The Historia consists of one hundred and thirty articles. There are twelve books, thirty families, seventy lineages, ten tables, eight books, and 526,515 characters.
The "Benji" is an outline of the whole book, which records the words and administrative achievements of the emperor according to the chronology and time.
The "Shijia" records the historical relics of the princes and the deeds of particularly important people who have been hereditary by their descendants.
"Liechuan" is the biography of other representative figures in various fields other than the emperors and princes and the biographies of ethnic minorities. Tables use tables to briefly list lineages, people, and historical events.
The "book" records the development of the system, involving the liturgical system, astronomical laws, social economy, river and canal geography and other aspects.
The most famous evaluation of the "History" is Lu Xun's sentence "The historian's absolute singing, the rhymeless detachment." As a general history of the Chronicles, the purpose of the Chronicle of History is to record and narrate. Among them, there is a difference in the fact that the "Boyi Lie biography" is different from the Benji and Shijia in that it is not a story recorded in chronological order, but separately put forward the two brothers of Boyi Shuqi at the end of the Shang Dynasty as the first part of the liechuan.
Later generations of people who evaluated this biography all said that this article revealed too many "grievances" about Sima Qian, sima Qian was tortured by the palace, he lived in the world, and there was resentment in his heart, so some people thought that he was complaining that "there is no one in the heavenly path" and venting the resentment in his heart.
Not really.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > Mingzhi</h1>
Sima Qian explained in the preface to the Taishi Gong: "In the last days, for profit, Vibi Ben is righteous; let the country starve to death, and the world will call it." As the first of the Bo Yi column. This actually speaks to the purpose of this column.
Ming Zhi.
Although the Biography of Boyi is written in the name of Boyi, in fact he wrote it vertically. From ancient times to the present, there are many people like Boyi. In the first paragraph of this article, there are thousands of people who insist on morality in their hearts, such as Xu You, Bian Sui, and Wu Guang, that is, people like Boyi Shuqi in this world, but there is no record of them in books and scriptures, so that they always die in obscurity under the forest by the water's edge. So much so that the world knows nothing about their morality.
It is precisely in this way that Sima Qian must be different from others, and he must write a biography for these righteous people who are ignored by the world and record their lives. Although Xiang Yu was a prince, Sima Qian could put him into the Imperial Benji, and Lü Hou could also put her into the Imperial Benji, and Lü Hou could also put her into the Imperial Benji. He also dared to set up a biography for all the princes of Xinling, the liquor sellers, the pigs who slaughtered the pigs, and the slaughtering dogs.
Sima Qian is such a unique person, throughout the ages, how many people with the righteousness of Boyi, their words and deeds. Even if they are not emperors, princes, or great men, they still deserve a place in the literature of history.
There are too many such people who have been buried, and Bo Yi has been able to circulate because of a praise from Confucius, but people like Xu You, who obviously have a tomb, just because no one mentions it, the world thinks that it is dispensable, not to mention that people like Bian Sui and Wu Guang have not even left their names. Is the world known to the world so limited?
"And the speaker said: 'Yao let the world be allowed to be promised, and xu yu is not to be accepted, and shame is to escape.' And in the summer, there are Bian followers and light workers. 'Why is this so called?' These words are the main thrust of this biography, and it is also the preface to all subsequent biographies, and it also sets the tone for the person he chose to pass on.
What morality in these people attracted Sima Qian so much?
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > MingDao</h1>
From the opening text, to the deeds of Xu You, Bian Sui, Wu Guang, and Boyi, and to the completion of their morality, this column of biographies is followed by a sharp turn to show the black and white inversion of this world with the contrast between the flow of Boyi and the flow of thieves.
"Heaven repays the good, how can it be?" Is this a question or an accusation of the injustice of heaven?
Not.
Sima Qian's purpose was to highlight the integrity of people like Bo Yi and Yan Yuan, who were determined to stand tall and not bend over injustice in this world. Although the good people do not live long, the bad people live for thousands of years. However, his own virtue is not influenced by the Heavenly Dao. Between virtue and immorality is a matter of personal aspiration.
Precisely because the world thinks that people like thieves can live a long life, is it not natural to abandon virtue in this broken world and turn to the ranks of wicked people like thieves?
This is especially evident than the author also. If in the modern world, it is improper to behave and commit taboos, and it is a lifelong pleasure, and the wealth is endless. Or choose the place to do it, and then speak out, act involuntarily, injustice does not anger, and those who encounter disasters are innumerable. What is the confusion of Yu, if the so-called Heavenly Dao is evil or not evil?
This passage directly introduces this kind of problem to the era of Sima Qian. Contemporary people are like this, misbehaving, committing taboos, and lifelong pleasure, rich and noble. This actually implied Sima Qian's resentment, but not private anger. He felt that in life, what heavenly way could there be? Only the rich and noble life examination is a lifelong pursuit. Looking around, there are such people in the world, and there are very few people like Boyi Yanyuan, is it not worth recording and publicizing them?
The following sentence is the core of Sima Qian's biography.
Zi Yue: "The Tao is different, and it is not a conspiracy." "And so do their respective aspirations." Therefore, it is said: "If the rich and noble are available, even if the whip is a man, I will do the same." If you can't ask for it, take my favor. "Years cold, and then after knowing the pine cypress wither." The whole world is cloudy, and the Qing shi is seen. Is it as heavy as the other, and as light as it is?
Only this filthy world, the suspicious human heart, can show the preciousness of the Like. In the eyes of these people, the most important thing is to "ask for mercy". Because of this, they can even despise the world. These people are the real morality, and in the end, the people who are famous and famous in the world are not considered benevolent and righteous people, and these people who put them in front of their eyes and do not want to chase them are the great people who have defeated themselves.
Even though the world is inseparable from black and white, they are still benevolent and clean, and they have no intention of paying the heavens and living a dignified life. Individual aspirations are different, but they are tenacious. This was what Sima Qian believed to be the true Heavenly Dao.
Sima Qian once said that the purpose of his history was to investigate the heavens and man' time, through the changes of ancient and modern times, into the words of a family. In his miserable experiences, he had great resentment towards that era, and even so, he adhered to the morality in his heart and narrated history for posterity with consistent ideas.
The Book of Han and Sima Qian's Biography of The Chronicle of History says: "Its right and wrong are quite absurd to the saints, the Dao Dao is first yellow, old and then the Six Classics, the Preamble Ranger retires from the virgins and enters the adulterous males, and the Shu Breeders worship snobbishness and shame and poverty, which is also hidden." However, since Liu Xiang and Yang Xiongbo's extremely qun books, they all say that they have the material of good history, obey their good order, argue but not flashy, quality but not slang, their writing is straight, their core is not vain, and they are not vain and beautiful, and they are not hidden evil. Therefore, it is called a record. alack! To exchange knowledge with the natural material of the transfer, but not to know the self-perfection, both to be sentenced to capital punishment, to be angry and angry, and to believe in the book. ”
Su Shi also said: Good books are not tired of reading a hundred times, and they are familiar with reading and knowing themselves.
The Chronicle of History is such a book that deserves to be read and thought about repeatedly. Every word of the "Records of History" carries Sima Qian's greatest sincerity to this world.