that shocked China and foreign countries. When the right wing of the Kuomintang led by Chiang Kai-shek ostracized the Communist Party by "sorting out party affairs" and other means, Chen Duxiu advocated a policy of compromise and concession against the right wing of the Kuomintang, and as his son, Chen Yannian resolutely opposed his father's proposal. When talking to Deng Zhongxia and Zhang Tailei about Chen Duxiu's mistakes, he said indignantly: "[Chen Duxiu] could not see Chiang Kai-shek's conspiracy, could not see the strength of the workers and peasants, and regarded the proletariat as a revolutionary coolie. He also said: "I am the Communist Party, resolutely stand on the party's standpoint, and oppose the right-wing opportunist policy of compromise and concession!" ”
In April 1927, when Chen Yannian went to Wuhan to attend the Fifth National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the central government appointed him to take over as the secretary of the Jiangsu and Zhejiang District Committee of the Communist Party of China, and he immediately transferred to Shanghai, where the April 12 counterrevolutionary coup d'état occurred. In June, the CPC Central Committee abolished the Jiangsu and Zhejiang District Committees and established the Jiangsu Provincial Party Committee and the Zhejiang Provincial Party Committee respectively, with Chen Yannian as the secretary of the Jiangsu Provincial Committee of the CPC. In Shanghai, where the white terror was shrouded, Chen Yannian braved the danger and waged a resolute struggle against the Kuomintang reactionaries, and was unfortunately arrested by the Kuomintang military and police on June 26.
The enemy drank and made him kneel, and he ignored it. In the end, the executioners brutally rushed up, killed him with a knife, and threw him into the Huangpu River. A year after Chen Yannian's death, Chen Qiaonian was also arrested. On February 16, 1928, the organs of the Jiangsu Provincial Committee of the Communist Party of China were sabotaged by the reactionaries of the Kuomintang in Shanghai, and Chen Qiaonian and others were arrested. In prison, the enemy tortured Chen QiaoNian. He was unyielding and always kept the party's secrets. The comrade in prison saw that he had been severely sentenced, and he was very uncomfortable, but he said lightly: "After a few whips, it is a big deal." ”
On June 6, 1928, the enemy shot and killed chen Qiaonian, who was only 26 years old, on the bank of the Fenglin Bridge in Shanghai.
Chen Qiao Nian
The news of the death of his two sons made Chen Duxiu's heart twist like a knife. Gao Xiaolan, the wife of Chen Duxiu, who was far away in Anqing's hometown, did not know at first, and she sent her daughter Chen Yuying to Shanghai to inquire about her children. Knowing that both her brother and brother had died, Chen Yuying was too sad to be sick and died in Shanghai the same year. The loss of three children at once greatly stimulated Gao Xiaolan's spirit, and in the winter of 1930, she died in Anqing.
Chen Duxiu had a total of 7 children, and his original wife Gao Xiaolan gave birth to 4: Chen Yannian, Chen Qiaonian, Chen Songnian, and Chen Yuying (female); the second wife Gao Junman gave birth to 3: Chen Guangmei, Chen Zimei (female), and Chen Zhemin (also known as Chen Henian).
In Chen Duxiu's later years, Chen Duxiu was accompanied by his third son Chen Songnian, which gave Chen Duxiu great comfort in his later years.
In 1942, Chen Duxiu died in Jiangjin, Sichuan. Due to the chaos of the war, Chen Songnian had to temporarily bury the two old men there, until 1947, after the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, Chen Songnian asked for people everywhere, and then asked a kind-hearted timber merchant in Fujian to load the coffins of his grandmother and father in wooden rows and transport them down the river back to Anqing. When carrying his father's coffin, he was afraid that the Kuomintang would make trouble after seeing the three characters of "Chen Duxiu", so he wrote on his father's coffin the name "Chen Qiansheng" used by his father when he was examining the coffin, and buried it in the deep forest near Jixian Pass.
Chen Songnian was an ordinary person, in 1958, when Mao Zedong inspected Anqing, he learned from the secretary of the Anqing Prefectural Party Committee at that time that Chen Songnian's life was difficult, and Mao Zedong immediately instructed the local government to give him a living allowance of 30 yuan per month and arrange for him to work in the kiln. After the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee, Chen Songnian was elected as a member of the Standing Committee of the Anqing Municipal Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, a librarian of the Anqing Municipal Museum of Culture and History, and a librarian of the Anhui Provincial Museum of Culture and History, and died in Anqing in 1990 at the age of 80.
Chen Duxiu also had a youngest son, Chen Henian, who was born to his second wife, Gao Junman. Chen Henian was one of the "three university student leaders" in Peking at that time, joined the underground party, and later defected to the Xishan guerrillas in Beijing, responsible for the sending and receiving of telegrams and the training of personnel. After the victory of the War of Resistance, he settled with his family in Hong Kong, China. In 2000, Chen Henian died in Hong Kong, China at the age of 87.
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