Pay attention to ▲Calligraphy Commune▲ and thousands of book elites to explore a new way of life in China's calligraphy, painting and printing!
Source l Network Sharing l Shuyi Commune (ID: shufaorg)
The Cultural Revolution was a once-in-a-millennium catastrophe for Chinese culture. During this period, some people were persecuted but would rather not give in, such as Lao She and Liang Shuming; some people sold themselves to seek glory and helped to abuse them, such as Yu Huiyong and Liu Qingtang; and some people were questioned and became controversial figures, such as Guo Moruo and Feng Youlan......
On April 14, 1966, Guo Moruo, who had a premonition that the Cultural Revolution was coming, made an impromptu self-examination at the meeting of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, and completely denied his works: "It should be burned in its entirety, it has no value." At the same time, he completely denied himself and all intellectuals. After Kang Sheng's instructions and Mao Zedong's instructions, this strange article was published in Guangming Daily on April 28, and newspapers across the country reprinted it one after another. It immediately caused a sensation at home and abroad, believing that Guo Moruo supported book burning and Confucianism. Guo Moruo later made some excuses and tried to remedy it. But there are still those who accuse him of lacking spine. (2) At the beginning of the Cultural Revolution, Guo Moruo was inevitably impacted. Fortunately, thanks to Premier Zhou's special protection, he was able to escape the catastrophe. Mao Zedong criticized him more than once, Jiang Qing repeatedly commanded him, and his two sons, Guo Minying and Guo Shiying, committed suicide one after another. But it was this person who was devastated by the Cultural Revolution who wrote a lot of poems and sang praises for the Cultural Revolution. One of the most representative is his "Water Tune Song Tou • Celebrating the 10th Anniversary of the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution" written by him on May 12, 1976. This has put his political personality into question. (3) The most criticized poem in Guo Moruo's poem is "Dedicated to Comrade Jiang Qing Present": "Dear Comrade Jiang Qing / You are a good example for us to learn from / You are good at learning and applying the invincible Mao Zedong Thought / You are desperate to charge on the cultural front / Make the Chinese stage full of heroic images of workers, peasants and soldiers." But it was this Jiang Qing who, at the mobilization meeting of "Criticizing Lin and Criticizing Confucius" on January 25, 1974, called Guo Moruo's name twice, asked him to stand up, and humiliated him in public. (4) In 1971, Guo Moruo published the academic treatise "Li Bai and Du Fu". In order to cater to Mao Zedong's preference for Li Bai's poems, he changed his previous evaluation of calling Li Bai and Du Fu "Gemini constellations in the history of poetry", and tried his best to "promote Li and suppress Du", which was questioned as betraying the fine tradition of Chinese literati to adhere to their beliefs and pursue truth. (5) In the criticism of Lin and Confucius, Mao Zedong wrote two poems criticizing Guo Moruo's academic treatises and denying his historiographical views, while Guo Moruo took the pen and wrote two poems to Mao Zedong, not only fully accepting Mao Zedong's criticism and completely denying himself, but also being grateful and swearing loyalty to Mao. Some people accused him of showing his true qualities as a "royal poet". (6) After Guo Moruo's death, according to his will, his ashes were scattered in the terraced fields of Dazhai People's Commune in Xiyang County, Shanxi. Isn't it a little funny that a generation of writers chose the typical agricultural models of the Cultural Revolution as their destination?
Lou Shibai: Qi Baishi's disciple, Qi Zhanyi, the grandson of Qi Baishi, who questioned the incident, revealed that during the Cultural Revolution, Lou Shibai once led the "Batch Qi Combat Team" to Qi Baishi's former residence at No. 13 Straddle Hutong, and grinded off the seal carved for him by the old man Baishi on the concrete floor in public, and claimed to draw a line with Qi Baishi. Also known as: In the early days of the "Cultural Revolution", I saw 8 big-character posters criticizing my grandfather at the Xidan crossroads, "The first one is a cartoon, the upper body is an ugly portrait, the lower body is a shrimp, and the whole cartoon has a big cross." Several other big-character posters read 'Draw a line with Qi Baishi' and 'The Biggest Reactionary Old Thief', and were signed 'Lou Pibai'. Xu Linlu, another disciple of Qi Baishi, once said in an interview: "Just like Lou Shibai, he grew up next to Mr. Qi, and later criticized Old Man Baishi. Later, they all changed their names to 'Lou Pibai'. It was because of his criticism of the teacher that Lou Shibai was later inseparable from the descendants of the Qi family. Some people also confirmed that they had seen a photo of a big-character poster criticizing Qi Baishi at Qi Baishi's home, and the signature was "Lou Criticizing Bai". In October 2004, the Zhonghua Book Company published the "Qi Baishi Dictionary", which has the following text: "Lou Shibai, a Chinese painter, changed his name ...... 'Lou Pibai' during the 'Cultural Revolution', and declared that he had drawn a clear line with his teacher. After the Cultural Revolution, it was renamed Shibai." Lou Shibai believed that the dictionary had seriously violated his right to reputation and took him to court. The first-instance judgment upheld Lou Shibai's claim. Chung Hwa Book Company appealed. Under the mediation of the court of second instance, the two parties reached a settlement. Chung Hwa Book Company deeply regretted the damage caused to Lou Shibai by the Qi Baishi Dictionary, and promised to reprint the 5,000 copies of the Qi Baishi Dictionary whose contents had been reviewed by Lou Shibai. Skeptics argue that the verdict does not completely restore Lou's innocence. Because whether Lou Shibai once signed "Lou Shibai" on the big-character poster and drew a clear line with Qi Baishi is still inconclusive. Subsequently, Qi Baishi's children and descendants solemnly declared: The teacher-student relationship between Qi Baishi and Lou "Shibai" was officially dissolved. Remove it from Qi Baishi's disciples and the descendants of the Qi sect. Whether the teacher-student relationship between Lou Shibai and Qi Baishi can be dissolved by his descendants is irrelevant. But what the truth of the matter is, perhaps it will never be clarified.
Shao Yu: Famous Painter Questioning IncidentIn 1974, there was a sensational "Black Painting Incident", which affected 215 works by 18 painters, and the famous owl by Huang Yongyu was listed as the first of the black paintings. Huang Yongyu later wrote an article to testify that the sketch he improvised on another artist's album was "tribute" by Shao Yu to the minions of the Gang of Four in the literary and artistic circles, and at a meeting on November 23, 1973, he first raised the issue of black paintings, and "published a long 'exposé'." The first piece of evidence to be concretely presented was a painting I made on the album of the painter Song Wenzhi called "The Owl" (interestingly, Shao Yu did not mention the one I had painted for him earlier at his house). Shao Yu's move undoubtedly inspired and expanded the imagination of the Gang of Four to attack Premier Zhou Enlai, and made an important breakthrough. On February 15, 1974, the exhibition of "Black Paintings" entitled "Connecting the Art Front with the Actual Criticism of Lin and Confucius" opened and became an important part of the movement to criticize Lin and Confucius. As the main victim of the incident, Huang Yongyu's above-mentioned doubts should have a high degree of credibility. But Shao Yu doesn't seem to have responded positively. Therefore, the truth and details need to be further clarified.
Yang Chunxia: The famous Peking Opera actor questioned the incidentDuring the Cultural Revolution, Ke Xiang, who starred in the model play "Cuckoo Mountain", became famous throughout the country, and was favored by Jiang Qing and others. In the list of "Gang of Four" cabinets that have been revealed, he is proposed to be vice chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress and minister of culture. Its relationship with the Gang of Four has become the object of suspicion, and there are various rumors in society. In November 1976, Yang Chunxia entered the "study class" and was isolated and censored. In 1979, Yang Chunxia returned to the stage.
Jin Jingmai: The author of "The Song of Ouyang Hai" questioned the incident, and the novel "The Song of Ouyang Hai", which was officially published in 1965, adapted to the political situation at the time and immediately became a national bestseller. The circulation reached 30 million copies, and Kim Kyung-mai also became popular overnight. After the start of the Cultural Revolution, he rose from an ordinary soldier to become the "head of the Central Cultural Revolution Literary and Art Group" by chance, equivalent to the Minister of Culture. In this position, Jin Jingmai worked for more than four months, but the situation changed abruptly, and he was arrested and imprisoned on the two terrifying charges of "rectifying Jiangqing's black materials" and "attempting to kidnap Chairman Mao", and was imprisoned for more than seven years, until he was released from prison in 1974 and completely rehabilitated in 1978. After the Cultural Revolution, people's doubts lie in the evaluation of "The Song of Ouyang Hai" and the 123 days when he was at the peak of power. In the end, people were able to forgive him because of his subsequent 2,684 days in prison.
Feng Youlan: The philosophical question of the late festival was repeatedly criticized at the beginning of the Cultural Revolution, and later Chairman Mao proposed to "give a way" and be "liberated". During the period of "criticizing Lin and criticizing Confucius", as a consultant to the writing team "Liang Xiao" of the Gang of Four, he flattered Jiang Qing excessively, gave up his academic beliefs and positions, changed his past views on Confucius, and wrote some articles criticizing Confucius against his will. Therefore, it has been questioned by academic colleagues. Mr. Liang Shuming, who is two years old and has a half-teacher and half-friend, is quite representative. In a letter to a friend, he bluntly said: "He criticized Confucius and flattered Jiang Qing, and I reprimanded him." "It shows a kind of friendship spirit. Liang Shuming talked about Mr. Feng Youlan in his later years, and said humorously: "Mr. Feng is not so in line with the truth he believes, he attaches great importance to it, and does not follow the wind to steer the rudder, no, he is a bit like cynicism." In 1985, Feng Youlan held a family banquet on her 90th birthday, and Liang categorically refused the invitation, and replied to explain the reason: "Just because I have flattered Jiang Qing at my feet, I don't want to participate in the birthday feast." What is commendable is that Feng was not stunned when he received the letter, and he felt that this kind of bluntness was rare. Later, he also reflected on his mistakes more than once, saying that his criticism of Lin and Kong's articles "had the heart of grandstanding, not sincerity but hypocrisy", and such self-condemnation shows that Mr. Feng Youlan is ashamed and courageous.
Robber: A Famous Composer Questioned the Incident (1) At the beginning of the "Cultural Revolution", he composed music for all the poems published by Mao Zedong, and pioneered and wrote a large number of so-called "quotation songs", which became the most popular "red songs" in the early days of the Cultural Revolution. (2) The robber Zhang Luo and his wife had a close relationship with Huang Yongsheng and Xiang Huaifang, and they had frequent contacts, and because of this, they participated in the process of Ye Qun's choice of a son-in-law and were received by Lin Biao. After returning home, the robber and his wife hurriedly wrote a letter of thanks to Lin Biao, saying that they would "always be loyal to Chairman Mao and Vice Chairman Lin" and so on. In 1970, he took the initiative to compose music for Lin Biao's "Revisiting Jinggang Mountain", which won praise from Huang Yongsheng and Ye Qun. (3) In late September 1971, the robbers learned from overheard Mongolian radio that a Chinese plane had crashed in Mongolia, and on the day of the National Day, the robbers saw that there was no celebration in Beijing, so they guessed that Mao Zedong might have been seriously ill and had been succeeded by Lin Biao after defeating the Jiangqing clique. So, he wanted to create a song in advance to celebrate Lin Biao's succession, called "Follow Chairman Lin Forward". After the Lin Biao incident, the robber was detained for "actively taking refuge in Lin Biao's counterrevolutionary cabal", and died suddenly of a heart attack on December 17, 1976 in the "study class". In the 80s, while affirming that the robbers had made serious mistakes, they were given a more objective and fair evaluation. Some of the songs he wrote were also banned. But he remained a controversial figure in the Cultural Revolution.
Yang Rongguo: Well-known historians questioned the incidentDuring the 1973 "Criticism of Confucius" movement, Yang Rongguo catered to the needs of Jiang Qing and others to criticize Lin and Confucius, and made corresponding revisions to his book "A Concise History of Chinese Philosophy", adding content about the struggle of Confucianism in the book, and wrote the article "Confucius: The Thinker Who Stubbornly Defended Slavery", which was appreciated by Mao Zedong and wrote the comment that "Yang Wen is quite good". After that, Yang Rongguo soared through the ranks and became a popular scholar of "criticizing Lin and Confucius", and made great contributions to the criticism of Lin and Kong and Zhou Gong launched by Jiang Qing and his gang. Objectively speaking, "anti-Confucius" is Yang Rongguo's consistent academic thought, and this article is published under the command of "taking class struggle as the key link" and "academia serving politics", so there is no need to be overly harsh. However, what is questioned by the academic community is that the article breaks through the minimum academic bottom line and abandons the most basic moral conscience. For example, he said in "The Struggle between Confucianism and Law and the Influence of Confucius's Reactionary Thoughts" that "Nanzi is beautiful, and Confucius has ambitions for her, so he went to meet her, which shows Confucius's so-called character and morality, and what kind of person he is, and Confucius is not so decent", which is almost a personal attack on Confucius. When Jiang Qing and others attacked Premier Zhou and other veteran cadres under the pretext of opposing "going through the back door," Yang Rongguo disregarded his duty as a historian in his report on the tour of Confucius, and vainly interpreted "Zi saw Nanzi" as Confucius "wanted to defend the country to be an official and go through the inside line," and "Confucius went through the back door and wanted to use Nanzi to say some good things in front of Wei Jun, so that he could come to power in defending the country and become a big official" and so on. Therefore, some scholars in the industry believe that Yang Rongguo was not only used by the "Gang of Four", but took the initiative to take refuge, completely betraying the conscience and moral bottom line that a scholar should have.
Zhou Yiliang: Chen Yinke's proud disciple questioned the incident (1) As a proud disciple of Chen Yinke, who was "recognized as passing on Chen Yinke's learning", he had different interests with his teacher as early as before the Cultural Revolution, and gradually drifted away. He was obsessed with politics and tried to keep up with it, and he rushed to the forefront of all political movements. During the Cultural Revolution, he burned his doctoral certificate, believing that "the past few decades have been far away from the revolution, and now we should not lose the opportunity again, but should actively participate in the revolution, be tempered and tested", and he also joined the rebel organization earlier, becoming one of the rare rebel scholars. (2) Zhou Liang's performance was affirmed, and he was soon recruited into the notorious "Liang Xiao" writing group. He repaid the organization with the dedication of "only opening his eyes all night long and repaying his life for not showing his eyebrows", concocted a bombshell, and was ecstatic that he could "serve the revolutionary line". After the fall of the Gang of Four, he faced the censorship of the organization and the criticism of the academic community, and on the one hand, he had to admit that his article "cooperated with the rampant struggle against Confucianism,...... Objectively, it also constitutes a part of the counterrevolutionary public opinion of the 'Gang of Four'"; on the other hand, they try their best to excuse themselves, justifying themselves with "I still think I am contributing to Chairman Mao's revolutionary line", laughing at themselves with the fluttering "I am a scholar after all", and using "the organization has promoted me to Liangxiao, which is not an individual registration, and I cannot talk about lessons and lessons." "Self-solution. The only thing missing is deep introspection. This is in stark contrast to Mr. Feng Youlan, who is also a professor at Peking University and is also caught in Liang Xiao. And Mr. Zhou Liang's "old friend" denounced him as "shameless", which was considered by some to be not excessive.
Yuan Shuipai: In the early days of the Cultural Revolution, Yuan Shuipai, then director of the Literature and Art Division of the Central Propaganda Department, became the "big judge" who was the focus of the downfall, and attempted suicide. After 73 years, the people of the Wuqi cadre school returned to the city one after another, and some of the original leading cadres were combined, some were left out in the cold, some were promoted, and some were deposed. Yuan Shuipai not only re-appeared, but also was promoted to vice minister of culture in 1976. Some people say that it was because Jiang Qing was satisfied with his performance in criticizing "The Legend of Wu Xun" and took the initiative to take the initiative, but more people attributed this to Yuan Shuipai's sycophancy, and it is said that some people even gave him a nickname called "Yuan Huipai" behind his back. After the collapse of the "Gang of Four", Yuan Shuipai became the target of liquidation. Qian Zhongshu, an old colleague who worked with him in the group for the final translation of "Mao Zedong's Poems," wrote in his notebook: "Yuan Shui patted and attached himself to the 'Gang of Four' to become an official, but he was scolded for his defeat. In a letter to Ba Jin, Mu Dan said: "I heard that Yuan Shuipai is being criticized because he is the vice minister of culture. Probably stained by the 'Gang of Four', it's a pity. The poet Zeng Zhuo said: "Yuan Shuipai became the vice minister of culture during the 'Cultural Revolution', ignored some old friends like Xu Chi, and finally died in loneliness and loneliness. Yuan Shuipai felt shameless to face the old man. Stuck at home, remorse and depression, and extremely depressed. Until his death in 1982.
Haoran: The author of "Cotai Boulevard" questioned the incident (1) In 1972, Haoran published the novel "Cotai Boulevard" and became the only writer recognized by Jiang Qing and others in that era. There is a sentence that slips by: "800 million people have eight plays, and Chinese writers have a pen." "This pen refers to Haoran. Many people have a negative attitude towards Haoran's creations during the Cultural Revolution, believing that they were too close to the political consciousness of the time, and were labeled with a clear label of the Cultural Revolution, which is a typical "literature under orders". But Haoran has taken a rather stubborn attitude towards this. In 1998, he said: "To this day, I have never regretted my previous work. On the contrary, I am proud of them. I believe that during the Cultural Revolution, I made a positive contribution to society and the people. "When I rewatch the Cotai Strip movie, I still cry when I see Gao Daquan helping people who are desperate. Later, an article said that Gao Daquan means high, big, and complete. I think it makes a lot of sense and deepens my work. He "created a miracle in the Chinese literary world, a miracle that has never appeared in ancient times." His remarks sparked an uproar over what has been called a "miracle." Critics say that Haoran has indeed created a "miracle", a miracle of unashamed, self-aggrandizement, self-aggrandizement. Some people defend Haoran that his work during the Cultural Revolution is a coercion of the times, but almost no one agrees with his stubborn evaluation of "Cotai Boulevard". (2) Haoran, who served as the head of the Cultural Revolution of the Beijing Municipal Federation of Literary and Art Circles at the beginning of the "Cultural Revolution", was sent to the police station the day before Lao She committed suicide. Haoran said that he wanted to protect Lao She, but some people accused him of taking some responsibility for this. (3) Haoran has been cared for and encircled by Jiang Qing during the Cultural Revolution. It is rumored that there was an intention to make him the deputy minister of culture. Haoran defended himself: "Under the circumstances at that time, I did not use my influence in society to engage in any kind of whole-of-the-art activities, did not engage in any crooked and evil ways, did not follow the path of some models, and pushed forward along the path they opened, but tried my best to adhere to the correct direction based on my own understanding. He also said through the interviewer: "Jiang Qing is good to himself, no one can do anything to him, what can be exchanged is a quiet writing environment, this is Haoran's truest thought." "He didn't climb up, he didn't use Jiang Qing to do a lot of things, in fact, if he wanted to, it would be easy. He didn't write a letter of allegiance to Jiang Qing, he didn't ask Jiang Qing to meet alone, he was very passive to accept the task given to him by Jiang Qing." However, many people do not approve of his self-confession.
Yin Chengzong: Famous pianist questioned the incident (1) In 1967, he moved the piano to Tiananmen Square and played revolutionary music for three consecutive afternoons. This move was affirmed by Jiang Qing. (2) The piano accompaniment <红灯记>and piano concerto "Yellow River" written by him entered the list of "quasi" model plays. These explorations of Yin Chengzong were used by Jiang Qing, who had political ambitions. Jiang Qing personally changed his name to Yin Chengzhong, and he was greatly appreciated, becoming the principal pianist of the Central Orchestra and the head of the Central Orchestra. In 1975, he was elected as a member of the Standing Committee of the Fourth National People's Congress. He was once included in the list of the "Gang of Four" cabinet and proposed to be vice chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress. After the Cultural Revolution, Yin Chengzong was implicated in this and was incommunicado until 1980. Many people have defended the mistakes of the Cultural Revolution as a compromise to protect "piano life". He moved to the United States in 1983 and became a world-renowned pianist.
Graphic and text comprehensive source network, sharing this article is intended to convey more valuable information. With thousands of book elites, let's explore a new way of life in China's calligraphy, painting and printing! The original text does not represent the views, positions and value judgments of the Calligraphy Commune. If you have any questions about the content, copyright, or other questions of the work, please contact the Book Art Commune.
Welcome|Connect
To contribute to the article, please contact: xshufa activity report, please contact: shiyu798 to join the community of Shuyi Commune, please contact: xshufa business and marketing cooperation, please contact: shiyu798
At the end of browsing, remember to follow @Shuyi Commune to watch more valuable articles in time