Xu Deheng
Preface
Xu Deheng, what kind of person is he? He and Zhou Enlai were confidants, and there was a particularly outstanding son-in-law, that is, Deng Jiaxian, the founder of the two bombs.
At the age of 89, under the introduction of Zhou Enlai's wife Deng Yingchao and Ulan fu, Xu Deheng joined the Communist Party of China and became a member of the party.
A gift to Chairman Mao
In 1936, the Red Army, which had just gone through the Long March, made its home in northern Shaanxi. At this time in Yan'an, there was a considerable shortage of living materials, and there was almost no supply of food and clothing.
In the autumn of that year, Liu Ying, the lover of Communist Party leader Zhang Wentian, contracted a flu and had a high fever that did not go away. However, due to the poverty of Yan'an, there is no medicine, and can only pin hopes on "do not have pneumonia complicated".
In Liu Ying's isolated cave, she lay on a battered bed, half asleep and half awake. Drink only a little millet porridge soup every day and rely on your own immunity to carry the disease.
Zhang Wentian and his lover Liu Ying
Zhang Wentian looked at his sick lover and was very distressed. But there is no way but to hurry.
Every morning and evening, Zhang Wentian twice looked through the hole in the window paper, greeted his lover, and said a few words of comfort. In order to let his lover have a little nutrition, Zhang Wentian handed over all the allowances to the guards and bought eggs to make soup for his lover Liu Ying to eat.
Liu Ying looked at the egg soup in the guard's hand and asked, "Wen Tian's 5 yuan allowance was given to me, what does he eat?" ”
The guard said with tears in his eyes: "The chief will eat the red pot of fried cabbage." ”
After standing strong for more than twenty days, Liu Yingcai slowly recovered.
It can be seen that even the life of Zhang Wentian, the general head of the party, has lived like this, let alone other people!
At this time, at the home of Xu Deheng, who was teaching in Beijing, two special guests came. They were Xu Deheng's old classmates Xu Bing and Zhang Xiaomei when they were studying in France, and both of them were underground party members.
During the conversation, Xu Deheng learned about the red army's first arrival in Yan'an: under the blockade of the Kuomintang, it was very difficult to eat and wear in Yan'an, and many people did not wear shoes. As a leader, Chairman Mao did not even have a block watch.
The third from the left is Chairman Mao
For Chairman Mao, Xu Deheng knew that he and his lover Lao Junzhan not only had the friendship of the same hometown, but the two were also members of the early Xinmin Society and fought together.
When Lao Junzhan went to France to study, Chairman Mao also sent comrades at the docks. The husband and wife thanked Chairman Mao from the bottom of their hearts.
When they heard that their friend had a car to go to Yan'an, Xu Deheng and Lao Junzhan used their salaries to buy 12 pocket watches, more than a dozen hams and more than 30 pairs of cloth shoes at the Dong'an Market, and entrusted their friends to give them to Chairman Mao.
The friend looked at what Xu Deheng had taken out and asked, "Do you want Mao Zedong to write a receipt?" ”
Xu Deheng and his wife hurriedly waved their hands and said, "With such a little thing, do you want Mao Runzhi to write the receipt himself?" Don't, don't. ”
In November, with the help of Xu Deheng's friends, these things were handed over to Chairman Mao.
Chairman Mao looked at these things sent by Xu Deheng and was very happy in his heart, and personally wrote a letter of thanks:
Handwritten letters from Chairman Mao to Xu Deheng and his wife
Dear Professors and Gentlemen,
It is a great honor to receive gifts (ham, pocket watch, etc.) and sincerely thank you! We are in complete spiritual agreement with you. We have only one enemy, and that is Japanese imperialism, and we are preparing everything and rapidly advancing to unite the whole country and send troops to resist Japan, and the time for us to meet you is not far away. The struggle to expel Japanese imperialism and the struggle for the Chinese Democratic Republic is the banner of the people of the whole country, that is, the banner we share with you!
Sincerely
Salute of the National Revolution
Mao Zedong
November 2
In March 1938, at the suggestion of Zhou Enlai, Xu Deheng returned to his hometown in Jiangxi to participate in the Anti-Japanese War and rescue activities.
In his hometown, Xu Deheng was elected as a member of the National Suffragette and served as the chairman of the Jiangxi Anti-Enemy Support Association. For the sake of national righteousness, he ran around, mobilized his fathers and elders in his hometown, participated in the War of Resistance, and defended his hometown.
On July 26, under the attack of the Japanese army, Jiujiang fell and fell. Soon after, under the leadership of the traitors, the Japanese army entered Shen Jiachong.
Xu Deheng and Lao Junzhan and their children
Fortunately, Xu Deheng let his son Xu Jianguo return home in advance and picked up the women, children and the elderly.
At Xu Deheng's house, the Japanese army and traitors went through every inch of the house. After finding the photo of Xu Deheng and Feng Yuxiang, he was very angry.
Before leaving, the Japanese army set a fire and burned down all 108 houses of Xu Deheng's family.
This caused the once magnificent Xu family ancestral house to be burned down, leaving only some broken walls and ruins, standing there, showing people the crimes of the Japanese army...
Later, in Xu Deheng's memoirs, there is such a written record: the whole family escaped from this old house, and no one has lived here since.
For this old house, Xu Deheng still has a lot of feelings, which is the place where he was born and placed his childhood.
For the revolution, you can give everything you can
Xu Deheng was born on October 17, 1890 in Shenjiachong, Yujiahe Township, Jiujiang, Jiangxi.
At this time, after the defeat of the late Qing government and the reparations, the country was already poor and sick, like a decaying tree, which would fall in the storm at any time.
Although Xu Deheng was born into a rich family, he had a close relationship with the poverty and weakness of the motherland and the internal and external troubles of the nation.
At a very young age, Xu Deheng was determined to save the country and save the people, and to fight for the strength of the country!
To this end, When Xu Deheng was young, he embarked on the revolutionary road and made outstanding contributions to the country and the nation.
In 1915, Xu Deheng was admitted to Peking University, and when he was studying at the school, he met Chairman Mao who worked in the library.
In January 1919, after the end of World War I, the victorious powers met in Paris, France, to discuss the post-war international order.
As one of the victorious powers, China, the Beiyang government also sent representatives to Paris for a meeting.
At the meeting, the naïve Chinese delegation made a request to the meeting, hoping to abolish the privileges of the top powers in China, including the "Twenty-one" unequal treaty signed by Yuan Shikai and the Japanese government, and return Germany's privileges in Shandong.
Signing ceremony of the Treaty of Versailles
After anxiously waiting, the result came out. As the victor of World War I, China not only failed to take back these privileges, but was told to transfer the privileges of the defeated Germany in Shandong to Japan.
The helpless Chinese delegation, under domestic pressure, finally refused to sign the Treaty of Versailles. Take such results and return to China.
When the news reached The country, the people were indignant, and the college students were even more prophetic, brewing a patriotic movement.
Late at night on May 3, in the window of Peking University's Xizhai dormitory, under candlelight, Xu Deheng tore the only white sheet he had, one strip of cloth, into a banner, to prepare for the next day's parade.
It can be said that in order to save the country, Xu Deheng at this time was willing to give up everything he had.
At noon the next day, more than 3,000 college and middle school students gathered in Tiananmen Square, and the "May Fourth Movement" broke out.
Xu Deheng appeared in the ranks as the leader of the patriotic student movement in Beijing and issued the "Declaration of the Beijing Student Circle". At this time, Zhou Enlai was the leader of the Tianjin student movement.
The first on the right is Xu Deheng
In this "manifesto" written in words, Xu Deheng shouted loudly, "If you don't want to do it, you'd rather die," and "even those who are willing to betray the country and commit adultery will deal with it in the end, and the pistol bomb is Lai Yi." As soon as the crisis broke out, fortunately, we planned it together! ”
After the rally, the students lined up to Dongjiaomin Lane to present their "Statement" to the foreign embassies in China. Under the obstruction of a large number of military police, the students' wishes cannot be realized.
Indignant students decided to go to the home of Cao Rulin, the traffic chief located near the Dongdan Arch, to find a traitor to settle accounts.
The gate of the Cao Mansion was closed, and some students jumped into the wall through the ladder and opened the gate. When the students saw the gate open, they poured into the Cao Mansion.
Seeing the luxuriously decorated and exquisitely furnished Cao Mansion, one by one was very angry, and immediately lit Cao Rulin's bedroom with matches.
As the fire spread, a raging fire broke out in Zhao Jia Lou...
Soon after, a large number of military police and soldiers with live ammunition arrived, and Xu Deheng and other patriotic students were arrested and thrown into prison.
Seventh from the right in the front row is Xu Deheng
In prison, Xu Deheng thought in his heart that this time, he might be shot. To this end, he also said to his classmates who were arrested together: "Don't be afraid, 20 years later, it will be a good man again!" ”
While imprisoned, during the long night, Xu Deheng wrote a poem in his cell:
Hated for the snow, and now he is a prisoner.
Thirty-two people were detained, and none of them were afraid of killing their heads.
He beat up the traitor and burned the Zhao family building.
Hoeing and adultery do not hesitate to die, and patriotism is also a thousand autumns.
From this poem, it can be seen that at this time, Xu Deheng's hatred for the inaction of the Beijing government has reached the point of endless death. Although he is in prison, he is still determined and admirable!
Under the joint bail of Peking University President Cai Yuanpei and others, as well as the appeal of Celebrities such as Sun Yat-sen, the Beijing government released 32 patriotic students including Xu Deheng, who were arrested, on the 7th.
For such a result, Xu Deheng was not satisfied. This can be confirmed by his letter to Zeng Qi on August 29, 1919. The letter says:
"This time the movement, the good timing, the good cause, did not start to do it fundamentally, so that there was not much impression on the society, and it was very blaming." Personal knowledge is insufficient, cultivation is not enough, and in the future, we should desperately start from here. ”
On February 15, 1920, Xu Deheng boarded the French postal ship "Bordos" and went to Europe to work and study, seeking the truth of saving the country.
Zhou Enlai in Paris
During his work-study period in France, Xu Deheng, Zhou Enlai and others often discussed the current situation and the future of the country together. Co-sponsored and established a federation of groups in France.
With the increase of exchanges, Xu Deheng and Zhou Enlai became close friends.
In 1924, through the introduction of Mr. Cai Yuanpei, Xu Deheng met Lao Junzhan, who obtained a master's degree from the University of Lyon and studied radium with Marie Curie at the University of Paris.
Lao Junzhan is also a patriotic young woman. During the May Fourth Movement, he served as the propaganda director of the Changsha Federation of Students and founded the magazine "Women's Circle Bell". Later, he joined the Xinmin Society founded by Chairman Mao and intersected with Chairman Mao.
In 1925, under the mediation of Mr. Cai Yuanpei, Xu Deheng and Lao Junzhan held a simple wedding in Paris.
In August 1924, Zhou Enlai returned from France.
Later, Liao Zhongkai proposed that he hoped that the Chinese Communists would recommend an appropriate candidate to take over as director of the political department of the Whampoa Military Academy.
Zhou Enlai, director of the political department of the Whampoa Military Academy
After careful study, the Guangdong District CPC Committee decided to send Zhou Enlai to the Whampoa Military Academy to serve as director of the political department.
In June 1925, Xiong Xiong, who had joined the German Communist Party in Berlin, returned to China and served as a political instructor at the Whampoa Military Academy.
During the Crusade, Zhou Enlai was appointed director of the Political Department of the Crusade Army. Xiong Xiong was appointed secretary general of the Political Department of the General Headquarters of the Eastern Crusade Army to assist Zhou Enlai in his work. Later, Xiong Xiong was appointed director of the political department of the Whampoa Military Academy.
In January 1927, on the recommendation of Cai Yuanpei, Xu Deheng returned to Guangzhou to teach at Sun Yat-sen University, teaching sociology and socialist history.
At Xiong Xiong's invitation, Xu Deheng also served as a political instructor at the Whampoa Military Academy.
After the "April 12" counter-revolutionary coup, Chiang Kai-shek arrested Xiong Xiong on the 15th. Soon after, he secretly killed Xiong Xiong, who was only 35 years old.
Later, Xu Deheng transferred to Wuhan via Hong Kong and continued to spread socialist knowledge at the Wuhan Branch of the Whampoa Military Academy and the Fourth Sun Yat-sen University in Nanjing.
In the summer of 1931, Xu Became a professor of sociology at Peking University.
Xu Deheng and his wife Lao Junzhan
According to common sense, At this time, Xu Deheng, as a professor at the university, has a salary of several hundred yuan a month, which should not be short of money to spend, at least to live in the middle and upper reaches of society.
However, because he took these salaries to some young students who could not afford to pay the tuition fees, as well as the underground party of the Communist Party, there was actually very little left, there was no way, there was no money!
Sometimes, watching the piles of money taken out, the lover Lao Junzhan also reminded Xu Deheng: "There are too many students who come to the house to get money." ”
At this time, Xu Deheng always smiled and said: "At that time, I relied on the support of Mr. Cai Yuanpei to complete my studies." Today I also have a responsibility to help students like me. ”
After the September 18 Incident, Xu Deheng went to the schools in Peiping to deliver patriotic speeches, strongly condemning the wolf ambitions of Japanese imperialism in its vain attempt to annex China and dominate Asia.
In 1935, at the request of the underground communist organization, Xu Deheng actively supported and promoted nearly 10,000 students and launched the "12.9" movement.
Xu Deheng and his lover
In the parade of students, Xu Deheng, who walked in the front, raised his fist and shouted slogans such as "Stop the civil war and unite with the outside world" and "Down with Japanese imperialism."
At this time, the 45-year-old Xu Deheng's momentum is no less than his performance in the May Fourth Movement when he was young.
With the response of all sectors of society, this large-scale student patriotic movement led by the Communist Party of China soon reached a new climax of the Anti-Japanese Struggle to Save the Dead.
For the anti-Japanese resistance, Xu Deheng spent money so generously that when the military police arrested the patriotic students and professors of Peking University in February 1936, he was penniless and borrowed 50 yuan to hide.
This makes people feel strange, the professor of Peking University, the monthly salary of a few hundred yuan, can not even escape dozens of yuan, can not get out?
In fact, exactly like that, in a word, poor!
According to Xu Deheng later said: "In my lifetime, I have no tiles and no place to stand, and I have used all my income to engage in anti-Japanese activities." ”
Chairman Mao: Oh, you sent that thing
During the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, Xu Deheng, as a suffragist of the National Committee of Participation in the Political Consultative Conference, was in Chongqing and maintained close contact with Zhou Enlai and others in the Eighth Route Army Office.
Zhou Enlai in Zengjiayan
At the end of 1944, when the Japanese army launched a large-scale attack on the southwest, Xu Deheng and his wife contacted and organized the "Democracy and Science Symposium" in the form of a dinner in order to discuss the issues of democracy and the War of Resistance.
In 1945, Chiang Kai-shek sent three telegrams in a row, inviting Chairman Mao to Chongqing for negotiations. Chairman Mao flew to Chongqing on August 28.
On September 3, to celebrate Japan's signing of the instrument of surrender to the Allies, Mr. and Mrs. Xu deheng and their friends held a symposium at the Chongqing Youth Building.
At the meeting, Xu Deheng decided to change the "Democracy and Science Forum" to the "93 Symposium."
Later, Chairman Mao in Chongqing specially invited some old friends to meet and share the friendship that had been separated for many years.
One day, Xu Deheng suddenly received a big red invitation that read:
At 10:00 a.m. on September 12, at the Chongqing Office of the Eighth Route Army in Hongyanzui, I would like to prepare for the teaching of the Philippines and hope to take the time to benefit from it.
Early in the morning of the 12th, Xu Deheng and his wife, full of joy, came to Hongyanzui to attend Chairman Mao's party.
Chairman Mao during the Chongqing period
As soon as he saw them, Chairman Mao quickly greeted them, holding Xu Deheng in one hand and Lao Junzhan in the other, and said enthusiastically: "We have not seen each other for more than 20 years. ”
Hearing Chairman Mao's words, Xu Deheng and Lao Junzhan were also very excited. After the guests and hosts sat down, they exchanged a few words of greeting, and then talked about their long-term farewell feelings.
During the conversation, Xu Deheng mentioned the gifts he had given to Chairman Mao.
Chairman Mao, who did not know the ins and outs of this matter at first, suddenly realized after hearing Xu Deheng's words, laughed and said: "Oh, it turns out that those things were sent by you!" I had already received it, let them eat and use it, and I ate it. Haha..."
During the conversation, Xu Deheng told Chairman Mao about the "Forum on Democracy and Science."
After listening carefully, Chairman Mao thought that this "forum on democracy and science" was extremely valuable and encouraged Xu Deheng to turn this organization into a permanent political organization.
For Chiang Kai-shek's fierceness, Xu Deheng understood very well in his heart. During the Chongqing negotiations, he often paid attention to the progress of the negotiations and Chairman Mao's security.
On his return to Yan'an, Chairman Mao was at Chongqing Airport
On October 11, when they heard that Chairman Mao had returned safely to Yan'an accompanied by Zhang Zhi and others, Xu Deheng and Lao Junzhan were relieved.
In 1946, with the encouragement of Chairman Mao, Xu Deheng and his wife changed the "Jiusan Symposium" to "Jiusan Society", and on May 4, the inaugural meeting of the "Jiusan Society" was held in the Youth Building.
On May 14, Xu Deheng flew to Beiping. In the summer of that year, Xu Deheng's son Xu Zhongming was admitted to Tsinghua University, and his daughter Xu Luxi was admitted to Peking University.
At this time, Xu Deheng was hired as a professor at Peking University and made a home at Peking University.
After the liberation of Peiping, the members of the "Jiusan Society" believed that their tasks had been completed and prepared to disband the "Jiusan Society."
After hearing this, Chairman Mao held that the "Jiusan Society" should continue to unite scientific, cultural, and educational figures and make contributions to the construction of a new China, and should not be dissolved.
Xu Deheng, Chairman of Jiusan Society
At chairman Mao's suggestion, the "Jiusan Society" was retained and developed very well. As the first chairman, Xu Deheng did not become honorary chairman until two years before his death.
It can be said that the establishment of the Jiusan Society and Chairman Mao's encouragement have the most direct reasons, and can even be said to have a decisive impact.
On March 25, 1949, Chairman Mao entered Beiping.
At Xiyuan Airport, Xu Deheng and other members of the democratic parties, as well as all sectors of society, welcomed Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai, and other CPC leaders into Beiping.
After Zhou Enlai saw Xu Deheng and his wife, he shook Xu Deheng's hand and said, "Brother Chu Sheng, it has been hard. After more than two years, we all know what you do. ”
Xu Deheng and Chairman Mao were together
In the evening, Chairman Mao held a banquet at the Leshou Hall of the Summer Palace, and Xu Deheng was invited to attend. At the banquet, everyone talked freely until the next morning.
On October 1, as the leader of the "Jiusan Society", Xu Deheng was invited by Chairman Mao to climb the Tiananmen Tower and participate in the founding ceremony of new China, witnessing this exciting moment.
After the founding of New China, Xu Deheng was personally appointed by Chairman Mao as the Minister of Fisheries of the State Council.
One evening in the early summer of 1957, Xu Deheng's family took a dip in the courtyard.
Xu Deheng's son-in-law, Deng Jiaxian, couldn't help but ask: "Back then, with the help of President Cai, you finished peking university with great difficulty, and you graduated in two months. ”
Listening to Deng Jiaxian's words, Xu Deheng said: "The rise and fall of the country is the responsibility of the puppeteer. ”
In fact, why wasn't Deng Jiaxian like this? Without Deng Jiaxian's efforts, China's atomic and hydrogen bombs would not know how long it would take to explode.
In April 1965, Xu Deheng finally arrived in Yan'an, which he had longed for for a long time. In the cave where Chairman Yang Jialing lived, Xu Deheng looked at the kerosene lamp on the desk and said with emotion:
"This lamp once accompanied Chairman Mao through the sleepless night, and many famous articles were brewed under this lamp, and many victories were planned under this lamp..."
Looking at the oil lamp on the table, Xu Deheng did not want to leave for a long time.
In January 1975, the Fourth National People's Congress was held in Beijing.
Xu Deheng Zhou Enlai at the Ming Tombs Reservoir
At the group meeting of the Tianjin delegation, Zhou Enlai, who was also a representative of Tianjin Municipality, asked Xu Deheng: "Brother Chu Sheng, where did you work after you returned from France?" ”
Xu Deheng said: "I was working as a political instructor at the Whampoa Military Academy, and at that time you had already left, and Xiong Xiong was in charge. ”
Zhou En: "Oh, you still worked in Huangpu, then you must be remembered." ”
Looking at Premier Zhou Enlai's thin face, Xu Deheng thought about the premier's cancer situation and couldn't help but say: "Premier, you have to take care of your body." ”
Zhou En: "I don't have much time left. ”
Hearing Premier Zhou Enlai's words, Xu Deheng and the people around him choked up, and everyone was worried about the premier's body.
On January 3, 1976, Xu Deheng's wife, Lao Junzhan, died of illness. Just 5 days later, Premier Zhou Enlai also died.
After hearing the news of Premier Zhou Enlai's death, Xu Deheng, who was already sad about the death of his beloved wife, was even more sad. He was in tears all day.
In addition to his sadness, Xu Deheng did not expect that the conversation at the group meeting of the Tianjin delegation was the eternal trick of the two people.
In 1979, at the age of 89, Xu Deheng once again expressed his wish to join the Communist Party to the party organization, 52 years after he first applied to join the party in 1927.
Xu Deheng and Deng Yingchao took a group photo
Later, under the introduction of Deng Yingchao and Ulan fu, Xu Deheng joined the Communist Party of China. On Xu Deheng's application materials for joining the party, Deng Yingchao wrote:
"I have been working with Comrade Xu Deheng since the Chongqing period, and I know his situation completely, he meets the criteria of a Communist Party member, and I am willing to introduce him to the Party."
This year, Xu Deheng finally got his wish and became a glorious Communist Party member.
On January 8, 1981, on the 5th anniversary of Premier Zhou Enlai's death and the publication of the first volume of The Selected Works of Zhou Enlai, Xu Deheng published "Unforgettable" in the People's Daily to commemorate Premier Zhou Enlai:
Hundreds of generations of fangs. Hate is separated for five years, grooming is eternal, and the hearts of the people are remembered. The love is higher than Mount Tai, like the depth of the sea, unforgettable. The people are good premiers, always looking at each other, the clouds and the sky are far away, and the rivers and rivers are full of water.
Glad for the publication of the anthology, the legacy is long. Meritorious performance, good writing. It's also commonplace. No day and night, as busy as possible. Footprints at home and abroad, prepared for hardship, the stars and moons are clean, and the Big Dipper glows.
On September 3, 1985, at the age of 95, Xu Deheng participated in the 40th anniversary of the victory of the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression and the World Anti-Fascist War at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing.
Xu Deheng's family portrait
On February 8, 1990, Xu Deheng died at the age of 100.
As a great patriot, Xu Deheng dedicated himself to the motherland with his feelings of worrying about the people and the country and his sense of national responsibility when the country was in crisis. For the sake of national independence, he sacrificed his life and forgot his death, and was an anti-Japanese fighter who deserves to be remembered forever!